6 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Robertson, D. W., Jr. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Published Robertson, D. W., Jr. Chaucer's London. New York: John Wiley, 1968, pp. 3, 58, 150, 151, 170, 174, 212-13, 221. Review Gower describes London as "Troy" (VC, Bk. I) and is vehement in his condemnation of the Peasants' Revolt; Gower's work, unlike Chaucer's, is characterized by "plodding seriousness"; Gower had ties with the Arundel family; Gower was very moral and a good friend of Chaucer. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's London. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review If Chaucer describes the Man of Law as seeming wiser and busier than he really is, then we might also question whether his knowledge of literature is as great as he claims. The Man of Law is "a self-appointed literary critic" and his tendency to error is shown by his mention of seven or eight women about whom Chaucer did not write stories and by the omission of two stories that he did write. Either the Man of Law likes to exaggerate, or he has read only the Prologue to the LGW and "believes all the stories to have been written" (5). Similarly, the Man of Law's reference to the cruelty of Medea and the hanging of her children shows that he is "not actually familiar with the Medea myth at all" (6). As for the disparaging remarks about Gower, Sullivan suggests that a hypothetical parallel would be if Charles Dickens referred to Jane Austen's novels as being vulgar in content (6). In addition, the Man of Law's inclusion of the extra names "might be considered as the result of his confusing two works [the CA and the LGW] similar in subject matter" (6-7). The remarks about incest in relation to the stories of Canace and Apollonius show "the extremely broad comical effect of Chaucer's selfish humor in putting into the mouth of the Man of Law a speech condemning Gower's choice of material, and, after a blunt relation of the most obnoxious facts (which Gower had carefully avoided), an announcement that he is not going to tell such stories" (7). The humor lies "in the fact that the expansive Man of Law is making a blunder in accusing Chaucer's 'moral Gower' of immorality" (7). Nevertheless, Chaucer's removal of the complimentary reference to Chaucer from later recensions of the CA may indicate that he found Chaucer's humor "as being in bad taste" (8). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sullivan, William L Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Published Sullivan, William L. "Chaucer's Man of Law as a Literary Critic." Modern Language Notes 68.1 (1953), pp. 1-8. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Man of Law as a Literary Critic Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This essay actually has little to say about Gower but it is included here because it shows up as pertaining to Gower in the periodical indexes, e.g. MLA's. It appears in this issue of CL as one of a group of essays on "Teaching Medieval Women." In teaching MLT, Rose uses the comparison to Trevet's version, which she considers Chaucer's "primary" source (157), in order to uncover how Chaucer has constructed his version of the story. What she finds is that Chaucer's principal alterations are all "gender- and power-related" (159) and that "Chaucer has systematically disempowered his heroine 'Custance,' and made her more 'feminized' (here read 'passive') and more reliant upon the power of God for her authority and her worldly fortune" (158). In the main part of her essay she demonstrates the validity of this reading by examining selected excerpts from MLT and from Trevet, taken from her own forthcoming edition of the early fifteenth-century English prose translation of his work. Gower is thus very much on the periphery. Rose assumes that Chaucer used Gower's version too, but "the changes Chaucer made to Trevet highlighted in this essay as sites of feminist inquiry about how the poet writes about a Christian woman overcoming a pagan world are not in Gower's work" (173). When she does suggest to her students an examination of Gower's version, she describes it as "streamlined and straightforward" where Chaucer's is "rhetorically complex," and as shaped by Gower's intention to provide an exemplum on Envy (160; also 173). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 20.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rose, Christine M. Published Rose, Christine M.. "Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale: Teaching Through the Sources." College Literature 28 (2001), pp. 155-77. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale: Teaching Through the Sources Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available West Chester University, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues for a broader view of "source" and "influence" than merely narrative borrowing, and urges us to consider more than merely the tales with identifiable analogues in assessing Chaucer's debt to Gower. By this standard, Chaucer's most "Gowerian" tale is the Parson's, with its emphasis on sin and the consequent implications on the thematic structure of the pilgrimage. While Chaucer emphasizes grace and repentance, however, Gower places all his emphasis on individual moral reform. The comparison thus reveals contrasts as well as similarities between the two poets, and the Parson's might in this sense be Chaucer's least "Gowerian" tale. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wood, Chauncey Published Wood, Chauncey. "Chaucer's Most 'Gowerian' Tale." In Chaucer and Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange. Ed. Yeager, R.F.. ELS Monograph Series (51). Victoria, B.C.: English Literary Studies, 1991, pp. 75-84. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Most 'Gowerian' Tale Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available English Literary Studies, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A comparison of the knight in the "Wife of Bath's Tale" with Gower's analogous Florent to show that Chaucer's is more fully developed as a character and morally more complex. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Townsend, Francis G. Published Townsend, Francis G. "Chaucer's Nameless Knight." Modern Language Review 49 (1954): 1-4. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Nameless Knight. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's art is "grey"; his narrative instruction is an "ethical tapeworm." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coghill, Nevill. Published Coghill, Nevill. "Chaucer's Narrative Art in the 'Canterbury Tales'." Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature. University. Edited by Derek S. Brewer (Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1966), pp. 116, 119, 120, 127, 129. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Narrative Art in the "Canterbury Tales." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Discusses Gower's uses of final "-e" for metrical purposes; argues that Gower's verse is less like speech than is Chaucer's since it is not rhythmic like Chaucer's, and hence, sounds less confident in English and flat in tone. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Robinson, Ian. Published Robinson, Ian. Chaucer's Prosody: A Study of the Middle English Verse Tradition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 88, 96, 97, 136, 137-38, 141, 172, 180-85. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Prosody: A Study of the Middle English Verse Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "Ceyx and Alcione" is found in both the CA and Chaucer's "Book of the Duchess," but this is not evidence of much. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Elliott, R. W. V. Published Elliott, R. W. V. "Chaucer's Reading." In A. C. Cawley, ed. Chaucer's Mind and Art (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1969), p. 51. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Reading. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Seymour examines in this essay the revisions evident in the G version of Chaucer's Prologue to "Legend of Good Women" found in Cambridge University Library, MS Gg.4.27, the only witness to this version of the poem; he assesses both "accidental and intentional revisions to the text" (832). Along the way, he argues that Chaucer undertook his revision to please the newly crowned Henry IV and--he suggests in passing and without development--"in imitation" (841) of Gower's revision of his Prologue to the CA: "Some years earlier Gower had pointedly revised the Prologue to the 'Confessio Amantis' in Henry's favour, and the two poems and the two poets have much in common" (840). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Seymour, M. C. Published Seymour, M. C. "Chaucer's Revision of the Prologue to 'The Legend of Good Women'." Modern Language Review 92 (1997): 832-41. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Revision of the Prologue to "The Legend of Good Women." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues contra Dr. Johnson (1755) that chronology of imported words matters in relating the diction of Gower and Chaucer; contra Fernald (1921) that Gower has a smaller Romance vocabulary than does Chaucer; contra Marsh (1885) that Gower and Chaucer borrow many kinds of French words. Tabulates Romance words that Gower and Chaucer have in common, arguing basically that Chaucer has a larger and much more varied Romance vocabulary than does Gower and that their languages are quite unlike as a result. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Mersand, Joseph. Published Mersand, Joseph. Chaucer's Romance Vocabulary, New York: Comet, 1939, pp. 8, 10, 17-18, 21, 26, 30, 44-45, 120, 136. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Romance Vocabulary. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Long acknowledged for its impact on the study of medieval English scribes, Mooney's essay proclaims Adam Pinkhurst to be "Chaucer's scribe," the addressee of the poet's "Adam Scriveyn," and, as copyist of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of "The Canterbury Tales," the same person as Scribe B of Ian Doyle and Malcolm Parkes' venerable discussion (1978) of the five scribes (A through E) of the "Confessio Amantis" manuscript, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.3.2. Mooney sketches a possible biography for Pinkhurst, based in considerable part on the evidence of his hand in records of the Guildhall, arguing that the scribe had lengthy association with Chaucer and a close working relationship, with implications for the text and dating of several of Chaucer's works. Since publication of the essay, scholars have debated details of Mooney's argument and her methodology, but her account of Chaucer and "his scribe" has become the prevailing orthodoxy of Chaucer studies and has had huge impact on late-medieval English paleography and manuscript study. This is not the place to evaluate that orthodoxy, but I do think it worthwhile--even fifteen years after the publication of this essay--to note that at least one of Mooney's suggestions beyond the identification of Scribe B as Pinkhurst has implications for Gower studies. Specifically, she suggests that Scribe D, working with and supervising Scribe B (Pinkhurst), Scribe E (Thomas Hoccleve), and "two other London scribes" (A and C) to produce Trinity MS R.3.2 after Gower's death, did so "to preserve a reliable exemplar?" (122; question mark in original). She adds that "[w]e thus see these trusted scribes [Pinkhurst and Scribe D] continuing after the authors' [Chaucer's and Gower's] deaths to exercise control over the quality of exemplars distributed for further dissemination of Middle English texts" (122-23)--anticipating aspects of Mooney's later study (with Estelle Stubbs), "The Scribes and the City" (2013), where Scribe D is identified tentatively as John Marchaunt. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 40.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mooney, Linne R. Published Speculum 81 (2006): 97-138. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Scribe. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses examples from the MO and the CA for background Chaucer might have known in developing his ideas of sins, and their effect on men. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tupper, Frederick. Published Tupper, Frederick. "Chaucer's Sinners and Sins." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 16 (1915): 56-106 Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Sinners and Sins. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The scribe of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of the "Canterbury Tales" also copied most of the "Confessio Amantis" in Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.3.2. Samuels terms the scribe's exemplar "conventional" in its orthography, but the scribe ("B") subsequently translated most of this "into the normal Hengwrt-Ellesmere spelling." Whether Hengwrt and Ellesmere reflect Chaucer's own spelling thus remains in doubt: "He transforms Gower's spelling with such obviously practised ease and consistency that it is difficult to believe that he was acting very differently when he copied Chaucer." "Scribe D," in the same Trinity manuscript, made other copies of both the "Confessio" and the "Canterbury Tales," but due to the variability of his exemplars and his own scribal habits, few conclusions can be drawn. [TWM. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Samuels, M. L Published Samuels, M. L. "Chaucer's Spelling." In Middle English Studies: Presented to Norman Davis in Honour of His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983). Pp. 17-37. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Spelling. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower, along with Usk, Langland, and Scogan, wrote poetry to protest the decay of morals in the later fourteenth century; Gower praises the virtue of charity. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Horrell, Joe. Published Horrell, Joe. "Chaucer's Symbolic Plowman." Speculum 14 (1939): 82-92. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Symbolic Plowman. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A detailed comparison of Chaucer's ("Legend of Good Women"), Gower's ("Confessio Amantis"), and Ovid's ("Metamorphoses") versions of the story of Philomela, including lengthy excerpts from all three texts. Each differs in arrangement and emphasis. In the scope of the plot, Gower follows Ovid more closely than Chaucer does, though like Chaucer, his central theme is the falseness of men, and where Ovid focuses on the three characters equally, Gower focuses on the two female characters, and Chaucer focuses on Philomela alone. Gower imagines the place and situation of Procne's request to Tereus more fully than the other two, but says less about the site where the rape was committed. Like Chaucer, he introduces direct discourse in the report of Philomela's cries. He gives more attention than the other versions to Tereus' homecoming and to the false story of Philomela's death, and adds the long passage of her prayer. He also gives the longest account of Procne's receipt and reading of Philomela's weaving. He preserves more of the women's revenge than Chaucer does, and all of the metamorphoses which Chaucer omits. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Oka, Saburo Published Oka, Saburo. "Chaucer's Transformation of 'The Legend of Philomela' in The Legend of Good Women." Thought Currents in English Literature (Aoyama Gakuin University) 63 (1990), pp. 79-109. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Transformation of 'The Legend of Philomela' in The Legend of Good Women Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lawton compares Gower's confession frame, in which the "lust" of storytelling is harmoniously integrated into the penitential design, with Chaucer's opposition of the "demands of penance and play" (p. 17) as part of his discussion of the function of Parson's Tale. He also contrasts Gower's and Chaucer's use of their respective narrators (pp. 20-21). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 7.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lawton, David Published Lawton, David. "Chaucer's Two Ways: The Pilgrimage Frame of The Canterbury Tales." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 9 (1987), pp. 3-40. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Two Ways: The Pilgrimage Frame of The Canterbury Tales Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Exploring why Chaucer set both the Clerk's and the Merchant's tales in Lombardy, Hardman uses Gower's "Mirour de l'Omme" 23233-59 to help show that "knowledge of the tyrants of Lombardy" (172) was widespread, and that both Chaucer and Gower in "Confessio Amantis" VII.3118-19 set tyranny in opposition to pity. Hardman also cites Gower's "large-scale attack on financial abuses through the Lombards" (177) in MO 25432ff. and CA II.2100ff., evidence that the "tyrants of Lombardy seem to have had strong imaginative potential" (178) for Gower as well as for Chaucer. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hardman, Phillipa. Published Hardman, Phillipa. "Chaucer's Tyrants of Lombardy." Review of English Studies 31.122 (1980): 172-78. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Confession Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Tyrants of Lombardy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Essentially a study of Chaucer, but compares "gan" as used in the works of various authors, including Gower in the CA, where, it is argued, "gan" usually is treated as a relatively meaningless filler. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Homann, Elizabeth R. Published Homann, Elizabeth R. "Chaucer's Use of 'Gan'." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 53 (1954): 389-98. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Use of "Gan." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Includes study of the use and treatment of proverbial material in Gower's major English and French works, with a systematic categorization of types; tables of examples; comparisons of similar materials from Chaucer. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Whiting, B. A. Published Whiting, B. J. Chaucer's Use of Proverbs. Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature, vol. 11. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934, pp. 4-20, 134-55, Appendix C, 265-97. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Bibliographies, Reports, and Reference Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Use of Proverbs. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Primarily a study of Chaucer's "Book of the Duchess" and "House of Fame," but includes references to Gower's CA as an example of smoothly-handled octosyllables leading to monotony. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Shannon, Edgar F. Published Shannon, Edgar F. "Chaucer's Use of the Octosyllabic Verse." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 12 (1913): 277-94. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Use of the Octosyllabic Verse. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Duffell is a metricist, seemingly a very good one, but not a student of Gower, and thus a bit out of touch with scholarship more recent than John Fisher's. He is also given to heavy dependence on "technical jargon," e.g., "four-ictic dolnik": which is to say, "a line with a fixed number of beats, and with offbeats containing between 0 and 2 syllables, with four beats" (289); one is grateful for the glossary (287-98). He sees Gower and Chaucer collaborating to reform English poetics, with Chaucer probably contributing more to Gower's development than vice-versa: "Collaboration must be expected because the directions in which each was taking versifying were remarkably similar: they regulated both AN and ME octosyllables, and they both experimented with deviant decasyllables, lines such as no French nor English had ever composed, and lines that deviated from the existing norms in parallel ways" (100). The weight Duffell places on "personalities," exacerbated by the outdatedness of relevant bibliography, (e.g.: MS Additional 59495 [olim Trentham] was given to Henry IV, the balades of the "Traitié" were "for the bride of his old age" [101]) sometimes gets in the way of his sharper analyses, but his major points--that "C[onfessio] A[mantis] qualifies as the first poem 'in strict iambic tetrameter' [Duffell's emphasis] in the English language" (111); that "it is just possible that Gower's example influenced Chaucer to make more sparing use of headless lines in S[ir[ T[hopas] and to be more tolerant of a regular iambic rhythm" (113); "it was John Gower and not Geoffrey Chaucer, who transformed the duple-time four-beat dolnik into the iambic tetrameter. Gower did this in two languages: in AN by making his octosyllables iambic, and in ME by eschewing headless lines and epic caesura" (135)--are significant, and should be noted. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Duffell, Martin J. Published Duffell, Martin J. Chaucer's Verse Art in its European Context. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2018). Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Verse Art in its European Context. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Wurtele summarizes Gower's tale of Florent along with "The Marriage of Sir Gawaine" and "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" in his discussion of the background to WB's alterations of the traditional tale. While Gower has evidently deliberately removed the tale from its Arthurian setting, and his version is more restrained, more skillful, and of greater psychological insight than its "cruder" predecessors, he preserves the notion of "charity as an antidote to an act of malice" by "sharpen[ing] the importance of love and fair-dealing" in the conclusion to the tale (p.53). WB, on the other hand, willfully distorts both the motifs and the emphasis of the earlier tales, and in the final scene, corrupts the "relatively benign dilemma" of the traditional versions "into something little short of vicious" (pp. 56-57). In one way, the result is to heighten the irrationality of the tale, but in another, to create a different sort of realism. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wurtele, Douglas J. Published Wurtele, Douglas J.. "Chaucer's Wife of Bath and Her Distorted Arthurian Motifs." Arthurian Interpretations 2 (1987), pp. 47-61. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Wife of Bath and Her Distorted Arthurian Motifs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "In Praise of Peace." Text based on Thynne (1532), and corrected with MS. Trentham. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Skeat, Walter W., ed. Published Skeat, Walter W., ed. Chaucerian and Other Pieces. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897, pp. 205-16. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucerian and Other Pieces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1897 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower is an "uncompromising moralist"; grinds out couplets in a negatively "professional" manner; also notes that Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale" contains a jibe at Gower. [RFY1981] Published Burlin, Robert B. Chaucerian Fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977, pp. 133, 151, 196 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucerian Fiction. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "Florent," CA, Book I, 1407-1861; "Alboin and Rosemund," Book I, 2459-2646; "Constantine and Sylvester," Book II, 3187-3496; "Rosiphelee," Book IV, 1245-1446; "Ceix and Alceone," Book IV, 2927-3123; "Adrian and Bardus," Book V, 4937-5162; reprints Macaulay. Glossed at page bottom. Biographical and bibliographical note (p.427). [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Neilson, W. A., and K. G. T. Webster, eds. Published Neilson, W. A., and K. G. T. Webster, eds. Chief British Poets of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: Selected Poems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916, pp. 79-94. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chief British Poets of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: Selected Poems. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Peck explores notions of moral worthiness and penitential vigilance expressed in late-medieval vernacular literature, arguing that they developed out of earlier knightly ideals and practices, laid out by Richard W. Kaeuper in "Holy Warrior" (2009). Treating Harry Bailly and his relation to the Parson in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" most extensively, Peck also draws on Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde, and other works by Chretién de Troyes, Dante, Langland, and Gower, offering commentary on knights and mercantile trade in "Mirour de l'Omme" (349-50) and, in the same work, the need expressed for "vigilant analysis of how we see and don't see" as part of the penitential diagnosis of sin (355). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Peck, Russell A. Published Peck, Russell A. "Chivalry and the Wise Watchman: A Study of Patience, Penance, and the Homeward Journey in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde." In Prowess, Piety, and Public Order in Medieval Society: Studies in Honor of Richard W. Kaeuper. Ed. Craig M. Nakashian and Daniel P. Franke. (Boston: Brill, 2017). Pp. 344-67. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chivalry and the Wise Watchman: A Study of Patience, Penance, and the Homeward Journey in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This dissertation has two purposes: to uncover a critique of chivalry in a twelfth-century roman antique, Benoît de Sainte-Maure's 'Roman de Troie,' and to assess its implications for two fourteenth-century English poems, Geoffrey Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' and John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.' The first chapter of this thesis examines the 'Roman de Troie' in light of the cultural environment of Henry II's court, where the aristocracy and the secular clergy collaborated to promote knightly duties and virtues. While purporting to endorse this ideological project, Benoît simultaneously questions it by exposing not only the egotism, aggression, and violence that underlie knightly activities but also the discursive strategies of concealment and suppression deployed in elevating knighthood. Benoît's critical inquiry into chivalry is conducted largely in two ways. First, he uses female characters as a site from which to criticize the oppressive mechanisms whereby the chivalric class maintains the status quo. Second, he points to the incompatibility of knightly conduct with good government by emphasizing the individualistic nature of knights' pursuit of honor and revenge. The subsequent two chapters of this thesis demonstrate that these two methods were adopted by Chaucer and Gower respectively. While basing his 'Troilus' primarily on Boccaccio's 'Filostrato,' Chaucer occasionally alluded to the Briseida story in the 'Roman de Troie' to amplify Criseyde's role as a victim of chivalric society and to highlight through her experience the Trojan nobility's preoccupation with class solidarity and war effort. Gower, on the other hand, chose to translate those episodes in the Roman which problematize the chivalric principles of honor and revenge ("Ring Namplus and the Greeks," "Athemas and Demephon," "Orestes," "Telaphus and Teucer," "Jason and Medea," "Paris and Helen," "Ulysses and Telegonus"). Gower used these tales to reflect on the nobility's self-interested exercise of armed force and the threat it poses to civil order and justice. Although Chaucer and Gower responded to different aspects of Benoît's critique of chivalry, they were united in that they both developed the borrowings from the Roman into an implicit commentary on the Hundred Years War and its consequences for the late fourteenth-century English society." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kobayashi, Yoshiko. Published Kobayashi, Yoshiko. "Chivalry, Power, and Justice in Three Medieval Romances." Ph.D. Diss. Cornell University 1997. DAI 58(8): 3144. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chivalry, Power, and Justice in Three Medieval Romances. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In its arrangement, this is an extremely useful supplement to existing bibliographies, as well as being more up-to-date. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 24.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Echard, Siân Lanz, Julie Published Echard, Siân and Lanz, Julie. "Chronology of Gower Criticism." In A Companion to Gower. Ed. Echard, Siân. Cambridge: Brewer, 2004, pp. 251-73. Gower Subject Bibliographies, Reports, and Reference Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chronology of Gower Criticism Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Carlin lists in chronological order the known Gower life records, including at least one not previously cited by scholars (10 March 1368; p. 7). She describes in calendar fashion the topic and nature of each record, identifies archival sources, and, where appropriate, cites critical discussions. The list is keyed to Carlin's expansive essay that follows in this volume ("Gower's Life," pp. 22-120), and the list indicates by asterisk or double asterisk records that mention a John Gower who may not be the poet, offering brief explanations. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Carlin, Martha. Published Carlin, Martha. "Chronology of Gower's Life Records." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 3-21. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chronology of Gower's Life Records. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Though this article ostensibly focuses primarily on William Langland, the fact that Lee's analysis of Langland's relationship to the concept of war relies on comparison to John Gower's position on war makes this article at least marginally relevant to Gower studies. There is a companion article that lays out his position on Gower more thoroughly, as well, from the same year in the Korean "Journal of English Language and Literature." Noting the ubiquity of war in the fourteenth century, Lee particularly focuses on the potential discord between the violence of war, and Christian ethics. He argues that Gower and Langland were not entirely pacifists, but that they did justify some warfare for "the protection of state and church and the settlement of order" (116). He largely focuses here on Langland's limited justification of crusade through the notion of "salvation for the heathens." (116). He argues that, like Gower, Langland argues for some military action as part of the responsibilities of an ideal king. He cites Gower's criticism of the Norwich Crusade of 1383 in the "Vox Clamantis," comparing to passages in the B-text that seem similarly critical of a crusading impulse. He sees Langland's position as more opposed to clerical support of war than Gower's. Noting the extent of Piers Plowman's description of Trajan's salvation and the broader question of salvation for non-Christians, Lee sees room in Langland's broader anti-war position for some crusading impulse. He also points out that knights in the poem have a role in law and order, and protecting the church (123). He contrasts Langland's position on war to Gower's: "however, unlike Gower's aggressive and active attitude in applying the just cause to regaining the rights and restoring peace, Langland's notion of justice, it seems, lies only in the least defense for the preservation of life and property, not in the plundering of other territories and properties" (127). Lee goes on to examine the Meed sequence and its critique of the war in Normandy, thus critiquing the association of war and profit in the late fourteenth century. He concludes, "war, in both Langland's and Gower's view, was not wrong when used for legitimate ends, for example, for the defense of men's rights and for the maintenance of men's truth and common good, nor when it was initiated and controlled by a king who is equipped with Christian values" (132). Overall he provides a reasonable reading of "Piers Plowman," with some attention to the distinctions between versions. Unfortunately this article suffers somewhat from being separated from its other half--publishing an extended comparison of two authors in articles in different journals makes it hard for a reader to digest the full ramifications of the comparison. [RAL. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 40.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lee, Dongchoon. Published Medieval and Early Modern English Studies 14.1 (Feb. 2006): 115-37. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Church Reformers' Ideas of Warfare and Peace in Fourteenth Century England: William Langland. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief assessment of Gower as a friend and contemporary of Chaucer; a multilingual poet; a moralist. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kuriyagawa, Fumio. Published Kuriyagawa, Fumio. Chusei no Eibungaku to Eigo. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1951, pp. 271-77. English title: Middle English and Middle English Literature. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chusei no Eibungaku to Eigo. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "My dissertation argues that the pose of melancholy was a vital framing fiction in later medieval poetry . . . . a therapeutic strategy, which used a playful fiction to try to unveil the more dangerous fictions of those in power. I investigate the medical, philosophical and religious traditions of melancholy . . . prov[ing] that, by the middle of the fourteenth century, an accepted bank of symptoms had been established in literature as well as in medical treatises . . . . I then trace the political role of the melancholic narrator in vernacular poetry from Machaut to Lydgate . . . ." In CA, Gower "highlights the melancholic nature of Amans and Genius . . . to justify the creative feigning of his poetic process and to create parallels with socially disruptive characters in the text. He loads his poem with the threat of violence which will erupt if melancholic voices are ignored." Author/Editor Author/Editor Dunlop, L. M. Published Dunlop, L. M. "Cities without Walls: The Politics of Melancholy from Machaut to Lydgate." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge, 1997. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 47.3 (1998), no. 5507. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cities without Walls: The Politics of Melancholy from Machaut to Ly.dgate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Arner writes: "Deploying conventions from medieval courtesy manuals, Gower's "Visio Anglie" assigned varied degrees of authority to Englishmen and women at the bodily level, a system of signification in which food, physical appearances, and overall comportment were key elements. Echoing courtesy manuals, the "Visio" constructed corporal marks of distinction, interpreted physical signifiers as indices of people's inner character and value, and classified bodies into social groups accordingly. Offering understandings of civility that began with codes of bodily conduct and that expanded to claims about the cosmos, the "Visio"'s corporal regulatory system promoted particular understandings of citizenship and governance that sought to protect the socioeconomic hierarchy in late fourteenth-century England. According to the "Visio," the insurgents in 1381 not only thwarted bodily classifications and threatened to liquidate the attendant systems of social stratification, but they eroded more global differences that subtended civilization itself. Constituting a force of annihilation, Gower's rebels took up and occupied a queer position--not unlike that articulated by Lee Edelman--that imperiled both health and futurity, ultimately demonstrating the need to further disenfranchise and control the non-ruling classes in the wake of the English Rising of 1381." [JGN 33.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Arner, Lynn Published Arner, Lynn. "Civility and Gower's 'Visio Anglia'." Accessus: A Journal of Premodern Literature and New Media 1.1 (2013), n.p. Article 5. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civility and Gower's 'Visio Anglia' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Leonhard's dissertation is an alphabetical "Onomasticon" (name-dictionary) of "Confessio Amantis." It lists and identifies the "deities, persons, and places associated with [the Greco-Roman] mythological tradition" (iii), up to and including Ovid, that appear in Gower's poem, arranged by standardized classical spellings rather than Gower's own (but see the Index mentioned below), running from "Acamus" to "Zodiac." Leonhard's entries (some, a few lines; others, several pages) identify appropriate characteristics, plots, motifs, and contexts associated with a given name, and they provide the frequency of occurrences in CA with line numbers from Macaulay's edition, along with authenticating references to classical sources, the commentary tradition, and compilations through Boccaccio's "De Genealogia Deorum." The citations are not comprehensive, but representative of the tradition Gower must have known, as Leonhard sees it, and "if possible," she tells us with due hesitation, she indicates "the poet's probable source and his adaptation of that source" (iii). Some of the information is straightforward identification; some, more expansive. For example, the entry on "Alcestis" states that Gower is interested in her "only as the exemplary wife . . . ," but, in a footnote to the entry, we learn more specifically that the poet "omits the recall of Alcestis from Hades" and that "Ovid does not tell the story of Alcestis at all" (14). More discursively, at "Nysa" (73), where the Gowerian equivalent is "Dyon," Leonhard records that "Mount Nysa in India" is the "birthplace of Bacchus," citing corroborating references to the First Vatican Mythographer, Fulgentius, and Boccaccio, but then opining that "Gower must have had some reason for choosing the name 'Dyon'," she adds the cross-reference "See Semele" and goes on to suggest that Gower "could have had in mind the Greek name Dionysus" (90-91). Footnotes and cross-references abound, and the whole project must have been a Herculean chore to type and correct on a manual typewriter. Following the dictionary itself (pp. 4-101), Leonhard includes "An Appendix Composed of Contextual Excerpts from the Sources Referred to in the Onomasticon" (pp. 102-242)--extensive quotations of the passages in Latin, French, and English of the sources that Leonhard cites in the dictionary proper. A skeletal "Outline of Gower's Moral Tale" (pp. 243-55) follows--i.e., a topic outline or table of contents of CA arranged by Book, vice and/or virtue, and the tales used to illustrate them. The dissertation ends with an alphabetical Index of the included names in Gower's own spelling and usage--i.e., "Alceste" rather than "Alcestis" and "Dyon" rather than "Nysa"--that refers us back to the classical name-list, followed by a Bibliography of the sources Leonhard used. The whole project is painstaking, and although some of its information and perspectives have been superseded by more recent and wider research, it is a useful reference work and, nearly 80 years on, notable as marker in the reception history of Gower. Fortunately, the .pdf reproduction of the original typescript is widely and readily accessible. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 41.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Leonhard, Zelma Bernice. Published Leonhard, Zelma Bernice. "Classical Mythology in the Confessio Amantis of John Gower." Ph.D. dissertation. Northwestern University, 1944. vi, 274 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A77.12 (E) [2017]: n.p. Available at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses; accessed January 12, 2022. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Bibliographies, reports, and Reference Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Classical Mythology in the "Confessio Amantis" of John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Hsy, Jonathan. Published Hsy, Jonathan. "Close Listening: Talking Books, Blind Readers and Medieval Worldbuilding." postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 7 (2016): 181-92. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Biography of Gower Review Hsy addresses the medievalism of Bruce Holsinger's "The Invention of Fire," in which John Gower stars as detective/protagonist. Hsy brings together disability and literary scholarship in his discussion of Gower's works and Holsinger's. For Hsy, Holsinger's depiction of protagonist Gower's failing sight in the novels and the multi-modal ways in which one can access these novels reflect on poet Gower's eventual blindness and the tension surrounding assistive technologies in the fourteenth century. Vision in Holsinger's narrative, argues Hsy, serves "as a rhetorical conceit and tool for thought" (186). Hsy then shifts his attention to the audiobook version of Holsinger's text, asserting that is "an opportunity to attend to the story differently" and that, as a result, "the book's sonic artistry became its salient feature." (188) Listening to the audiobook, Hsy writes, "revealed how a text and the performing body become mutually constitutive through a technological surface." (190) This conflation of text and body corresponds to Gower's experience as a blind poet, experiencing the written word through the voice of another. At this point, Hsy discusses fourteenth-century assistive technology: eyeglasses. Eyeglasses, Hsy reminds us, "provoked anxious and unprecedented meditations on the relationship between impaired masculinity and perceived notions of intellectual capacity" (190). The cultural associations with these devices made their users uneasy, and Holsinger's novel reflects this unease when he has protagonist Gower refer to them as "crutches." For Hsy, the character Gower's response typifies disability theorist Robert McRuer's concept of "spectral disability": "Gower interprets the spectacles as a prosthetic device or assistive technology that delays an inevitable specter of disability" (190). Hsy's discussion of "multi-modal textual consumption," then, reflects doubly on Gower. In Holsinger's book, we experience a fictional account of what the poet Gower's struggle with failing vision may have been like, and if we listen to "An Invention of Fire," perhaps then we are closer to how the poet Gower would have experienced texts in his later years. [JS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.2.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Close Listening: Talking Books, Blind Readers and Medieval Worldbuilding. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Peter Holland is well-known for his interests in Shakespeare and drama in performance, and both are reflected here. This essay is largely concerned with "Pericles" as a play--a drama--made of narrative source-materials, mentioning in swift passing Gower's "Tale of Apollonius" among these materials. Holland gives little particular attention to specifics of Gower's and other narrative versions, focusing instead on emphases rendered in the transition (or "journeying") between literary forms, arguing that "Pericles" itself "is a journey across the mapping of narrative represented by the Apollonian story . . . [in] all its manifestations" (25). The story was widely known to the audience of "Pericles," but its presentation as drama was new and unknown, Holland tells us, perhaps even a little "dangerous," aligning the artistic experiment with action of the play, and suggesting that the non-traditional name "Pericles" is a version of Latin "periculum." Early modern navigational techniques, geographical dislocations in the play, repetitive structuring, and "Gower's choruses" are recurrent concerns in this essay, with the choruses "acting as dramatic stitching to make the drama a web of lines radiating across the map of the Apollonius narrative like the lines on the early charts that link harbours and headlands" (26). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 40.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Holland, Peter. Published Angles on the English-Speaking World 5 (2005): 11-29. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coasting in the Mediterranean: The Journeyings of "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In an entry relating to Thomas Berthelette's 1554 edition of CA, provides a brief life of Gower, describes Caxton's and Berthelette's editions, lists published commentaries, and prints samples from CA: Book III, 271-317; VIII, 2496-2558; 2941*-60*; 2941-46. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Corser, Rev. Thomas, ed. Published Corser, Rev. Thomas, ed. Collectanea Anglo-Poetica: Or, A Bibliographical and Descriptive Catalogue of a Portion of a Collection of Early English Poetry. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1877, 7:36-44. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Collectanea Anglo-Poetica: Or, A Bibliographical and Descriptive Catalogue of a Portion of a Collection of Early English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1877 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Yoshimuri, who has previously studied the color expressions in T&C and PP, here catalogues every reference to color in CA, and discusses Gower's use of color words, contrasting Gower's usage to Chaucer's in CT. His essay is divided into several sections, discussing in turn the frequency of color words (divided between chromatic and achromatic), "descriptive color expressions" (such as "the colour of the reyni Mone"), contrastive color expressions, repetitive color expressions ("rody and red"), color similes, the use of color symbolism, and the special case of "derk" and "liht." The results are not entirely predictable, and there is some interesting insight on almost every page, either on the contrast between Chaucer's and Gower's practice (Chaucer, not surprisingly, had a far larger vocabulary for color than Gower did, and also used far more figurative expressions; Gower's favorite color word was "green," while Chaucer's was "white"), on the limitations imposed by Middle English (and the evident lack of a word for either "pink" or "orange," for example), or on the semantic field of ordinary color expressions, including the words they are ordinarily used to modify and their metaphorical suggestiveness. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yoshimuri, Koji Published Yoshimuri, Koji. "Color Expressions in Gower's Confessio Amantis." The Review of Inquiry and Research (Kansai University of Foreign Studies, Osaka, Japan) 50 (1989), pp. 13-35. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Color Expressions in Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-07. Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biographical sketch of Gower and list of works. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Leland, John. Published Leland, John. Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicus. Oxford: Theatro Shedloniano, 1709, I, 414-16. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1709 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This dissertation examines the national economic discussion spurred by the crises of war and plague in fourteenth-century England. Bringing disparate texts into alignment with each other, I show that documentary and poetic writings from this period imagine economic activity and make economic arguments in strikingly similar ways. . . . Reading documentary texts such as parliamentary petitions and statutes alongside literature, including well-known works by Chaucer, Gower, and Langland as well as a variety of anonymous political satire, I identify and track four key strategies used by the middle strata in national economic debate. My chapters examine holistic conceptions of the realm's wealth, evaluations of the role of intermediary officials in financial systems, and appeals to "reason" as an economic standard and to "common profit" as a model of economic collaboration. Relying on the techniques of literary close reading, but applying them to productive groupings of texts that have often been separated by disciplinarily-dictated generic or linguistic criteria, I stress the importance of national economic concerns for the social, political, and literary imaginary of this period." Author/Editor Author/Editor Bryant, Brantley L Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Published Bryant, Brantley L. "Common profit: Economic morality in English public political discourse, c. 1340--1406." Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University, 2007. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource Common profit: Economic morality in English public political discourse, c. 1340--1406 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galloway's complex argument--a quest to identify what he calls "literary voicing"--uses "voice" as a tool "to explore the boundary between works making primarily aesthetic claims and those with more direct claims on social and other social and other extra-narrative meaning" (244). To reach his subject, he triangulates between texts of Wyclif ("De civile dominio"), Chaucer ("Parliament of Fowls"), and Gower ("Vox clamantis"), with briefer excurses into John Clanvowe's "Book of Cupid" and--initially--Thomas Usk's "Appeal" (1383). Galloway sees Usk's behavior described there to influence the mayoral election pitting John of Northampton against Nicholas Brembre as an early attempt to harness the "common voice" of the people to influence a political result--something made to seem possible by the growing sense, from 1371-72, that such a "voice" existed, that it could be located in parliament, which should be accommodated by the king and lords' council in any laws passed. This surfaced powerfully in the Good Parliament of 1376 (246-50), hardened in the Merciless Parliament in the hands of the Appellants in 1388, and was further manipulated by Richard II in 1397 (251). This "common voice" could also be impacted by religious discourse. John Wyclif was especially effective in this, providing "intellectual resources" (252) to the concept, while developing "his own theory of 'collective voicing'" in "De civile domino" (253) and preaching against the Good Parliament. One result was the accusation that Wyclif bore responsibility for the 1381 Rising, to which Galloway accords some credence (254-58). Such developing concepts of "common voice" thus laid groundwork for the development of "further theoretical articulations [that] took place among the poets" (260). Chaucer, and especially Gower, cleared space for individual "literary voices"--an altogether new entity--through a trope of the "poet as reader"--bringing the collective "voice" of "old books" to bear on political issues which engaged the "configuration of society's 'voices'" (261). Gower uses "old books" to "give him words to describe modernity, and thus to articulate his contemporary condemnations" (263). This "wresting of original meanings to his own uses shows how history . . . is a language or medium of art, malleable to present purposes" (264). Gower manages a "blending of his voice of present condemnation with the texts he lifts and reapplied produces a temporal retrojection of himself as narrator. His 'common' voice becomes archaized: he utters the direct speech of textual wisdom . . . his voice seems of a piece with his ancient books--and hardly allows credit to be granted to it as his own" (264). Gower furthers this sense of his as the voice of "ancient wisdom" by casting himself as old and blind--a move Galloway suggests is more a trope than a fact--and somewhat ironic in light of the Septvauns affair (265-71). Chaucer's approach to old books and "authorities" in the "Parliament of Fowls" and to a lesser extent the "Book of the Duchess" Galloway presents as inextricable from his interaction with Gower from 1377 on (271-74), even suggesting that while there "is no direct proof that Chaucer used the Parliament to respond critically to Gower's "Vox" . . . the circumstantial evidence is compelling" (274). Gower's reply to the Parliament, Galloway decides, was the "Visio Anglie"--another "beast fable"--and the CA. In both of these, Gower's emphasis is on "self-sacrifice," in direct rebuttal of Chaucer's (and the cuckoo's) "Hobbsian" (283) world of self-interest and authoritarian control (280-85). In VC, this self-sacrifice is the subsumption of the individual authorial voice into an impersonal "speaker from long ago: less a modern reader of old books than a fragment of old books himself, a frozen image deictically aiming his poem's frozen arrows to a future that only the works readers could vivify by lived experience" (281). In the context of contrast with Chaucer, Galloway concludes with something like a plea for critical acuity: "The argument over whether Gower's entire poetic work is somehow 'unified' or endlessly dissonant should include not just what his work is, but also what it persists in seeking. Gower's continued and paradoxical effort both to speak for but also renew the 'old' suggests what we may call a Wycliffian ideal of the common voice: radical and elitist in its hopes of remaking institutions and society, yet conservative in its loyalty to what is imagined as having always been 'truly' expressed" (286). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew. Published Galloway, Andrew. "Common Voices in Theory and Practice in Late Fourteenth-Century England." In Richard W. Kaeuper, ed. Law, Governance, and Justice: New Views on Medieval Constitutionalism. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Pp. 243-86. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Common Voices in Theory and Practice in Late Fourteenth-Century England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "England's two dominant legal systems, the ecclesiastical and the common-law, had opposite attitudes towards intentionality," Barrington writes. "According to the Church, intention was all. According to the common-law courts, intention counted for nothing" (134), except, she explains, during a brief period during King Richard's reign when Gower happened to be composing CA. In his poem, Gower juxtaposes and places into confrontation the assumptions from the two systems. "Throughout, Genius adopts a position comparable to the one found in penitential manuals: intention is all. Amans, however, maintains the common-law position that only the deed counts. Only reluctantly does Amans admit the culpability of his intentions even when he is unable to bring those intentions to pass. . . . Genius positions Amans as a penitential confessant, but Amans positions himself as a defendant in a criminal case" (136). As her principal illustration, Barrington uses the lesson on Sacrilege in CA Book 5. In interrogating Amans, "Genius adopts a position comparable to the one found in penitential manuals: the soul is judged by its intentions," while "Amans, in contrast, adopts the position associated with the law courts: the deed, intended or not, is all that counts. When Genius asks Amans if he ever committed sacrilege, the lover repeatedly admits to intending sacrilege but denies doing the deed and therefore sees himself as innocent" (137). Both, however, attribute a significant role to chance in determining whether or not an intent is carried out in deed. Chance also plays a large role in the "Tale of Paris and Helen" that follows. In its disjointedness, the tale resembles a "trial narrative" (140), made up of different accounts provided by different witnesses; and in its focus, finally, on the single issue of sacrilege, it recalls the need for a prosecutor to identify a prosecutable offense. The debate that occurs at the beginning of the tale identifies conflicting views of how the Trojans should proceed, but it links the eventual destruction of the city to the collective intention of the entire populace. Paris is given a kind of claim to Helen, but his ability to enforce it depends upon a series of unforeseen events. Once he sees Helen in the temple, however, he proceeds with conscious intention. But "the Trojans' collective involvement and Paris's intended deed--to abduct Helen--are set aside in preference to a legal model that limits the case to a single, provable deed: Paris's sacrilege. In this way, the tale entangles the penitential and the juridical, allowing Genius to rest his argument on a deed both intended and done" (138). Even such a perspective, however, offers no satisfying explanation either for the war or for the destruction of Troy. "The tale provides a barometer for the increasing difficulty of ignoring intention in the courtroom, indicating why Ricardian courts briefly made an allowance for intention because it invariably impinged on the proceedings and on the jurors' perceptions. Yet, the tale and framework also demonstrate why the courts found it the better part of wisdom to ignore the issue of intention. As long as criminal law was tied to a system of pleading that limited the case to a single issue, finding a prosecutable correlation between deed and intention adds complications that return us to the same problems caused by ignoring intention altogether" (140-41). Barrington's analysis is enlightening, but we do not read Amans' confession in V.7094-7182 in the same way. While he excuses himself from the type of indiscriminate flirting that Genius uses as his example of Sacrilege, Amans freely admits to a different sort of Sacrilege (5.7156), both in intent and deed, with regard to his own lady. This passage does not seem as good an illustration of a difference in understanding between Amans and Genius on the nature of culpability as Barrington suggests. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 35.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Barrington, Candace Published Barrington, Candace. "Common-Law and Penitential Intentionality in Gower's 'Tale of Paris and Helen'." South Atlantic Review 79.3-4 (2015), pp. 132-43. ISSN 0277-335X Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Common-Law and Penitential Intentionality in Gower's 'Tale of Paris and Helen' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The title refers to a cluster of essays in this issue of "Speculum," devoted to re-assessing the identification of Adam Pinkhurst as "Adam Scriveyn," by Linne Mooney in 2004. Kerby-Fulton provides a brief introduction, and hers is the first essay in the cluster. Because Mooney's still-controversial essay began with an earlier study by A. I. Doyle and Malcolm Parkes of multiple scribal hands in a manuscript of the "Confessio Amantis," one of whom (Doyle and Parkes' "Scribe B") Mooney judged to be Pinkhurst, all of the essays in the cluster touch upon scribes copying Gower's work to one degree or another, although the Gower portion of these essays receives very little attention. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1. For brief treatment of each essay in the cluster, search for Speculum 99.3 in the Search by Character-String box] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn. Published Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn. "Communities of Practice: New Methodological Approaches to Adam Pinkhurst and Chaucer's Earliest Scribes." Speculum 99.3 (2024): 664-804. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Communities of Practice: New Methodological Approaches to Adam Pinkhurst and Chaucer's Earliest Scribes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A general introduction to the subject of the tradition of the romance of Apollonius. Father Martins traces the progress of this romance through the Middle Ages, mentioning the 11th-century adaptation (in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica), Godfrey of Viterbo's more poetic version in the Pantheon, the inclusion of the Book of Apollonius in the Gesta Romanorum, and its appearance in Castilian in the 13th and 14th centuries. [Pat Oder. JGN 3.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Martins, Mário, S. J Published Martins, Mário, S. J. "Como 'Apolónio de Tiro' chegou até nós através de John Gower." In Estudos de Cultura Medieval. Ed. UNSPECIFIED. Lisbon: Ediçoes Brotéria, 1983, pp. 133-144. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Como 'Apolónio de Tiro' chegou até nós através de John Gower. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ediçoes Brotéria, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Rosenfeld offers a new way of seeing the sin of envy as particularly useful in understanding the "Confessio Amantis." Citing Chaucer's "Parson's Tale," the "Fasciculus Morum," and "On the Seven Deadly Sins," she explains how envy in medieval penitential writing is distinct from other sins because it is an "inwardly experienced sin that is also necessarily social" (84), and because it is neither "directed toward the pursuit of pleasure" nor is pleasure its "instigating cause" (85) as it is with other sins. Rather, "envy is marked by a viciousness that inheres in a disposition of antipathy toward a neighbor's experience of happiness and sorrow. Envy thus demands a shift in morality from a focus on the discipline of desire, the seeking after 'true' pleasures, to a focus on one's proper relationship to the painful and joyful experiences of others." This shift is "one of the motivating concerns" of Gower's poem, Rosenfeld argues, exploring how envy is "a central problem" (86) of the CA and how the sin is remedied through compassion, pity, or charity that is the means to achieve the common good. Tales from Book II, of course, are important here--Polyphemus "betrays a viciousness beyond a desire for personal profit" (88) when he kills Acis in envy, for example, and in the "Tale of the Travelers and the Angel" the "unique viciousness" of the sin "is marked not by misplaced desire but by an opposing affective reaction to the pleasures and pains of others, no matter the specific goods involved" (90). As a form of charity and the remedy of envy, compassion "involves mimetic identification with the pain and pleasure of others," while "envy is marked by both failed and successful mimesis" (90), Rosenfeld tells us, helping to align several other tales with her thesis: "Amphitrion's feigning the voice of Geta" (91), the brass trumpet of Boniface's usurpation of Celestine, and the "imitated voices and counterfeit communication" (92) in the "Tale of Constance" all manifest envy in or through distorted mimesis, while the account of Nebuchadnezzar and the "Tale of Three Questions" (both in Book I) are "interested in the process by which people shift from dismissal of others because of perceived difference to recognition of likeness" (93) that engages the "golden rule" (92) and effects compassion. Genius offers the "Tale of Constantine and Sylvester" to illustrate "Charité / Which is the moder of Pité" (II.3173-74), a tale which "carefully unpacks the moment in which compassion is felt" (95), when Constantine, awakened by the lamentation of the mothers and children to be sacrificed for his sake, recognizes the likeness of all humans and leads eventually to a "Christian empire through love's defeat of envy" (97). This does not, Rosenfeld observes, resolve all the problems of worldly distortion of proper ethical values; Constantine's elite social status can be seen to compromise the moral value of his compassion, and Gower's allusion to the "Donation of Constantine" (97) makes clear that the temporal church compromises the spiritual community. Yet, the very operation of exemplarity depends upon likeness across human social and economic boundaries, Rosenfeld tells us, much as does compassion, and in this way, Gower shows in form and theme that "the ethical subject must desire the common good, and must first understand what it means to have things in 'common' rather than first to understand what is good" (99). Moreover, Rosenfeld concludes, "For Gower, charity is the recognition that one's relationship to others should not be determined by relative possessions, but by shared emotion borne of the realization that each has only one real earthly possession--life itself" (100). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rosenfeld, Jessica. Published Rosenfeld, Jessica. "Compassionate Conversions: Gower's Confessio Amantis and the Problem of Envy." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 42 (2012): 83-105. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Compassionate Conversions: Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and the Problem of Envy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Peter's book on the genres of complaint and satire in the Middle Ages and Renaissance occasionally uses Gower as an example of the "moralizing, quasi-sermonic bent" (51) typical of complaint literature. Peter suggests that Gower's attempt to take the "middel weie" between lust and lore, or between courtly love and moral teaching, was "like mixing oil and water" (52) so that much of the CA is "almost unreadable" (52). Peter mines the CA for some of the staple ingredients of complaint literature, including the nostalgic description of the Golden Age, the frequent reminder of the coming end times (forecast by the statue of Nebuchadnezzar), the conception of a retributive God, and the critique of the rich. Peter also uses Gower as an example of how the topics of complaint literature influenced the development of the morality play and (later) tragedy. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Peter, John Published Peter, John. "Complaint and Satire in Early English Literature." Oxford: Clarendon, 1956 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Complaint and Satire in Early English Literature Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Clarendon, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Olsson, Kurt Published Olsson, Kurt. "Composing the King, 1390-1391: Gower's Ricardian Rhetoric." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 31 (2009), pp. 141-73. ISSN 0190-2407 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Review Olsson adopts as fact Gower's report of a royal charge from Richard II to write the what becomes the "Confessio Amantis," and deftly employs the Westminster Chronicler's vignettes of a dangerously volatile Richard to sketch the problematic position Gower very likely felt himself to be in, given his wish to advise the king honestly (Olsson presents it as a character trait which Gower could not compromise) and yet not incur his wrath. Gower's solution, Olsson argues, is to use "analogy to elicit judgment on a presumption of kingly power, and . . . he sets correction or a readjusting of perception as his goal. But rather than press for a verdict on this or that particular action, Gower works from patterns in Richard's conduct over the course of a decade to identify and address underlying and continuing problems in the governance of the realm" (146). To do this, "Gower creates [an] issue-based rhetoric in the portion of Book VII . . . devoted to explaining five virtues or 'pointz' of an ethical Policie--Trouthe, Largesse, Justice, Pite, and Chastite--as forming the basis of sound rulership" (147). In this essay, Olsson's focus is on Gower's management of Trouthe. The issue of kingly power had occupied controversy in Richard's court in the 1380's, and had led eventually to the Appellants' Revolt, Richard's near-disposition, and a reduced scope of kingship at the end of the decade. Gower, Olsson argues, makes this his focus in the tale of "The King, Wine, Woman and Truth" (Bk VII.1783-1984) his only exemplum on Trouthe, "significantly altering this tale from its source in 3 Esdras and his own synopsis of it in the Mirour de l'Omme" (147). In Olsson's view Gower does this in order to foreground (however subtly) his central point, i.e., that the "principal obligation of kingship [is] what a king swears to do in 'trouthe' as he is crowned" he then must do (152-53). The point was a risky one to make, Olsson notes, because "inconstancia regis" was a charge leveled at Richard often as the 1380's drew to a close. "Attracted more to the symbols than to the realities of governance". . . "Richard's preoccupation with maintaining his regal dignity . . . leads to neglect, a failure to uphold his coronation oath" (154/155). To teach the king how to do better, and why, Gower transforms the figure of Cyrus in the tale-within-a-tale told by the counselor Zorobabel into a tyrant, and projects the seducing courtesan Apeme as "the figure of fikelnesse (or Fortune) that, in the larger argument, will be offset by the trouthe of Alceste, the subject of Gower's second, newly added capsule tale and the means by which his Zorobabel will effect the transition to a fourth possible answer to Darius' question" about what entity possessed the most power universally. The answer is of course "Trouthe," and this, Olsson argues, is the point Gower wishes Richard to extract from the story, after seeing himself as both Cyrus and Darius, and--realizing that he should feel ashamed for the behaviors he has allowed himself to slip into--repent and change (156-65). Olsson then turns to the revisions of the poem which steadily excise Richard, and end indeed with Gower's submission of his poem to Henry IV for oversight and "correction." Arguing that "Gower's revision of the epilogue provides no evidence or a radical change of allegiance or of sudden alarm, a reaction to any one that the king has recently done . . . Gower appears to believe that change, or a refocusing and maturation, is possible and that his own fictive re-creation of the king could have a positive effect: that is suggested by the retention of the Thames narrative in the second recension of the poem" (169).In the subsequent revision, however, Gower shifts the focus of his audience from the king--i.e., Richard, and even Henry--to the other estates, particularly "to my lordis alle" (170-71). Olsson concludes, "But though Richard is no longer featured in the work, Gower's argument retains its vitality in providing a 'new' framework to guide discussion about kingship through the remainder of the reign and beyond. Indeed, this poem's continuing relevance for Henry IV is not far to seek." (173). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society JGN 29.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Composing the King, 1390-1391: Gower's Ricardian Rhetoric. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Larson seeks to show that "The frequent appearance of confession in Middle English literature after 1215 suggests medieval writers perceived the usefulness of confession as a rhetorical tool, and appropriated the ecclesiastical form to use it for literary purposes" (229). She selects for evidence "the confessional model" as exemplified in the "Confessio Amantis," the "Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale," and Hoccleve's "Male Regle." Her discussion of the CA covers pp. 240-43. Larson accepts that Gower is applying the confessional model without irony, although she notes that "'Confessio Amantis' explores the power of the confessional format even as the limitations of the form itself seem to be reached" with "the setting at the court of Venus rather than a church" (241), an intentional, and in Larson's judgment essentially successful, exploitation of the confessional form: "In following Amans' progress through the sins and witnessing how he comes to understand his true nature and status, and his humility at the end, it is possible to see the efficaciousness of confession even if it is not technically one aimed at Christian moral development" (242). The selection of Genius's exempla sometimes troubles her ("such as the multiple tales involving incest"[242]), but for Larson's purposes--illustrating the value of confession for medieval readers--the CA is quite successful. In it, "confession has proved a fertile practice for self-definition, even when only the form is followed, rather than form in the service of a spiritual end, as in a Christian confession" (243). Ultimately she summarizes her reading of Amans, the Canon's Yeoman, and Hoccleve thusly: "The appearance of these literary confessions can be traced back to the practice of annual auricular confession endorsed at the Fourth Lateran Council. Such texts influenced English literature profoundly by making confessional discourse familiar, and thus available as a rich rhetorical resource authors both appropriated and reworked for a variety of purposes" (270). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Larson, Wendy. Published Larson, Wendy. "Confessing Something New: The Twenty-First Canon of the Fourth Lateran Council and English Literature." In Maureen B. M. Boulton, ed. Literary Echoes of the Fourth Lateran Council in England and France, 1215-1405. Papers in Mediaeval Studies, no. 31. Toronto, Ontario: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. Pp. 229-70. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessing Something New: The Twenty-First Canon of the Fourth Lateran Council and English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review MacAdam invokes Gower's CA as a point of comparison for his examination of a Spanish American novel, the Tres tristes tigres of Guillermo Cabrera Infante, first published in 1967. There is no suggestion of direct influence, but Gower provides a model for some of the procedures and forms that Cabrera Infante both adopts and parodies, including the flexibility of structure, the use of narrative for a didactic purpose, and the dialogue in the form of a confession that leads to the restoration of identity of the penitent, a conclusion that MacAdam compares to the conventional restoration of identity in the romance form. There is more on Cabrera Infante than on Gower here -- the critique that is offered is heavily indebted to Bakhtin -- but MacAdam gives an interesting perspective on some of the formal aspects of CA that are still being debated by Gower scholars. In Spanish. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor MacAdam, Alfred J. Published MacAdam, Alfred J.. "Confessio Amantis." Revista Iberoamericana 57 (1991), pp. 203-213. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Translates into modern octosyllabic couplets the following selections from CA, with line numbers in brackets indicating prose summary rather than translation. The text is based on Macaulay, with some notes. The introduction is misleading. Prologue 1-584; [585-669]; 670-1099; Book I, 1-384; [385-435]; 436-80; [481-529]; 530-760; [761-1184]; 1185-1406; [1407-1861]; 1862-1976; [1977-2020]; 2021-2454; [2455-2656]; 2657-2782; [2783-3042]; 3043-54; [3055-3426]; 3427-46; Book II, 1-100; [101-210]; 211-586; [587-1826]; 1827-76; [1877-2154]; 2155-2312; [2313-2500]; 2501-40; [2541-2620]; 2621-98; [2699-3151]; 3152-80; [omits without summary 3181-3500]; 3501-08; [3509-30]; Book III, 1-306; [307-416]; 417-62; [463-638]; 639-98; [699-830]; 831-42; [843-972]; 973-1066; [1067-1461]; 1462-1574; [1575-2196]; 2197-2304; [2305-2484]; 2485-2506; [2507-98]; 2599-2626; [2627-2774]; Book IV, 1-64; [65-329]; 330-50; [351-80]; 381-436; [437-50]; 451-510; [511-730]; 731-872; [873-1088]; 1089-1208; [1209-82]; 1283-1332; [1333-2190]; 2191-2291; [2292-2704]; 2705-50; [2751-2976]; 2977-3023; [3024-3186]; 3187-3252; [3253-75]; 3276-95; [3296-3528]; 3529-44; [3545-3620]; 3621-56; [3657-3712]; Book V, 1-98; [99-186]; 187-208; [209-30]; 231-89; [290-2272]; 2273-2390; [2391-2444]; 2445-98; [2499-3540]; 3541-74; [3575-3734]; 3735-49; [3750-87]; 3788-3811; [3812-3956]; 3957-81; [3982-4044]; 4045-4145; [4146-4406]; 4407-14; [4415-84]; 4485-4566; [4567-4728]; 4729-65; [4766-5050]; 5051-68; [5069-6105]; 6106-36; [6137-68]; 6169-6211; [6212-6496]; 6497-6568; [6569-6934]; 6935-7085; [7086-7662]; 7663-69; [7670-7746]; 7747-58; [7759-7809]; 7810-34; [7835-44]; Book VI, 1-60, [61-484l]; 485-536; [537-664]; 665-790; [791-830]; 831-74; [875-906]; 907-26; [927-86]; 987-1109; [1110-28]; 1129-44; [1145-1260]; 1261-92; [1293-1398]; 1399-1470; [1471-2257]; 2258-70; [2271-2440]; Book VII, [1-800]; 801-72; [873-1916]; 1917-49; [1950-2274]; 2275-2304; [2305-2448]; 2449-79; [2480-2695]; 2696-2705; [2706-90]; 2791-2810; [2811-3184]; 3185-3201; [3202-3386]; 3387-3416; [3417-3508]; 3509-13; [3514-52]; 3553-72; [3573-3944]; 3945-97; [3998-4272]; 4273-4311; [4312-4762]; 4763-4846; [4847-4940]; 4941-88; [4989-5407]; 5408-28; [5429-38]; Book VIII, [1-144]; 145-94; [195-1036]; 1037-56; [1057-1416]; 1417-46; [1447-2148]; 2149-64; [2165-2216]; 2217-2499; [2500-2666]; 2667-2742; [2743-93]; 2794-2970; [2971-3105]; 3106-72. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Tiller, Terence, trans. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Published Tiller, Terence, trans. Confessio Amantis (The Lover's Shrift). Harmondsworth; Balitimore, Maryland: Penguin, 1963. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis (The Lover's Shrift). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "Mundus and Paulina," CA, Book I, 2459-2680; "Rosiphelee," Book IV, 1245-1448; "Jason and Medea," Book V, 3247-4242; "Natural Philosophy," Book VII, 1-632; reprint of Macaulay. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Howard, Edwin J., ed. Published Howard, Edwin J., ed. Confessio Amantis, Selections. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University, 1964. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis, Selections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Unexamined. Author/Editor Author/Editor Byrd, David Gatlin, trans. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of South Carolina, 1965. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 28: 620A. [RFY1981]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis: A Modern Prose Translation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Alvar, Elena, Antonio Ocaña Cortijo and Manuela Faccon, eds. Published Alvar, Elena, Antonio Ocaña Cortijo and Manuela Faccon, eds. Confessio Amantis: Literatura moral y materia amorosa en Inglaterra y la Península Ibérica (siglos XIV-XV). Confessio Amantis, John Gower; Confissão do Amante (Robret Payn tr.) ; Confysión del Amante (Juan de Cuenca tr.). Edición trilingüe. 2 vols. (San Millán de la Cogolla: Cilengua, 2018). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Review "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue": Since 1990, when Elena Alvar published her edition of the "Confysion del Amante," the Castilian translation of the "Confessio Amantis," the study of the "Iberian Gower" has experienced a significant boost, first as a result of the discovery of the manuscript with Portuguese translation in 1995, then with the editions of some of its books by Antonio Cortijo and others by Manuela Faccon, and with the celebration of the Third International Gower Congress in Spain in 2011. This trilingual edition of the text is a much-awaited new peak of that progression. Not only does it bring together the partial editions in a single and uniform publication, but its introduction succeeds as well in collecting and updating what is known about the Portuguese and Castilian medieval versions of the CA, their manuscripts, the translators and the translations, and the literary context in which they were produced, with a particular emphasis on the latter. Without question, these are all invaluable resources for researchers interested in the study of the Iberian CAs, or in the larger manuscript history of Gower's poem. The parallel disposition of Middle English, medieval Portuguese and medieval Castilian throughout the two volumes is, in that regard, priceless for anyone wishing to study the texts comparatively. The editors use Macaulay's edition for the Middle English text, and Elena Alvar's for the Castilian (without her paleographical notations, and modernizing some graphical aspects); in the case of the Portuguese text, the partial editions by Cortijo and Faccon are used, also with a slightly modernized spelling, capitalization and punctuation, in order--as the editors note--to enhance the intelligibility of the Iberian texts for modern readers. While this is certainly achieved, the challenges posed by the parallel edition of three texts--one of them in verse--have been less successfully resolved. Even in two substantial volumes the layout results in a very packed page of tiny print. Although to some degree visual aids of tables/charts separating the texts and their sections are helpful, headings fail to provide any reference to individual Books of the poem--a decision that makes following the text quite a laborious task. Nevertheless, this trilingual edition represents a significant milestone for Gower studies, and its availability for readers and researchers of Gower and his reception is most welcome. [ASH. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis: Literatura moral y materia amorosa en Inglaterra y la Península Ibérica (siglos XIV-XV). Confessio Amantis, John Gower; Confissão do Amante (Robret Payn tr.) ; Confysión del Amante (Juan de Cuenca tr.). Edición trilingüe. 2 vols. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Determines the unsettled state of the miniatures appearing in the major manuscripts of the Confessio Amantis, drawing attention to the variation in subjects portrayed, and concluding that, along other points, the 'Dream of Precious Metals' ought to be given greater prominence than heretofore in our interpretation of the poem. [PN Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Griffiths, Jeremy Published Griffiths, Jeremy. "Confessio Amantis: The Poem and Its Pictures." In Gower's Confessio Amantis: Responses and Reassessments. Ed. Minnis, A. J. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1983, pp. 163-178. ISBN 085991142X Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis: The Poem and Its Pictures. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available D.S. Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A translation of the Confessio Amantis into modern Japanese. It contains as well explanatory notes and a selected bibliography (notes in Japanese, bibliography in English) There are three plates: of MS Egerton 1991 f. 7v, of the outside of Southwark Cathedral, and of Gower's tomb.[PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi, trans. Published Ito, Masayoshi, trans.. "Confessio Amantis." Tokyo: Shorin, 1983 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Shorin, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Composite of at least three manuscripts: CA Prol-4500 from Magdalen College 213 (?); 4500-6400, manuscript unknown, 2nd recension (?); 6400-conclusion, manuscript unknown, 1st recension (?), but including additions to Book VII (3150*-3360*) and conclusion with Chaucer greeting. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Caxton, William, printer. Published Caxton, William, printer. Confessio Amantis. London: 1483. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1483 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Introduction includes life and language study; glosses at side page, with no Latin except where specified. Reprints Macaulay (1899-1902) as follows: Prints CA Prologue, Latin head, 1-1088. Book 1, Latin head, 1-444; prose summary 445-593; 594-629; prose summary 630-54; 655-72; prose summary 673-760; 761-1071; prose summary 1072-1406; 1407-1875; prose summary 1876-2020; 2021-2366; prose summary 2367-2458; 2457-2661; prose summary 2662-2953; 2954-3042; prose summary 3043-67; 3068-3446. Book II, prose summary 1-38; 39-60; prose summary 61-243; 244-53; prose summary 254-90; 291-372; prose summary 373-596; 597-1603; prose summary 1604-1751; 1752-59; prose summary 1760-1861;1862-65; prose summary 1866-96; 1897-1909; prose summary 1910-68; 1969-84; prose summary 1985-2144; 2145-2317; prose summary 2318-3023; 3024-37; prose summary 3038-94; 3095-3104; prose summary 3105-97; 3198-3530. Book III, prose summary 1-26; 27-31; prose summary 32-115; 116-29; prose summary 130-42; 143-380; prose summary 381-423; 424-65; prose summary 466-584; 585-92; prose summary 593-643; 644-98; prose summary 699-792; 793-817; prose summary 818-1200; 1201-1494; prose summary 1495-1884; 1885-2200; prose summary 2201-09; 2210-40; prose summary 2241-2774. Book IV, prose summary 1-76; 77-142; prose summary 143-370; 371-445; prose summary 446-730; 731-886; prose summary 887-1121; 1122-1223; prose summary 1224-44; 1245-1501; prose summary 1502-2244; 2245-56; prose summary 2257-68; 2269-91; prose summary 2292-2308; 2309-38; prose summary 2339-2580; 2581-96; prose summary 2597-2926; 2927-3123; prose summary 3124-3514; 3515-3692; prose summary 3693-3712. Book V, prose summary 1-634; 635-728; prose summary 729-1276; 1277-1302; prose summary 1303-2645; 2646-2825; prose summary 2826-2960; 2961-3201; prose summary 3202-46; 3247-4229; prose summary 4230-4936; 4937-5162; prose summary 5163-5230; 5231-5495; prose summary 5496-5550; 5551-6058; prose summary 6059-6806; 6807-6935; prose summary 6936-7844. Book VI, prose summary 1-1390; 1391-2366; prose summary 2367-2440. Book VII, prose summary 1-1722; 1723-44; prose summary 1745-2694; 2695-2764; prose summary 2765-4592; 4593-5365; prose summary 5366-5438. Book VIII, prose summary 1-270; 271-2008; prose summary 2009-2216; 2217-3172; Latin conclusion. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Peck, Russell A., ed. Published Peck, Russell A., ed. Confessio Amantis. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Biography of Gower Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The sacramental and legal discourses of confession--penance and inquisition--were reinforced by the Church in 1215 on a grand scale and became central to the Church's project of regulating Christian moral codes and behaviors in both the public and private spheres. In the centuries following, however, the applications of these discourses moved beyond ecclesiastical boundaries and into the fields of cultural production. Contributing to a more nuanced understanding of this movement, my dissertation argues that confession transformed the development of vernacular literary consciousness in late medieval England. In my analyses of works by Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, William Langland, Thomas Usk, and Thomas Hoccleve, I demonstrate that these writers synthesized confessional elements from various traditions, including the religious, legal, and erotic, to explore contemporary issues, challenge traditional literary authority based in Latinity, and--most importantly--authorize their own literary productions. In this dissertation, I contend that we cannot properly understand the history of English literature without acknowledging the central role of confession and the confessional authorial voice in the establishment of the English vernacular tradition." [JGN 33.1]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Lee, Jenny Veronica Published Lee, Jenny Veronica. "Confessio Auctoris: Confessional Poetics and Authority in the Literature of Late Medieval England, 1350-1450." PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 2013. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Auctoris: Confessional Poetics and Authority in the Literature of Late Medieval England, 1350-1450 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As the latter half of her title makes clear, Little's concern is to demonstrate that "the history of the medieval self . . . is bound up with the history of auricular confession" (3), an argument she grounds theoretically in those of Foucault ("History of Sexuality") and Emile Benveniste ("Problems in General Linguistics") regarding the inseparability of the "self" and language, as the latter defines and shapes the former: "To read the self in this way is to understand it as subject to the possibilities and limitations inherent in the language into which one is born; one does not preexist that language and shape it to reflect oneself." (4) The "resistance" in her title is Wycliffism/Lollardy, terms she uses nearly equivalently: "I shall investigate the Wycliffite reform of lay instruction, focusing on its consequences for self-definition" (13) as she seeks to show that "Wycliffism is . . . a disruption in the languages and practices of self-definition" (14)--especially as, following Foucault, that defining of the self takes place in confession. Hence her interest in literary texts especially related to confession: the "Parson's Tale," Hoccleve's Regiment of Princes", and the "Confessio Amantis." "The Wycliffite disruption," she argues, "can be understood largely, though not exclusively, in terms of debates around confession as a means of self-definition." (14) The "Confessio", like the "Parson's Tale," represents for Little texts that "can be mapped onto a pre-Wycliffite . . . spectrum," while Hoccleve's "Regiment," written in 1410-11, evinces a "post-Wycliffite" development of confession (102-03). "I shall argue that Gower's text stages a pre-Wycliffite confession, despite his awareness of and anxiety caused by the Wycliffite threat. For Gower, Lollardy might threaten the context of confession (the world in which it takes place), but it does not threaten its structure or its capacity to describe human experience and console the penitent." (102) Gower's awareness of the state of disruption in English society is manifest in the Prologue, and his trust in "traditional" forms of language, self, and normativities in the confession he provides for Amans, one apparently untroubled by the "topical concerns [that] interrupt and affect traditional languages, such as the exempla." 107) For Little, that the "estates satire" of the Prologue and the Lover's confession of Books I-VIII are never causally connected "suggests that confession is at this moment a kind of retreat from the present threat of Lollardy and schism into a self solipsistically concerned with love." (108) Yet "the lover's confession cannot eliminate the threat of the contemporary world completely, and there are moments in which the world of the Prologue interrupts the confession. These moments are important precisely because they signal the way in which the poem can no longer conceal or integrate the divisive forces of the present that it has attempted to set aside" (108-09). One such moment is brought about by the discussion of Homicide (III.2525-29); another--predictably--is Gower's inclusion of the "new Secte of Lollardie" amongst the "Religions of the World" section in Book V (1788-1830), passage which Little discusses in full, in order to argue that "For Gower . . . the danger of Lollardy cannot be combatted only by rejecting its 'lore' but by ensuring that one defines oneself according to examples that are undoubtedly orthodox--in this case following the saints and ancestors. Indeed, Gower not only opposes Lollards to saints but compares them--in stating that the saints are 'betre,' he underlines that what is at stake here is whom to imitate" (111). Little calls attention to "a choppiness in Gower's thinking" (111), noting that both in the awkward interpolation of Christ into his description of the dangers of Lollardy and in the presentation of Lollards as a "rownyng" in men's ears he inadvertently invokes Lollard positions (111-12). Ultimately, because of "how carefully Gower has crafted this confession to respond to the division described in the Prologue . . . the divisive power of the Lollards is nullified: although they appear in the Prologue as a threat to the social world, they do not reappear at the end in Amans/Gower's return to the world from the confession. In this way, Gower suggests that the dangerous influence of Lollards and the division they represent can be answered and disarmed by confession" (112). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 35.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Little, Katherine C Published Little, Katherine C. "Confession and Resistance: Defining the Self in Late Medieval England." Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 2006 ISBN 978-2503547770 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confession and Resistance: Defining the Self in Late Medieval England Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Notre Dame University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Bullón-Fernández, María Published Bullón-Fernández, María. "Confining the Daughter: Gower's 'Tale of Canace and Machaire' and the Politics of the Body." Essays in Medieval Studies: Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association 11 (1994), pp. 75-85. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review Bullón-Fernández offers not just one but several provocative new ways of reading Gower's already well-read story of Canace and Machaire. Invoking a feminist model of patriarchal society and of the power relations between fathers and daughters, she opposes Eolus' attempts to confine Canace (repeatedly alluded to in the tale) with Canace's two gestures of independence: her choice of her own lover (albeit her brother), which signifies "her father's loss of control over her body" (p. 77); and her composition of her letter, in which she "tries to define her life in her own terms" (p. 77), an attempt that is quickly thwarted. Parallels are drawn in the tale between her two acts of creation, her letter and her child; between her tears and the ink; and thus between writing and her body. The horrific scene of the baby bathing in his mother's blood, Bullón-Fernández observes, paradoxically blends an image of parturition with one of death, echoing the paradoxes of Canace's letter. The multiple parallels in the tale "suggest that Canace's death represents not only Eolus' assertion of his control over Canace's body, but also his desire to terminate a narrative . . . over which he himself had lost authorial control" (p. 79). That Eolus' attempt to control Canace is incestuous in origin is suggested by the attribution of his wrath to Melancholy, the "typical lover's sickness" in the Middle Ages, from which Amans himself suffers because of his unfulfilled desire. Eolus' desire to have control of his daughter's body provides a better explanation of his wrath -- and of Gower's evident sympathy for his victims -- than does the immorality of the children's union. It also refers the issue of patriarchal control to that of kingship, continuing the analogy between home and kingdom that runs throughout CA. In both cases absolute power must necessarily be restrained, and "Canace's tragic death highlights the sterility and self-destructiveness of any type of absolute patriarchal authority that . . . denies the subordinate body a certain degree of independence" (p. 76). Bullón-Fernández' essay appears with nine others in a special issue of Essays in Medieval Studies entitled Figures of Speech: The Body in Medieval Art, History, and Literature, edited by Allen J. Frantzen and David A. Robertson. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 14.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confining the Daughter: Gower's 'Tale of Canace and Machaire' and the Politics of the Body Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Edition of a Spanish prose translation of a Portuguese translation (now apparently lost) of a first-recension manuscript of the CA; text based on MS. Escorial G II-19 (ca. 1400). Complete text of CA except Book IV, 110-12l; 1822-34; Book VII, 375-92; 3207-3360 omitted; interpolations of 19 lines of prose, apparently scribal, at Book II, 3294, and Latin gloss at Book V, 7721. Glossary (into modern Spanish); index of names. [RFY1891.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Birch-Hirschfield, Adolf, ed. Published Birch-Hirschfield, Adolf, ed. Confision del Amante, por Joan Goer: Spanishe Übersetzung von John Gowers Confessio Amantis. Leipzig: Seele, 1909. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confision del Amante, por Joan Goer: Spanishe Übersetzung von John Gowers Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The following three articles are Santano Moreno's partial publication (prologue and book I) of the "Confisyon del Amante," the Spanish translation of the CA. The editor introduces each article-edition with a brief note giving the most relevant information about the text and the main critical aspects addressed by critics about this version of the CA. The third piece also discusses some aspects of Elena Alvar's complete edition of the text, published in 1990. a) Santano Moreno, Bernardo. "El prólogo de Confisyon del amante de Juan de Cuenca, la traducción castellana de "Confessio amantis" de John Gower." Anuario de Estudios Filológicos 13 (1990): 363-78. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/58700.pdf. b) Santano Moreno, Bernardo. "El "libro I" de Confisyon del amante de Juan de Cuenca, la traducción castellana de "Confessio Amantis" de John Gower (I)." Anuario de estudios filológicos 14 (1991): 383-404. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/58732.pdf. c. Santano Moreno, Bernardo. "El "libro I" de Confisyon del Amante de Juan de Cuenca, la traducción castellana de Confessio Amantis de John Gower (II)." Anuario de Estudios Filológicos 15 (1992): 305-34. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/58767.pdf. [ASH. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 34.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Santano Moreno, Bernardo Published Santano Moreno, Bernardo. "Confisyon del amante." Anuario de Estudios Filológicos. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confisyon del amante Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Anuario de Estudios Filológicos, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Type The nature or genre of the resource Other NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Mandel takes no interest in which came first, but in contrasting the ways in which conflicts are presented and resolved in the two poems, he says a great deal about the broader differences between the two poets. In the Wife's version, in contrast to her Prologue, in which somebody must win and might makes right, interpersonal conflicts "are resolved by appeal to authority-but that authority is constantly undermined, debated, and circumvented by negotiation" (72); and in the final scene, the knight and his new wife "have arrived at mutual common gain, at equal happiness, through a negotiation in which each gave up something--sovereignty, authority, the power to choose--to get something" (76). In "The Tale of Florent," on the other hand, the appeal to authority is absolute and there is no negotiation. All of the conflict takes place within Florent himself as he weighs his choices. At the end, "the hag's transformation to a naked eighteen-year old is completely gratuitous, the implicit reward of the true and honest man guided by principle who honors his pledges" (77). "'The Tale of Florent' reveals Gower as a poet who defines character in terms of an individual's thinking and commitment to the principles which ultimately define 'the good' and direct his behavior accordingly. Gower's is a moral tale designed to instruct. The 'Wife of Bath's Tale' reveals Chaucer as a poet who reveals character in terms of discussion, negotiation, compromise--the contingencies of business rather than the demands of absolutes. Chaucer's is a dramatic tale designed to entertain" (69-70). [Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mandel, Jerome Published Mandel, Jerome. "Conflict Resolution in the 'Wife of Bath's Tale' and in Gower's 'Tale of Florent'." ES: Revista de Filología Inglesa 33.1 (2012), pp. 69-79. ISSN 0210-9689 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conflict Resolution in the 'Wife of Bath's Tale' and in Gower's 'Tale of Florent' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Shutters, Lynn. Published Shutters, Lynn. "Confronting Venus: Classical Pagans and Their Christian Readers in John Gower's Confessio Amantis." Chaucer Review 48 (2013): 38-65. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review Shutters seeks to explain why "Amans/Gower" seems reluctant to abandon his pursuit of love at the conclusion of the "Confessio," treating "his conversion to a Christian life . . . [as] less a free choice than a forced exile." Gower appears to "risk undermining his poem's ethical program when it would seem far simpler to make the authorial persona reject Venus" (38). Her argument is a complex one, and difficult to summarize briefly. In essence, she follows Winthrop Wetherbee's model of contrasted "worlds" of Rome and Troy (JGN 27.1), the former of which for Gower (quoting Shutters) "embodies concepts of social and political cohesion, and . . . sacrifice [of] personal interests for the common good" which "represents cultural cohesion . . . [and] . . . historical cohesion" while the latter, "through its focus on individual, erotic pursuits represents a decontextualized mode of relating to the classical past" (48). Shutters argues that "the discontinuity between the two cities is in fact necessary for a continuous history between virtuous pagans and Christians to emerge" (48). "Gower establishes continuity between Roman and fourteenth-century British values by associating Rome with secular political virtue and Christianity" as can be seen in Gower's treatment of "Julius Caesar, the Emperors Maximin and Constantine, and the consuls Gaius Fabricius and Carmidotirus" and also "the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad, who demonstrates the continuity of Roman virtue between the pagan and Christian eras" (49). Counter-examples Arrons, Claudius, and Mundus are punished, which "illustrates the degree to which Rome is disassociated from it" (i.e., "destructive, individual erotic desire") (49-50). While Gower's Rome is set in historical relation to England, Troy isn't: rather, "historical discontinuity and decontextualization characterize Troy." When, infrequently, Gower "does locate Trojan lovers within a longer historical trajectory, that trajectory is tragic" (50). Gower's model is Guido delle Colonne's "Historia destructionis Troiae," "in which . . . secular history does not proceed toward imperial glory (the Virgilian tradition)"--nor toward England, either (50). Shutters applies the Roman/Trojan contrast to "characters and stories not specifically connected to these cities": thus "non-Romans, such as Alexander the Great and Aristotle in Book 7 can adhere to Roman values and find a place in a continuous model of history connecting pagans and Christians" while others who "embody the historically decontextualized, individual eroticism" of Troy--of which her primary example is Venus--are only "contextualized into a larger history demonstrating the transitoriness and deleterious effects . . . [of] the attractions of Venus" (51). In Book 5's "Religions of the World" section, Gower presents the Greeks as responsible for the elevation of human beings to gods (the Romans merely followed along), and through Genius' denigration of Venus as one such (particularly louche) elevated human "Gower clears the way for a different concept of pagan antiquity, one that is associated with virtuous male pagans who represent positive understanding of nature, such as reason and charity" (51). He thus employs "gender, politics, ethics and religion to sort the pagan past." (51) Yet in his bifurcation of religious and secular histories, Shutters asserts, Gower "is not fully successful"--as he himself seems to have known. (52) Classical materials come with "prior meanings" that can escape even Gower's authorial control. He thus "writes himself into something of a quandary" which he seeks to evade by having Venus reject him in Book VIII, rather than the other way around, as one would expect of a devout Christian (53). There Venus does not behave as expected: she "historically contextualizes" him by showing him his aged state, and thus his unsuitability for love, demonstrating "her own agency by defying Amans' and Genius' previous depictions" of her. (53-6). While a "fantasy," this Venus nonetheless "complicates the relationship between ethics and history in the poem" because "due to a deep-seated homology between individual, human age and historical time, 'Gower' the old man is also 'Gower' the representative of the Christian era." (56) His reluctance to leave Venus' service implicates Gower's awareness of a similar reluctance on the part of Christian intellectuals, and conflicts with reader expectations of a Christian repudiation--one that Shutters, relying on Walter Benn Michaels, deems an "ideological choice"--by Amans/Gower of his misguided affections. Instead, Shutters argues, Venus' handling of the Gower persona renders his exit from the court of love a matter of "identity": as an old man (and not incidentally, an old man who represents Christianity) "he simply doesn't belong" there (56-60). As Shutters has it, the ethical choice is denied the Gower persona, in a sense, by his contextualization in his own history. It is only when, in the poem's closing, Gower the poet reasserts himself, and plumps for ideology, that he affirms the expected: "Christian love is right, erotic love is wrong, and one must choose between them" (62). "The final lines of the poem . . . emphasize the superiority of Christian love" (64). But, Shutters concludes, arriving at this goal has been difficult: "Disengaging from the classical past might seem like an easy solution to the problems that pagan antiquity posed to medieval authors, yet the ending of the 'Confessio' suggests that figuring out how and why medieval Christians did not relate to pagan antiquity was as complex as figuring out how and why they did" (65). ]RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.2.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confronting Venus: Classical Pagans and Their Christian Readers in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The entire CA, Shutters argues, offers "a complex set of meditations on how medieval Christian authors and readers might interpret the classical pagan past," for "Gower does not merely make use of classical source materials in the 'Confessio' but also ponders the limits of their usability" (39). "Whether or not the classical past is ethically usable to a Christian reader," she goes on to say, "requires historical reflection, as the reader must contemplate in what ways pagan antiquity is continuous with or discontinuous with late medieval cultural values" (42). Gower first raises the issue in his two different readings of Nebuchadnezzar's dream in the CA Prologue, but he leaves open the question of whether the reader ought to embrace the classical past or reject it. He makes the choice that the reader must make more explicit by offering "two discrete versions of the classical past" (48) in the stories he draws from the history of Rome and the history of Troy. Echoing Wetherbee, Shutters notes that for Gower, "Rome embodies concepts of social and political cohesion, and Roman leaders sacrifice personal interests for the common good," while Troy (quoting Wetherbee now) is "a world of individuals unified only by the preoccupations and besetting whims of knighthood" (48). Rome offers models of virtuous conduct, in love and elsewhere, or of the rejection of vice, while the Trojan figures in the poem are motivated only by their own erotic desires. "Rome and Troy are [also] markers of different relationships between the classical past and Gower's medieval present. Just as Rome represents cultural cohesion, it also represents historical cohesion. That is, Rome represents a version of the past that can be situated within its historical setting and then made continuous with the present. Troy, through its focus on individual, erotic pursuits, represents a decontextualized mode of relating to the past. The many Troy stories centering on erotic love in the 'Confessio' can achieve their attractiveness only when decontextualized from the larger history of the destruction of Troy. Once placed in their proper historical settings, these stories lead to Troy's downfall . . . . Thus, while Gower's Rome is located within history, his Troy is ahistorical in the sense that it its cut off from future events" (48-49). The most important of the "Trojan" figures in the poem is Venus (who is described in Book 5 as the object of worship of the Greeks but not of the Romans), "since erotic love is frequently the motivation for the chivalric adventures that Gower contrasts against the social institutions of Rome" (51), particularly, of course, in the tale of Paris and Helen. "Taken together, Venus and Troy operate as synecdoches for a classical past associated with erotic, individualistic pursuits that, when appropriately contextualized in their own time, result in tragedy and, when situated in Christian historiography, amount to a benighted, superseded era. Thus the 'Confessio' suggests that to avoid this seductive but ultimately sinful and destructive version of classical antiquity, the good reader must avoid extracting only those moments he or she likes from the wide tapestry of pagan legend and instead locate those moments within the 'longue durée' of both ecclesiastical and secular histories" (52). Yet Gower himself has failed to view the 'longue durée,' as he must have been aware, for instance in his refusal to acknowledge the direct historical link between Troy and Rome. "By using Rome and Troy to contain different versions of the classical past, Gower presents himself as a highly sophisticated reader and arranger of classical antiquity who nonetheless runs up against limits to the control he can impose on classical materials on account of the 'prior meanings' that they convey. . . . Thus Gower writes himself into something of a quandary, which results from his own interpretive practices" (53). He creates two different ways to extract himself from this quandary in the poem's two conclusions. In the first, Venus rejects the narrator Gower, the opposite of what one might expect if the focus were on ethical behavior alone. In contrast to earlier readings, Shutters argues that "the Venus who appears at the end of the 'Confessio' is not successfully incorporated by Christian interpretive strategies, but rather appears as a pagan love-goddess who evades and forecloses such strategies" (55). She is a constitutent of "a fantasy of a pagan past not under the Christian author's control and, as a result, it is a fantasy that complicates the relationship between ethics and history in the poem" (56). Her prompting of the narrator to reveal his actual name, "John Gower," "reverses the pattern established throughout the poem whereby the pleasures of Venus are associated with historical shortsightedness. In Book 8, Venus contextualizes 'Gower' within his own life history and reveals the folly of his pursuit of love." Though this encounter, "Gower draws attention to the relationship between Christian author and classical source materials, and by giving Venus the upper hand, Gower signals a shift in the dynamics that have governed this relationship throughout much of the poem. Venus's contextualizing of Amans as the aged 'Gower' applies not just to the author, however, but to the poem's audience as well. Due to the deep-seated homology between individual, human age and historical time, 'Gower' the old man is also 'Gower' the representative of the Christian era, that is, representative of the final era through which historical time would pass" (56). This "Gower" betrays a reluctance to leave Venus behind, and it is Venus herself who must instruct him "because he is advanced in age, in more than one sense of the term, residing in a pagan love court would be, for him, inappropriate" (58). Here "virtuous behavior is transformed from an ideology to an identity, and . . . this identity becomes a Christian identity cut off from the pagan past" (58). Venus's rejection of the narrator offers one "solution to the obstacles to ethical reading that the classical past raises in the Confessio" and can be seen as a "critique of [Gower's] own method" (61), but it is not the final word, since Gower himself, in offering the poem to his readers, does not leave the world of pagan antiquity behind. In the second conclusion, constituted by the closing lines, "Gower abandons identity-based difference, in which different perspectives and locations in history justify different codes of ethics between pagans and Christians, in favor of ideological difference: Christian love is right, erotic love is wrong, and one must choose between them" (62). "Throughout the Confessio," Shutters writes in conclusion, "Gower rehearses fantasies of continuity and inclusion that link Christians and pagans, but he also rehearses fantasies of leave-taking and rupture, as we see at the end of the poem. Venus's expulsion of Gower rehearses the fantasy that a classical source might inform the Christian author when he needs to extract himself from pagan antiquity, while Gower's choice to leave love behind rehearses the fantasy that the author can cut himself off from non-Christian pursuits. Disengaging from the classical past might seem like an easy solution to the problems that pagan antiquity posed to medieval authors, yet the ending of the Confessio suggests that figuring out how and why medieval Christians did not relate to pagan antiquity was as complex as figuring out how and why they did. In both endeavors, questions regarding ethics and history were at stake" (64-65). [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Shutters, Lynn Published Shutters, Lynn. "Confronting Venus: Classical Pagans and Their Christian Readers in John Gower's Confessio Amantis." Chaucer Review 48 (2013), pp. 38-65. ISSN 0009-2002 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confronting Venus: Classical Pagans and Their Christian Readers in John Gower's Confessio Amantis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Penn State University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Driver considers Gower's afterlife in the form of the choric figure in Shakespeare's "Pericles." The play itself, she notes, draws upon both Gower's "Apollonius of Tyre" and his "Constance." Shakespeare's choice to cast Gower and never to give more than a passing reference to Chaucer stems from their respective reputations in Shakespeare's day and may reflect either Shakespeare's own Roman Catholic leanings (the evidence for which Driver surveys) or Gower's reputation as a moral teacher. It is as teacher that Gower is most commonly portrayed in modern productions, though sometimes without reference to his real biography. Driver gives greatest attention to a 2004 production at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in which Gower was portrayed by an actress, Brenda Wehle. The resulting shift of focus to the agency of the female characters in the play, Driver maintains, is not inconsistent either with the story or with its original setting in CA, which "in some sixty-five stories celebrates women's strength, power, patience under adversity and in some cases their resistance to culturally constructed gender roles" (324). [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 30.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Driver, Martha W Published Driver, Martha W. "Conjuring Gower in 'Pericles'." In John Gower, Trilingual Poet: Language, Translation, and Tradition. Ed. Dutton, Elisabeth, and Hines, John, and Yeager, R.F. Cambridge: Brewer, 2010, pp. 315-25. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conjuring Gower in 'Pericles' Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Extremely learned article traces the concept of things finding their ideal level in creation from Plato's "Timaeus" to CA. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard R. Published Patch, Howard R. "Consolatio Philosophiae, V, M, VI, 23-24." Speculum 8 (1933): 41-51 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Consolatio Philosophiae, V, M, VI, 23-24. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Isaacs compares three versions of the story of Constance – Chaucer's, Gower's and "Emare." He suggests that they were likely written within about 10 years of each other, but he does not try to trace the direction of influence. Isaacs finds Gower's octosyllabic couplets "aesthetically quite pleasing" (268), even though Gower's tale is otherwise sparse (or "colorless"; 268) on rhetorical figures. He then provides extensive plot summaries of the three versions, italicizing similarities and noting differences in the analysis that follows. In all three versions the incest-motif is downplayed and the attractiveness of the heroine is emphasized. Gower changes some of the focus to the sin of envy and he tends to concentrate on "the quality of things and people, questions of good and evil making up the bulk of his descriptions as well as of his incidents" (274). Gower also "makes an effort to regularize and keep track of the passage of time" (275). Isaacs concludes by noting that the three versions are emblematic of the diversity and richness of the medieval period. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Isaacs, Neil D Published Isaacs, Neil D. "Constance in Fourteenth-Century England." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 58 (1958), pp. 260-277. ISSN 0028-3754 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Constance in Fourteenth-Century England Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Concerned with Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale," but argues that the examples of Gower's version of the story and of the CA as a whole, as invoked in MLIntro, provide a standard of moral responsibility that helps reveal the moral void at the heart of ML's performance. ML's allusions to "Canace" and to "Apollonius of Tyre" reveal both a preoccupation with incest and an inability to appreciate the positive lesson of Gower's tales, the importance of cultural institutions in "guiding and giving value to fallible natural impulse" (p. 67). Both attitudes also characterize ML's handling of his tale. The latter is revealed in the contrast between his Constance -- solitary, helpless, and consistently detached from any meaningful social reality -- and Gower's -- active, engaged with those around her, and fully portrayed in her roles as both wife and mother. ML's "stiflingly possessive attitude" towards his heroine (p. 69), his "desperate anxiety" (p. 96) about normal social relations and human feelings, moreover, amount to a type of incest that unwittingly recalls the tale's most traditional themes. The ostensible "moral" of the tale thus coexists uneasily with the private preoccupations of the teller. The combination reflects an ambivalence towards authority that stems from the teller's social status, Wetherbee suggests. It also points to the broader difference between the compassionate but morally normative CA and Chaucer's willingness to dramatize the tensions of his society more radically in CT. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wetherbee, Winthrop Published Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Constance in the World in Chaucer and Gower." In John Gower: Recent Readings. Papers Presented at the Meetings of the John Gower Society at the International Congress on Medieval Studies, Western Michigan University, 1983-88. Ed. Yeager, R.F.. Studies in Medieval Culture (26). Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1989, pp. 65-93. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Constance in the World in Chaucer and Gower Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Western Michigan University, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In retelling the story of Apollonius of Tyre, Gower added the passages emphasizing Antiochus' and Apollonius' grief at the real or apparent death of their wives. In their different responses, Lim argues, in this essay heavily informed by Judith Butler's analysis of the discursive construction of family and of the constitutive power of loss, Gower explores how grief either threatens both the nuclear family and the properly gendered roles on which it is based or reaffirms the family through socially constructed rituals. Gower is alone in attributing Antiochus' incest with his daughter specifically to his grief at the loss of his wife rather than to his encounter with her suitors. His turn from protector to predator illustrates the necessity of some device to hold a ruler's power in check, and thus both the force and the perpetual necessity of social conventions. Apollonius' grief is described at greater length as he is completely overcome, and he too temporarily loses power both as ruler and as father. He re-establishes his family, however, by "socializing his grief in a controlled and structured manner" (343). As he places his wife's coffin into the sea, he assures her proper burial and commemoration in a letter in which he also resumes his authority as king. He places his daughter in a foster family, reasserting the nuclear ideal, and he explicitly anticipates her future marriage with his promise not to shave his beard, reaffirming exogamic family relations in contrast to Antiochus' abuse of his daughter. And he leads a solemn public mourning for his wife upon his return to Tyre, uniting his grief to that which they endured at his departure and reaffirming his status as their ruler. The narrative thus assumes a paradoxical form, for it "allocates more space to elaborating scenes of loss and memorialization than depicting interactions among Apollonius, his wife, and Thaise as a family, and in this manner, the integrity of the family unit depends upon representations of loss. Not only does loss constitute the individual in specific ways, it also determines how the family is thought of as a 'natural' unit of society" (343). [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 31.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lim, Gary Published Lim, Gary. "Constructing the Virtual Family: Socializing Grief in John Gower's 'Tale of Apollonius of Tyre'." Exemplaria 22 (2010), pp. 326-48. ISSN 1699-3225 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Constructing the Virtual Family: Socializing Grief in John Gower's 'Tale of Apollonius of Tyre' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this carefully argued essay, Sarah Friedman takes on the question of sexual violence against women in which she juxtaposes Chaucer's Physician's telling of the tale of Virginia with Gower's Confessor's telling of the Tale of Lucretia to unveil the "intersubjective nature of suffering" (65). In a more broadly cast reading than is typical of those who address the raping of women in medieval literature, Friedman focuses on the decentering of "the psychological effects of violence brought to the female body" (65) and the use of the violated female body "to facilitate communal healing and positive political change" (65). While at first glance it is difficult to see any connection between the violence done to Virginia and that done to Lucretia OR even the shame/blame that drives each woman to her death (the former by beheading, the latter by suicide), there are points of convergence that illuminate each tale, nonetheless. Especially jarring at first is a seemingly sympathetic take on an illness medieval physicians took very seriously, i.e. lovesickness or "amor heroes" and its effects on the two lascivious and rapacious men in these tales, Appius [sic] and Tarquin. The "inborn suffering" thought to be "love" (at least in Andreas Capellanus's "De Amore") changes Appius's "herte and mood" (l. 126), making him a "victim of Virginia's beauty even though he is the one plotting to capture her" (67). In Gower's tale, Cupid's "fyri dart" robs "Tarquin" [i.e., Aruns, his son, in the CA] of his reason, and he suffers a "blinde maladie to which no cure of surgerie can helpe" (VII, 4852-57). This is a component of intersubjective suffering that infects these male bodies with an illness that is both physical and moral, not theirs alone, but rather a malady of the community at large. Friedman's use of "contagion" in her title is a reference to the bubonic plague raging in the historical background, acknowledged by Chaucer when he uses the term "sovereyn pestilence" (l. 91) as a metaphor for the "diseased" (emphasis mine) betrayal of Virginia's innocence. For Gower, this is a contagion in need of purgation afforded by confession, which like bloodletting, brings the body/soul back into a state of homeostasis. While much attention appears to be focused on the suffering of these two men in Friedman's discussion, the women do come back into the conversation, especially in relation to the impact their dead bodies have on their respective communities. As in the theological discourses underpinning medieval notions of sexual violence against women, which the author builds into her argument along with selected medical authorities, "Chaucer and Gower set up links between sexual violence and illness to forge a connection between the tragedy of rape and positive forms of community formation and healing" (70). That said, the dead bodies of two women still lurk in the background. [ES. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Friedman, Sarah. Published Friedman, Sarah. "Contagion, Sexual Violence, and Communal Healing in Chaucer's 'The Physician's Tale' and Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Essays in Medieval Studies 37 (2022): 65-80. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contagion, Sexual Violence, and Communal Healing in Chaucer's "The Physician's Tale" and Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Bubash, Connie K. Published Bubash, Connie K.  Contagious Texts Embodied: Melancholy Hermeneutics in Late Medieval and Early Modern Literature. Ph.D. Dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University, 2017. iv, 190 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A82.011(E). Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and at https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14869ckb5081. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Background and General Criticism Review The role of melancholy in medieval and early modern understandings of the contagion of plague is a central concern in Bubash's dissertation: she focuses on aspects of it in individual chapters on Chaucer's 'Book of the Duchess,' Gower's 'Confessio Amantis,' Sidney's 'Old Arcadia,' and Shakespeare's 'As You Like It,' with supporting discussion of various medical background works, penitential treatises, and how-to manuals. According to Bubash, these texts "encourage readers to inhabit literary environments in such a way that accounts for conceptions of the body as porous--i.e., equally capable of absorbing and emitting infectious disease. Into this body and from this body would pour melancholy, an ailment to which these instructional works devote much space" (iii). Analogies between disease and sin and between protagonist and reader are central to her argument that, in Gower's CA, the "corrective function of Genius," who "guides Amans's virtue vicariously . . . is not simply Genius's moralizing after each tale that leads to Amans's spiritual and physical well-being. Rather, Amans's virtue is shaped imaginatively in the way he experiences the feelings and actions of the characters in Genius's tales" and "Amans's absolution at the end of Book VIII signifies a newfound capacity to coordinate relationships affectively within both social and spiritual communities." In turn, "the moral and ethical program put forward in Gower's 'Confessio' is not only consistent with Genius's affective pedagogy but is in fact predicated upon it" (53). "Heavily influenced" by penitentials, Bubash argues, "Gower creates a virtual confessional that equips readers to independently stave off both sin and disease" (54). To underpin her argument and disclose "Gower's compositional strategy for mediating affective experiences through his fictional tales," Bubash focuses on "The Trump of Death" and "The Tale of Narcissus' from CA, Book 1. [MA]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contagious Texts Embodied: Melancholy Hermeneutics in Late Medieval and Early Modern Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Strakov's argument is that poets on both sides of the Channel (Jean de la Mote, Philippe de Vitry, Jean Campion, Guillaume de Machaut, Jean Froissart, Eustache Deschamps, Charles d'Orléans, Chaucer, Gower, Hoccleve, even Lydgate) shared what she terms "formes fixes discourse" (17), all seeing in their various approaches to poetic form a means to reify "Francophone culture"--implicit in her title, "Continental England"--in the divisive period of the Hundred Years' War. Shared form allowed for what she terms "reparative translation," permitting "canon-building as the bulwark against war-time cultural fragmentation" (18). Whether working in English or French (or Latin), these poets looked to lyric form "to redraw, or blur, or sometimes even erase lines of regionalist division in an aspiration to restore unity to newly politically fragmented Francophone culture" (48). Clearly there were differences in how this thinking could be applied, over the decades that the war continued: Gower, whom she discusses in the first half of chapter four, focusing on London, British Library, MS Additional 59495 (olim Trentham), explored and rejected the possibility of finding a "perfit language" to speak wisdom to Lancastrian sovereigns. For Gower, Strakhov argues, "multilingualism fails as a mode of address," requiring "some other mode" (138-39). Gower turns to two elements of "formes fixes discourse," classical allusion, and the exemplum: "Gower . . . presenting a newly troubled world in which multilingualism has run amok, falls back on Vitry's position: well-known exempla offer a bedrock of cultural knowledge, on which the shifting sands of multilingualism can securely rest. Pan-European knowledge of discrete forms are the true 'perfit langage,' fully understood because it is already known" (147). Strakhov also discusses Quixley's English translation of the "Traitié pour les amantz marietz," arguing that the translation "fuses Gower's French and Latin together because, left by themselves, neither is fully sufficient in representing the exemplum's meaning. He thus presents an English text that solves multilingualism's failures by means of judicious interlingual translation practice seeking to repair the fragmentation engendered by Gower's original" (145). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Strakhov, Elizaveta. Published Strakhov, Elizaveta. Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2022. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Language and Word Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Traitié pour Essamplar les Amantz Marietz Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Gaffney, Paul Published Gaffney, Paul. "Controlling the Loathly Lady, or What Really Frees Dame Ragnelle." In The English "Loathly Lady" Tales: Boundaries, Traditions, Motifs. Ed. Passmore, S. Elizabeth and Carter, Susan. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, 2007, pp. 146-62. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Review "'The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle' exemplifies the traditional stream of the Loathly Lady tale, little influenced by bookish traditions," Gaffney contends (p. 146). Thereafter substituting Roland Barthes' narratological distinction of histoire ("bare story") for "traditional stream," and discours ("the particular embodiment of a histoire") for "bookish traditions," and with recourse to John Miles Foley's and Carl Lindahl's notions of, respectively, "orally-derived" [sic] tales and oral/folk vs. "elite" styles, Gaffney seeks to situate the peculiar power of "Dame Ragnelle" in its indeterminate "discours," arguing that "the less fixed the meaning of a 'discours,' the more evocative it can be" and hence "the more is left to the audience" to "excavate." This suggests to him that tales originating in the oral tradition, and hewing closely to it, are "a different species of story, one in which the audience participates more in the construction of meaning" (p. 147). To illustrate this difference "and some of its special strengths," Gaffney compares "Dame Ragnelle" to Gower's "Tale of Florent" and Chaucer's "Wife of Bath's Tale." Not surprisingly, he finds both Chaucer's and Gower's versions to be "elite" narratives, their "histoires" heavily reworked into exemplary discourses, each with a didactic point to make (p. 158 and passim.). Both Gower and Chaucer "seek to establish control over their sentence. This control is exercised through all manner of means: plot, style, characterization, and commentary"; "Ragnelle," on the other hand, "carried [no] such intent" (p. 158). Gower exerts control by making "his discourse more clerkly by giving it a classical setting and [his] characters Latin names" (p. 152) and by his addition of Latin glosses. He also emphasizes "the interior life, how the characters think and feel" (p. 153). This latter induces the audience also to think, and hence to interpret--the activity which in turn yields the "sentence," the point Gower wished to get across (p. 153). "'Florent's' strengths "are the strengths of good elite culture literature," as are those of the WBT, "while most of the strength of 'The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle' are the strengths of folk literature"--as Gaffney sees it, that means to be indeterminately evocative, free "to take many shapes" (p. 158). [RFY. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 27.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Controlling the Loathly Lady, or What Really Frees Dame Ragnelle Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Medieval Institute, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Schieberle finds the definition of Gower's ethical project in the "Confessio" in the passages in the Prologue that link political stability to the proper pursuit of love and in the lines that proclaim that "That we fortune clepe so / Out of man himself it groweth" (Prol. 548-49). Contrary to the notion that both Love and Fortune exercise their power uncontrollably and arbitrarily (as depicted in their "wheels"), Gower asserts man's power to control both, Schieberle argues, through the exercise of virtue in both the amatory and the political realms. For illustration, she cites the tales in Book I in which virtuous conduct is rewarded and vice is punished (as one would expect to find in a moral exemplum), even in the case of love. Schieberle traces this "anti-Boethian" view to Machaut, who also demonstrates, particularly in the "Remede de Fortune," the benefits that derive to those who practice virtue. (Others have argued that Machaut's views are quite consistent with Boethius', since he depicts Hope, like the practice of virtue, as constituting in itself a sufficient reward.) [Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schieberle, Misty Published Schieberle, Misty. "Controlling the Uncontrollable: Love and Fortune in Book I of the 'Confessio Amantis'." ES: Revista de Filología Inglesa 33.1 (2012), pp. 81-96. ISSN 0210-9689 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Controlling the Uncontrollable: Love and Fortune in Book I of the 'Confessio Amantis' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "[Late medieval literary] compilations did not necessarily achieve or even aim for a single meaning to the exclusion of others; indeed, the capacious forms of play---generic, intertextual, imitative---that gave them their literary appeal tended to multiply rather than delimit meaning. This compilational tension paralleled the difficulty of convoking a group of city-dwellers into a unified polity that could speak and act with a single voice; London compilations served in part as textual thought-experiments in the kinds of cultural and social models that could make coherent a polity's disparate interests and groups. "Early in the fourteenth century, Londoners like City Chamberlain Andrew Horn and the compiler of the Auchinleck manuscript tentatively explored imitation of courtly play as one way of laying claim to the cultural status that would help them resist royal attempts to disenfranchise them. The turbulence of Ricardian London, however, brought Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower to opposite conclusions about the relevance of such models: Chaucer's construction of the Canterbury Tales argues that chivalric performance had lost its viability in the face of Richard's pageantry-laden yet socially disruptive reign, while Gower's repackaging of earlier texts in a new compilation [Trentham mansucript] for Henry IV's accession proposes that courtly literary forms could regain their relevance under the rejuvenating aegis of the new Lancastrian dynasty." Directed by Anne Middleton. Author/Editor Author/Editor Bahr, Arthur William Published Bahr, Arthur William. "Convocational and compilational play in Medieval London literary culture." PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2006. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Convocational and compilational play in Medieval London literary culture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fitzgerald frames her essay with Polonius's precepts from Shakespeare's "Hamlet," suggesting, "Shakespeare is drawing on an older, vernacular tradition and practice of masculine advice poetry"--"an obscure body of conduct poetry concerned with the performance of masculinity" (108). Fitzgerald focuses on couplets that "perform masculine authority in multiple modes" (109), and in so doing must navigate the tension between homosocial elements of masculinity and the excesses that would have been decried in what Vance Smith has called "arts of possession." The "later medieval masculine social self" is revealed in the content, performance, production, circulation, and form of this poetry. "Masculinity," Fitzgerald argues, "becomes a commodity to trade" (110). She calls attention to their "fungible nature" as they draw men together in networks of exchange. Beginning with couplets from Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Misc. 108, Fitzgerald traces iterations of them using the "Index of Middle English Verse"; she includes a useful chart that helps to illustrate the poetic body generated by these connected couplets. The interchangeability of these couplets is key--hence the use of the term "fungible couplets"--and results from a "mercantile discourse and ethics" that is "entirely masculine" and that seems to be particular to the middle class (115). They often employ the "performative voice of father advising son," which leads Fitzgerald to discuss particular examples wherein we find these voices appropriating authority in the copying of the couplets. Chaucer is appropriated in the Carthusian MS (British Library MS Add. 37049), and Gower in Hill's manuscript (Oxford, Balliol College, MS 354). The act of copying might itself be considered a performance of masculine authority wherein the copyist takes on the voice of masculine authority. Hill, for example, copies tales from "Confessio Amantis" but neglects to include their allegorical frame: "Yet, at the end of each tale, Genius's voice still survives in a few lines, often addressing the now-absent Amans as 'my son' and underscoring the moral and ethical lesson of the tale" (124). Fitzgerald returns to Shakespeare to conclude, suggesting that Shakespeare does not mock Polonius through the precepts he spouts but rather in so doing displays "the ways that masculinity and masculine authority are a performance, and to recognize the contradictions and anxieties of masculinity itself in his own age and the age preceding him" (125). [JS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 40.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fitzgerald, Christina M. Published Exemplaria 32 (2020): 107-29. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Copying Couplets: Performing Masculinity in Middle English Moral Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ganim explores the different forms of medieval cosmopolitanism, reaching the conclusion that both cosmopolitanism and anti-cosmopolitanism could and did exist at once in many situations in the Middle Ages. This, he suggests, is a useful reminder to not misunderstand these aspects of the Middle Ages as monolithic. Ganim examines the presentation of the Middle Ages in three post-Cold War texts: the film "Destiny" (1999), the novel "Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree" (1993), and the novel "Dictionary of the Khazars" (1984). He asserts, "They represent a turn towards the Middle Ages after the Cold War, and they do so in the context of how we should accommodate differences within and between cultures, and how human rights can be extended, defended, or negotiated in those different cultures" (7). The fictionalized Middle Ages represented in these texts depict "the Middle Ages as uncertain, as complex and divided as the present," not as a paradise "but a continual double of the present" (10-11). Ganim proceeds to offer a history of medieval cosmopolitan thought, explaining that medieval political thought was less concerned with exterior forces than with managing internal affairs: "it never quite gets around to thinking about the other" (14). Ganim then discusses the beginning stages and current moment of work on medieval cosmopolitanism before providing his own readings of "Troilus and Criseyde," "Confessio Amantis," and "The Travels of Sir John Mandeville." Ganim suggests that Gower, in the Prologue to CA, "consistently argues away difference," opting instead to advocate for the eventual unity at the end of time, even as he seems to deny the possibility of ultimate unity because of the "innate divisions within each human" (23). Ganim concludes that medieval political thought made no distinction between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism: "Thus, individual writers and thinkers in the Middle Ages could be both xenophobic and cosmopolitan, both curious and closeminded, either at particular points in their careers or, more typically, within the same text" (25).] [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ganim, John. Published Ganim, John. "Cosmopolitanism and Medievalism." Exemplaria; 2010; 22(1): 5-27. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cosmopolitanism and Medievalism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Perry seeks to establish "a new way of understanding the English literary tradition by focusing on the essential role that coteries played in the tradition's beginning and maintenance" (4). By the "tradition" he means Chaucer, Hoccleve, Lydgate, Dunbar, Roos, Skelton, Surrey and Wyatt. It's a big-name list, especially when each move chronologically forward also mandates discussion of those left out, like Gower (in Perry's view, due to Lydgate [152]), and attendant "coteries"--"a sociological term denoting a gathering of like-minded individuals of the same class, actual historical persons in relation with one another . . .that also depend upon a rhetorical pose involving distinct literary features" (8). How can one recognize a coterie? "There are two general means by which a literary work may signal its involvement in a coterie: specific forms of allusion and a particular way of using proper names" (9). Gower, unsurprisingly, thus figures early as a prominent--perhaps the most prominent--member of "Chaucer's London coterie" which included Thomas Usk until his execution, and possibly the Oxford philosopher-turned-lawyer, Ralph Strode. Gower is the one Chaucer names (in "Troilus and Criseyde") who also names Chaucer in return (Venus' request to Gower to greet Chaucer when they meet, in CA 8 (38-49), establishing coterie connection, and (incidentally) dismissing the idea of a quarrel between the two. Identifying allusions, Perry concedes, is "a necessarily more speculative enterprise" than name-checking (49). By way of examples he cites the Man of Law's "humorous" criticism of Gower's "incest tales" (42-43, 49-52), (which he reads as indicative of the two poets' "jovial competitiveness" [51]). Thereafter, in chapter 2, Gower appears to have been of small importance for Hoccleve and is mentioned sporadically, e.g., when Hoccleve is "didactic," he's "Gowerian" (113). In chapter 4, however, Perry presents Lydgate as "indebted to John Gower, especially the latter's form of political poetry and its pacifism" (126), and "a model of the poet as political commentator and advisor to princes, an exemplary poetic voice aimed at enhancing the common good" (127). Part of this admiration devolved from Gower's pacifism: "Lydgate tries to ensure that Gower's pacifism gets a fair hearing, even if Gower the man is silenced" (127); and "one finds Lydgate appropriating French culture to speak back to his English patrons, including Chaucer's family, in the form of Gowerian critique" (127). Perry sees Lydgate identifying with Gower as a poet writing for a Lancastrian king, just as did Lydgate (142-43), who borrowed techniques of address from "In Praise of Peace" that allowed him to envision a "double mode of address" (148), "a means to praise the Lancastrian nobility while simultaneously critiquing their actions" (144). Nonetheless, Lydgate's "double mode" differs from Gower's, "inverting" it: "Gower's dual address speaks for a class" of which he was a member, while "Lydgate's [speaks] for a coterie" (149). Yet while he borrows so extensively from Gower, Lydgate never mentions him, thereby bolstering "Chaucer's position in literary history while diminishing Gower's" (152). In chapter 5, discussing Dunbar's "Lament for the Makars," Perry notes that Chaucer, Gower, and Lydgate are named together, distributing "the praise afforded to one of the three to the other two as well" (183). Skelton connects the three again in "The Garlande of Laurell," speaking with each in turn, beginning with Gower, whom he praises for "garnishing" the English language (188-89). With the poets of "Tottel's Miscellany"--Surrey and Wyatt--in chapter 6, "the need to bolster Chaucer's reputation by providing him with the attendant figures of Gower and Lydgate is no longer acute, and Chaucer begins to stand for the foundation of the English literary tradition as such. It is at this moment . . . that the Chaucerian tradition has become the English literary tradition" (198). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Perry, R. D. Published Perry. R. D. Coterie Poetics and the Beginnings of the English Literary Tradition: From Chaucer to Spenser. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2024. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coterie Poetics and the Beginnings of the English Literary Tradition: From Chaucer to Spenser. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study examines four scenes of monarchic instruction in late-fourteenth-century England in light of the "mirror for princes" tradition. It suggests that these texts reflect a political climate in Ricardian England that simultaneously promoted the ethic of the necessity of advising the king while sometimes punishing voices of political dissent. Ricardian writers negotiated this tension by employing techniques of representation, structure, and camouflage that would allow them to articulate advice in a politically safe manner. Chapter 1 examines the Prologue to the B-text of William Langland's 'Piers Plowman,' whose scene of monarchic instruction serves as a formal paradigm for the test of this study. Here, Langland articulates a vision of limited monarchy in a scene that camouflages the instruction to the Visio King by placing in the mouths of three seemingly contrary interlocutors, a lunatic, an angel, and a goliard. The chapter argues that this trio of speeches is actually unified and shows how Langland represents the King as a student who knows to accept wise counsel. Chapter 2 explores similar scenes in Book 7 of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.' It shows how Gower creates a series of layers that separates the poet from the political speech voiced by his characters. Using two biblical scenes of instruction, Gower rewrites the narratives of Ahab and Rehoboam to illustrate (negatively) the importance of wise counsel. Chapter 3 finds a similar dynamic at work in the final section of the seemingly apolitical 'Cleanness.' It argues that the 'Cleanness'-poet was fully aware of the political valance of the stories of Zedekiah, Nebuchadnezzar, and Belshazzar and suggests that two discourses, the political and the homiletic, are at work here. The poet's rewriting of these stories, which includes subtle references to medieval England, allows them to be read as positive and negative examples of royal counseling. Chapter 4 examines the dynamic of advice-giving from the royal perspective. It argues that Richard II designed his tomb in Westminster Abbey as a political monument that responds to concerns voiced by contemporary literary texts and itself attempts to function as a political mirror. A close reading of the epitaph shows how that text participates in the genre of 'Fürstenspiegel'." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stallcup, Stephen Burr. Published Stallcup, Stephen Burr. "Counseling the King: Scenes of Monarchic Instruction in the Age of Richard II." Ph.D. Diss. Princeton University 2000. DAI 61(1): 172-73. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Counseling the King: Scenes of Monarchic Instruction in the Age of Richard II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Brewer, Derek S. Published John Lawlor, ed. Patterns of Love and Courtesy: Essays in Memory of C. S. Lewis. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1966, pp. 54-85. Reprinted in Helaine Newstead, ed. Chaucer and His Contemporaries: Essays on Medieval Literature and Thought. Greenwich Conn.: Fawcett, pp. 310-35. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Review Includes Gower among the company of Chaucer, Machaut, Deschamps, Froissart, Dante, Petrarch, and Langland as poets who create a unity of an "internal" narrator/character and an external poet/artist. See particularly p. 321n. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Courtesy and the Gawain-Poet. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower built the CA around a union of two traditions--courtly love and penance. Central images are of priest/physician and lover/sick man. Studies the tradition in a range of literature from the penitentials and Alanus de Insulis's "De Planctu Naturae" through CA. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fitzpatrick, John F. Published Fitzpatrick, John F. "Courtly Love and the Confessional in English Literature from 1215 to John Gower." Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1978. Dissertation Abstracts International A39.02. Full text accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses; accessed December 5, 2022. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Courtly Love and the Confessional in English Literature from 1215 to John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Chapter 3, "The Element of Love in Gower's Works" (38-90), examines aspects of courtly love in Gower's works. Dodd opens with a brief description of the CB, which he divides into two sections: ballads 1-5 which represent the happiness of the accepted lover, and ballads 6-51, which are universal in character and treat the feelings of lovers in general, "whether the course of their love runs smooth or not" (39). After providing further subdivisions, Dodd observes that although the ballads are often rather lifeless and conventional, they demonstrate the poet's ability to rival his French contemporaries in expressing the ideas of courtly love with grace and elegance. The rest of the chapter focuses primarily on the CA. Dodd notes the variety of influences on the CA, including confessional manuals, dream visions, works of courtly love, and sermon exempla. This mixture is also evident in the treatment of love, which not only takes on an ecclesiastical character, but also has feudal aspects, something especially evident in all the references to the "court" of Venus and Cupid (see the quotations on 47-49). The power and fickleness of these deities of love are also extensively illustrated by Dodd, and the conventionality of their characterization is stressed throughout. Other conventional themes that are discussed are secrecy, the figure of the lady, unrequited love, the allegorical figure Danger, and the ennobling effects of love (54-62). The next portion of Dodd's chapter examines the Seven Deadly Sins to see whether Gower successfully synthesizes his theological concerns with the religion of love (62-75). Dodd feels that Gower generally creates a sense of harmony between the two systems. For instance, the vices of supplantation and slander are expressly forbidden in Andreas Capellanus's code of love. On the other hand, Dodd does find some moments of discord. When Genius condemns fear and forgetfulness on the part of the lover he departs from courtly conceptions. Likewise, his assertion that Love detests jealousy and his opposition to love-drunkenness is quite uncharacteristic of the tradition of courtly love. Lastly, the treatment of chastity in Book 7 and the condemnation of incest in Book 8 have "nothing to do with the lover's shrift" (74), but are rather tied to the affairs of church (incest) and state (the advice on chastity is offered to Richard II). Next, Dodd returns to the enumeration of courtly love conventions in the CA, including the description of the effects of love upon the feelings, and the rhetorical use of contradictions (something also evident in the minor poem "Carmen de variis in amore passionibus breviter compilatum"). The question Dodd ends with is whether there is anything in the CA which "lifts it above mere conventionality" (80). The answer, for Dodd, is in the affirmative, not only because Gower's exempla are well-told, but also because the characterization of the lover and the lady lacks all extravagance and idealization, and is instead sensible, homely, and treated with "practical common sense" (81). However, despite the sympathetic treatment of love (visible for instance in the tale of "Canace and Machaire"), Gower ultimately dissociates himself from courtly love, and in the Traitié even condemns it. Based on Dodd's "The Treatment of Love by Chaucer and Gower." Ph. D. Dissertation. Harvard University, 1911.[CvD; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dodd, William George Published Dodd, William George. "Courtly Love in Chaucer and Gower." Boston: Ginn, 1913 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Minor Latin Poetry Cinkante Balades Confessio Amantis Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Courtly Love in Chaucer and Gower Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ginn, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Says Gower is not includable as an Anglo-Norman poet: "Gower is conscious of writing French as a foreigner," and so must be called an English poet. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor West, C. B. Published West, C. B. Courtoisie in Anglo-Norman Literature. Oxford: Blackwell, 1938, p. 123. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Courtoisie in Anglo-Norman Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Lochrie, Karma Published Lochrie, Karma. "Covert Operations: The Medieval Uses of Secrecy." Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999 ISBN 0812234731 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review Lochrie's discussion of CA – headed "Confessio Amantis and the Limits of Heterosexuality" – is the final section of her book on the uses of secrecy in the Middle Ages and stands as the conclusion of her final chapter on "Sodomy and Other Female Perversions." Both book and chapter pursue very broad agendas. For an overview of the book's complex argument see the review by Sarah Beckwith in SAC 22 (2000): 503-7. The chapter is primarily concerned with the construction of gender and sexuality both in the Middle Ages and in our own time, particularly of normative heterosexuality and its perceived opposites. Lochrie works to expose the incoherence of western heteronormative ideologies, and this is where Gower fits in. She makes the most of the many disjunctions between narrative and morality that others have detected in CA in order to argue the instability of the entire framework upon which the poem's morality is based. In particular, she focuses on the contradictions in Gower's ideology of the "natural" and the "unnatural," with what she sees as the consequent regular eruption of the perverse into what is presented as normative natural love. The contradictions begin, of course, with the opening epigram of Book 1 and continue in Genius' attempts to label and categorize the incestuous relations of Canace and Machaire and of Antiochus and his daughter. The category of the natural itself is revealed to be "incoherent, contradictory, and discontinuous," she concludes (p. 209) – she evidently does not consider "paradoxical" – and a token of the incoherencies of Gower's ideology as a whole. She examines particular examples: in Book 4, the tales of sloth in love result in a reversal of gender roles which is corrected to some extent in the tale of Pygmaleon, but not before they have also produced a denial of Genius' oft repeated declarations of the irresistible force of love. In the same book, Iphis and Iante's relationship renders the role of Nature even more confusing than the tales of incest do, and in Book 5, "Achilles and Deidamia," in which Achilles impregnates Deidamia while still posing as a girl and is restored to his proper masculinity only by the call to arm himself for battle, further problematizes normative gender roles. Other tales in Book 5 trivialize crimes against women. The disjunction between tale and morality, she finds, is also reflected in the poem's conclusion, where Amans' forced abandonment of love renders virtually pointless all of the previous instruction. The description of the division of the world in the Prologue – modeled as it is upon divisions inherent in Nature – suggests, moreover, the impossibility of the moral stability that Amans is told to seek as Venus dismisses him at the end. In conclusion, she writes, "The confusion of natural categories throughout the work and the misfitting of theological categories of sins to the subject of courtly love point to problems in both, regardless of Gower's intentions. . . . Heterosexual love in its idealized form as courtly love both contains the perverse and is already perverted into those 'unnatural' forms that nature seems to permit, including incest, same-sex love, rape, and self-love. The bland moralizing that glosses over these blatant perversions of medieval gender and sexual ideology only calls attention to the problem. . . . What is useful is the way in which Genius's instruction exposes the perverse within the normative and the very instability of the normative itself" (223). But "For all its perversions, Gower's text is not finally subversive" (224). "The perversion that is heterosexual, courtly love as it has been codified in the Confessio clearly serves the narrative of masculine chivalric heroism . . . . Because the perverse functions to authorize vital cultural myths and ideals, such as those of love and masculine heroine, it is not only implicated in those ideals but it is essential to them" (earlier on the same page). [PN. Copyright by the John Gower Society. JGN 20.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Covert Operations: The Medieval Uses of Secrecy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Pennsylvania Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Stoyanoff writes: "In Book V of John Gower's Confessio Amantis, Genius's extended discussion of Covetousness demonstrates how this subtype of Avarice leads to the ruin of the networks of collectives that make up society. Interestingly, the process by which Covetousness damages the collectives that make up these networks looks a lot like the neoliberalism that has come to dominate a number of governments in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Gower's tales trace the spread of this sin from the top of society to the bottom; from the highly public to the intimately personal. In all scenarios, Covetousness is a force of destruction rather than one of good, altering and, in the end, ultimately destroying the social bonds that once existed between the actors involved. Using Actor-Network Theory, I argue that Gower presents his readers with the dire consequences of misunderstanding the structure of and collectives in society when Covetousness governs one's actions--when the market overtakes the moral. The negative effects of Covetousness in the tales within this section of Book 5 reveal the dependence of each perpetrator of Covetousness on a collective of actors that includes material objects rather than monolithic social structures. Furthermore, Gower's critique of Covetousness in showing us its dissolution of the bonds and relationships that make up society both foreshadows the rise and lasting negative impact of neoliberalism." [Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stoyanoff, Jeffrey G. Published Stoyanoff, Jeffery G. "Covetousness in Book V of Confessio Amantis: A Medieval Precursor to Neoliberalism." Accessus: A Journal of Premodern Literature and New Media 4 (2018). Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/accessus/vol4/iss1/2 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Covetousness in Book V of "Confessio Amantis": A Medieval Precursor to Neoliberalism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Urban begins by citing the rather horrific conclusion to Gower's version of the tale of Virginia alongside the passage in the Man of Law's Prologue (CT II.77-89) that has long been understood as a dig at Gower to demonstrate "Gower's marked preference, especially when compared to his contemporary Chaucer, for ever so slightly uncomfortable images and events and then pushing them to quite an extreme level of shocking detail, if not quite literally over the edge of normally acceptable behavior. Alongside Virginius, we have infanticide, incest, duplicity and other kinds of cruelty. . . .Gower's Confessio . . . is not for the squeamish" as the poet "situates himself on the edge between morality and 'unkynde abhominaciouns'" (157-58). In fact, Urban argues, "Gower uses all levels of his texts, from content to multi-linguality and manuscript layout, for his location of his poetry on the edge between acceptable and unacceptable behavior" (158). In the VC, the "edge" is actually an "edgy space" or "chasm" between "past and present, good and wrong, righteous and sinful" (159). The CA itself, in its unstable juxtaposition of two different languages, "is often confusingly situated on the edge between Latin and English, as well as between competing moral messages" (160); and in the passage at the beginning of Book 1 in which he defines his project, "Gower is situating his book quite specifically on the edge between lust and lore, and as he proceeds with the text, it soon becomes apparent that this is also an edge between good and bad, virtue and evil" (164). Urban's final two examples come from Gower's tales of the "Trojan Horse" and "Florent." The latter, in his reading, like the much more sophisticated "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," works "to highlight the cracks and fissures on the edges of the chivalric code. It is impossible for either Gawain or Florent to perfectly embody the code of chivalry, but their reactions to the pressures of specific situations display the kind of flexibility and creativity that Gower's texts in particular urge upon their readers" (168). [Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Urban, Malte Published Urban, Malte. "Cracks and Fissures: Gower's Poetics on the Edge." ES: Revista de Filología Inglesa 33.1 (2012), pp. 155-70. ISSN 0210-9689 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cracks and Fissures: Gower's Poetics on the Edge Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Wyclif, Langland, and Gower have all been cited by historians attempting to demonstrate that enthusiasm for crusading had completely died out by the end of the fourteenth century. By setting their remarks in context, Siberry attempts to show that support for the crusades remained undiminished. Wyclif's criticism was restricted to the Norwich Crusade of 1383, and Langland's advocacy of missions to convert Muslims was not inconsistent with military crusading. Gower's remarks on the crusades, actually spoken by Amans, in CA 3.1620-33, 1656-82, 2241-44, and 2484-2515 "should not be taken at . . . face value" (p. 130): they were dictated to some extent by the demands of courtly love, and "may also have been intended to be ironical, highlighting the absence of chivalric values amongst the knightly class" (p. 130). They would not have pleased Gower's patron, Henry earl of Derby, moreover, and are inconsistent with the sentiments expressed in VC Book 3, in "In Praise of Peace," and in "De lucis scrutinio," in which Gower asserts the Christian's right to the Holy Land, laments the decline of chivalry and crusading zeal, and urges his fellow Christians to turn their attention from fighting among themselves to defeating the Muslims. Siberry concludes by citing the large number of Gower's contemporaries who took part in crusades, including of course Henry. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 8.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Siberry, Elizabeth Published Siberry, Elizabeth. "Criticism of Crusading in Fourteenth-Century England." In Crusade and Settlement: Papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. Ed. Edbury, Peter W.. Cardiff: University College Press, 1985, pp. 127-34. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Minor Latin Poetry Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Criticism of Crusading in Fourteenth-Century England Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University College Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott looks at revisions made to Gower's brief poem through two lenses (or three, if one accepts lived history as a viewing point): Deluze and Guattari's concept of the rhizome and Julie Singer's of lyric prosthesis. The poem has three versions, identified by their incipits: "Henrici quarti primus," "Henrici regis annis," and "Quicquid homo scribat," which Weiskott prefers to use. David R. Carlson ("Rhyme Distribution") observed what he called "cumulative revision" at work in these versions, i.e., lines from the first and second turn up in the third, while others from both are excluded. (The order of composition is established by noted regnal years 1 [1399-1400] and 2 [1400-1401] of Henry IV for the first two, and no notation on--presumably--the third and latest.) The practice "bespeaks a rhizomatic approach to revision, an ability to hold three texts in the mind at one time (if we are not to imagine Gower consulting his own manuscripts), and a multidirectional understanding of the literary work" (548). Weiskott finds an image of "Gower's self-organization" in this approach (549), and applying Singer's notion of "lyric prosthesis" argues that "Quicquid" "explicitly offers to compensate for its author's deficient body" (549). There follows a careful, detailed analysis of how--and why--Gower assembled his three versions (549-52). Most interesting are Weiskott's speculations that the three revisions show Gower coming to terms with his disability: "Gower's prosthetic poem . . . overwrites Nature's imposition of closure, reframing the "end ('finem')" . . . of sight and a writing career as a starting point for writing" (551). Extrapolating from this view of rhizomatic composition, Weiskott identifies a phrase ("curua senectus") as common to "Quicquid," the "Epistola to Arundel," "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia," and uses a description of Gower as a rhizomatical writer as further evidence in support of R. F. Yeager's theory that "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia" was the text offered to Thomas Arundel by Gower in 1397 (553). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "Cumulative Revision in John Gower's 'Quicquid Homo Scribat'." English Studies 103 (2022): 547-54. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cumulative Revision in John Gower's "Quicquid Homo Scribat." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study argues that the late medieval English poets consistently distinguish Venus and Cupid from each other: Venus represents nonverbal sexual desire and activity, while Cupid is in charge of the "refined" language in which noble lovers express their desire. . . . Chapter 4 posits that John Gower in the Confessio Amantis offers a corrective, demystifying account of the gods' pagan origins." Directed by Henry Ansgar Kelly. [JGN 10.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tinkle, Theresa Lynn Published Tinkle, Theresa Lynn. "Cupid and Venus, Chaucer and Company." PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1989. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cupid and Venus, Chaucer and Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints, following Thomas Warton (1778), two passages from CA that "convey a lively impression of the author" and adds portions of two tales (no source given): "Rosiphele" IV, 1283-1328, 1430-34, and "The Travelers and the Angel," II, 291-364; glosses at bottom of page. Brief biography, with portrait. A fourth edition (1893), edited by Robert Carruthers, titled "Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors with Specimens of Their Writings," I:22-23, prints "Two Coffers," CA V, 2273-2390, instead of "Rosiphele" and "The Travelers." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Chambers, Robert, ed. Published Chambers, Robert, ed. Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors from the Earliest to the Present Times. London: W. & R. Chambers, 1854, volume I, pp. 23-25. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amants Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors from the Earliest to the Present Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1854 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Berndt, Elsa. Published Berndt, Elsa. Dame Nature in der Englischen Literatur bis Herab zu Shakespeare. Paleastra, no. 110. Leipzig: Mayer and Müller, 1923, pp. 43-45, 70. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Review In Gower's poetry, as in that of Chaucer and the French poets, Natura is a figure of fecundity. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dame Nature in der Englischen Literatur bis Herab zu Shakespeare. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1923 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gives brief comparisons of Chaucer and Gower as men and as poets. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sedgwick, Henry D. Published Sedgwick, Henry D. Dan Chaucer: An Introduction to the Poet, His Poetry and His Times. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1934, pp. 48, 248. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dan Chaucer: An Introduction to the Poet, His Poetry and His Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In the Latin summary of Gower's three works – appended to the CA – Gower speaks of the obligation he feels to pass on the knowledge he has received as a gift from God. Cook suggests that Gower may be indebted here to the beginning of Dante's De Monarchia, where the same language of laboring for posterity with one's God-given talents is used. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cook, Albert S Published Cook, Albert S. "Dante and Gower." Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 132 (1914), p. 395. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dante and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Dédéyan published a series of essays on Dante in England in Les Lettres Romanes, volumes 12-15 (1958-1961), with the section on Gower being very brief. In it, Dédéyan repeats a pair of connections between Gower and Dante identified by Paget Toynbee (1909), agreeing that they may have been mediated by Petrarch and/or Chaucer. Gower's contribution to Dante's literary fortune in England, he concludes, is slim ("mince"; p. 179). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dédéyan, Charles. Published Dédéyan, Charles. "Dante en Angleterre: John Gower." Les Lettres Romanes 13 (1959): 177-79. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dante en Angleterre: John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Finds no evidence to prove that Gower knew Dante's works. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Toynbee, Paget. Published Toynbee, Paget. Dante in English Literature from Chaucer to Cary. London: Methuen, 1909, I, 17 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dante in English Literature from Chaucer to Cary. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bertolet argues for Gower's concern with darkness and deceit in regard to Avarice, demonstrating the various ways in which we might interpret blindness and illustrating the economic repercussions of Covetousness in the economic settings of fourteenth-century England. [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bertolet, Craig E. Published Bertolet, Craig E. "Dark Money: Gower, Echo, and 'Blinde Avarice'." Accessus 5.2 (2019): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dark Money: Gower, Echo, and "Blinde Avarice." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lücke's main aim is to demonstrate that Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale borrows directly from Nicholas Trivet in places, although Chaucer also knew Gower's version of the Constance story. After a brief overview of the criticism on the influence question, the rest of the essay is a meticulous plot summary of all three versions. While minor variations are noted, no general conclusions are drawn. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lücke, Emil Published Lücke, Emil. "Das Leben der Constanze bei Trivet, Gower, und Chaucer." Anglia 14 (1892), pp. 77-122. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Das Leben der Constanze bei Trivet, Gower, und Chaucer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A detailed study, showing primarily similarities between participial usage of Gower and Chaucer, with occasional comparisons with Langland's usage. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Eichhorn, Ernst. Published Eichhorn, Ernst. Das Partizipium bei Gower in Vergleich mit Chaucer Gebrauch. Ph.D. dissertation. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1912. Kiel: H. Fiencke, 1912. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Das Partizipium bei Gower in Vergleich mit Chaucer Gebrauch. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses poems of Chaucer, Gower, and Langland to support conclusions about topics such as "Clothing," "Meals," and so forth. Primarily concerned with poetry as social history. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kröllreutter, Maria. Published Kröllreutter, Maria. Das Privatleben in England nach den Chaucer, Gower, und Langland. Halle: E. Karras, 1908. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Das Privatleben in England nach den Chaucer, Gower, und Langland. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908