4 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In Japanese, with the author's summary in English: "Gower is thoroughly 'moral Gower' as Chaucer calls him, as is demonstrated evidently by his views of the world, the society, and man in the M'irour de l'Omme,' the 'Vox Clamantis,' and the 'Confessio Amantis.' In the 'Confessio Amantis' his subject is love, but he does not treat it in itself as Chaucer does, but in indivisible relationship to the Seven Deadly Sins in the Christian ethics, with his immovable faith in the human duty of avoiding vices and following virtues as his premise. So far as the love of the Lover, the hero of the 'Confessio Amantis,' is concerned, Gower is a courtly love poet following the tradition of Guillaume de Lorris, the author of the former part of the 'Roman de la Rose.' The Lover is endued with all the possible conventions of courtly love. And yet Gower does not end with being a courtly love poet. He grasps the problem of love as the conflict between 'will,' 'hope,' or 'nature' (or 'Kinde') and 'resoun,' 'wit,' or 'wisdom,' that is, as the 'hertes contek,' the psychomachia, of passion vs. reason, and regards love as the usurpation of supremacy from reason by passion. In looking upon love as natural, and exhorting us to the subordination of passion to reason, he belongs to the pedigree of the naturalistic interpretation of love by Jean de Meun, the author of the latter part of the 'Roman de la Rose.' Gower's conclusion in the epilogue of the 'Confessio Amantis' is the renunciation of love--an insight into the death of love due to age and time, an elegy of the mutability of life--and at the same time the recovery of reason. In being the abandonment of passionate love and a conversion to divine love, it is in the tradition of medieval Catholicism. Gower thinks of love as the antagonism of passion against reason, insists on the subordination of passion to reason, and finally renounces love. It means that he follows the medieval orthodox of Christian humanism, and that his "reason" is that of Christian humanism, as is the case with Milton, the earnest believer in "rational liberty." Christian humanism is the fusion of faith and reason, regarding reason--originally classical and pagan, and later Christianized--as the divine nature in a human being, the quintessence of human nature, and calling it 'right reason,' 'recta ratio' as the intellectual and par excellence moral function, the principle of right thinking and right doing. It should be added that Gower believes in the traditional view of the cosmos as the scene of a divine order, the so-called 'chain of being,' which is at the bottom of Christian humanism. From the point of view of the opposition of passion to reason centering along the medieval tradition of love continuing from the courtly love of the later Middle Ages to the romantic love of the Renaissance, Chaucer is 'truly human,' a humanist in its modern sense, in that he is a poet of both courtly love and realistic love, depicting human passion as it is, and never preaching the subordination of passion to reason, while Gower offers resistance to that tradition, believing in reason and renouncing the passion of love." [John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yoshida, Shingo. Published Yoshida, Shingo. "Love and Reason in Gower's Confessio Amantis." Eibungaku kenkyu Studies in English Literature [Japan] 42 (1965): 1-11. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Love and Reason in Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Yeager's major goals in this essay are "to reconsider claims which for many years have been cited as the best evidence for Gower's knowledge and use of the 'Ovide moralisé'" (64) and, more generally, to clarify the "pitfalls of source studies concentrated on just one or two texts" (62). He successfully accomplishes both by revisiting Conrad Mainzer's discussion (1972) of Gower's knowledge and use of Ovidian texts, particularly Gower's dependence upon medieval moralizations of the "Metamorphoses"--the anonymous "Ovide moralisé" and Pierre Bersuire's "Ovidius moralizatus." Before launching his own evidence, Yeager is careful to point out that Mainzer was "aware that his work constituted 'possibilities,' for him more or less credible ones" (52; Yeager's emphasis), while later critics often have taken his suggestions as more proven than plausible--oversimplification for the sake of certainty perhaps. So, while effectively eroding much of Mainzer's arguments concerning the "Ovide," Yeager is advising caution in using them rather than dispensing with them. Yet the erosion is effective; at times, devastating. Yeager marshals evidence drawn from availability (or lack) of manuscripts of the "Ovide" and analogous texts, to stylistic evidence based on Gower's habits of diction, rhyme, and meter, to stronger parallels between Gower's texts and others besides the "Ovide," especially Chaucer's "Book of the Duchess" and "Legend of Good Women," and even details of Gower's biography, education, and aspects of his "poet's imagination" (64). The upshot is to encourage source studies that do much more than simply "match the words" (61) of two texts, but rather explore networks of personal, poetic, and cultural sway that constitute literary influence. Indeed, after undermining a number of Mainzer's specific details of the influence on Gower of the "Ovide," Yeager offers several more complex "possibilities" (my emphasis this time) of the influence, matters of "elisional style" (66 and 67) and narrative technique. Throughout his essay, Yeager combines cautious, fine-grained, close analyses of details (focused on four tales of the "Confessio Amantis"--"Pyramus and Thisbe," "Theseus and Ariadne," "Phebus and Daphne," and "Phrixas and Helle"), but then broadens them out to wider concerns. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yeager, R. F. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Confessio Amantis Published Yeager, R. F. "John Gower's Use of the Ovide moralisé: A Reconsideration." In Catherine Gaullier-Bourgasses and Marylène Possamaï-Pérez, eds. Réécritures et adaptations de l'Ovide moralisé (xivᵉ--xviiᵉ siècle). Turnhout: Brepols, 2022. Pp. 51-67. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower's Use of the "Ovide moralisé": A Reconsideration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A discursive bibliography of Gower materials, covering years 1960-1983, with sub-sections on Editions and Translations, Bibliographies, Biographies and Portraits, Language Studies and Stylistics, Source Studies, Critical Studies, and Future Directions. Observes that the "volume and quantity of recent scholarship points toward a growing audience of informed readers at many levels" (3). However, "Gower studies have yet to be launched fully" (19), particularly because relatively "little work has been done on the poetry in languages other than Middle English" (20). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yeager, Robert F. Published Yeager, Robert F. "The Poetry of John Gower: Important Studies, 1960-1983." In Robert F. Yeager, ed. Fifteenth-Century Studies: Recent Essays. Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1984, pp. 3-28. Gower Subject Bibliographies, Reports, and Research Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Poetry of John Gower: Important Studies, 1960-1983. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Whitman, following John H. Fisher's lead, sees "Troilus and Criseyde" in many ways a product of Chaucer's reading of Gower, e.g.: "the philosophy of Chaucer's poem . . . is but a development of the first thirty-six lines of Gower's 'Mirour'" (1). Where Fisher finds that Chaucer "refines [temporal love] and makes a tragedy of its eventual insufficiency," however, Whitman contends contrarily that the idea is "misleading": "too much has been made of Troilus as a tragic figure and insufficient of his foolishness" (2). "Chaucer," Whitman argues, "is even closer to Gower in sentiment" than many realize; the two especially agree on the character and condition of "the knight in love" (2). This for Whitman is fully expressed in the "Vox Clamantis" V, where Gower presents the debilitating effects love has on knights, and he traces this through Chaucer's poem by pointing out the "comedy" of Troilus' wooing in Book III, "swooning, then being thrown on the bed" (4), and the undercutting of "tender" scenes of parting in Books IV and V with outlandish description (4-5). In effect, he finds that love causes Troilus to "become impotent" (6) and eventually "blind and idolatrous" (8). Chaucer's narrator, however, equates "love with good," but this is also naïve, and not representative of Chaucer's own views, which lie closer to Gower's (and Andreas Capellanus's): "that any man who devotes his efforts to love loses all his usefulness" (11). Thus, the dedication of the "Troilus" to Gower is to be re-interpreted in a more serious light than commonly. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Whitman, Frank H. Published Whitman, Frank H. "'Troilus and Criseyde' and Chaucer's Dedication to Gower." Tennessee Studies in Literature 18 (1973): 1-11. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Troilus and Criseyde" and Chaucer's Dedication to Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Although to some degree confined by her format, Watt nonetheless manages to go well beyond the standard demands of the "Companion form" (i.e., a little biography, some attention to the full oeuvre, general remarks on style and content) to offer a number of intriguing and original insights, especially regarding the extent of Gower's influence on fifteenth-century poetics. The chief concern of that century, as she sees it, is "the connection between vernacular poetry, politics, and patriotism," and in this they follow Gower's lead "even more than Chaucer['s]" (155). She utilizes this triad to examine the "Confessio Amantis," acknowledging its "apparent disunity--the dual foci on the ethical-political and the erotic" (157), which she partially (indeed, generously) explains away as "Gower's playfulness" [158]--and contesting any notion that "Gower adheres to a conservative gender ideology," citing his empathetic treatment of women, of which the case of Canace is offered as a prime example (158). Watt traces this connective triad in compact but provocative assessments of Hoccleve's "Regiment of Princes" and Lydgate's "Fall of Princes," finding evidence of Gower's unacknowledged influence in both. In the "Regiment," the Beggar in her view borrows from Genius, and Hoccleve's political position in significant ways echoes "the Gower of the late, pro-Lancastrian propaganda poem, 'In Praise of Peace'" (160). In the "Fall" and in the "Regiment," "a number of the same stories as [in] 'Confessio Amantis'" appear, "including the famous Tales of Lucrece and Virginia as well as other political narratives" (161). Other similarities between the "Fall" and the CA include "lengthy discussion of vice and virtue" in each, and the prominent presence of Alexander the Great, shared with both the "Regiment" and the CA. Watt's most startling assertion, however, is that an "unexpected aspect of Gower's influence on Lydgate" is "their shared fascination with salacious stories," particularly those dealing with incest (161-62). Thus, "while Lydgate owes as [sic] least as much to Gower as does Hoccleve, he is even less willing than Hoccleve to admit it" (162). Watt does see however that "in one crucial respect, Hoccleve and Lydgate diverge from Gower" (163): unlike Gower, who saw writing in English as a "development from his previous work in French and Latin" (163), for Hoccleve and Lydgate English is their only medium--which goes a long way toward explaining their expressed fondness for Chaucer. But she concludes: "Nevertheless, in terms of real, if unacknowledged influence, Gower remained second to none" (163). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Watt, Diane. Published Watt, Diane. "John Gower." In Larry Scanlon, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Literature 1100-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. 153-64. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis In Praise of Peace Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Sobecki's position on "Troilus" argued here is that Chaucer's wardship of Edmund Staplegate and the Cecily Chaumpagne case impacts his poem's subject, which "fictionalizes questions of widowhood, wardship, and marriage, binding together Chaucer and the character of the go-between Pandarus through their shared social roles as guardians and matchmakers" (413). He "introduces four previously unknown documents: a contemporary legal challenge involving Staplegate from 1377; a new Chaucer life-record from 1382 connected to the Staplegate wardship; the earliest record, from 1381, showing Gower active in London; and the 1411 will of [Richard] Forster, Chaucer's lawyer in 1378" (413-14) when Chaucer went abroad. Sobecki suggests that Forster and Gower became Chaucer's lawyers to handle the murky issues surrounding the "valuable heir" Staplegate (423), Forster to handle London matters and Gower "probably appointed to maintain Chaucer's affairs outside of London, including any fallout from the Staplegate wardship in Kent" (425). In support, he provides a new document (National Archives, CP 40/82, m. 232f) showing that Gower "sued three men from Newington in Kent for debt in Easter term, 1381" (425). The document also indicates Gower was then in residence, perhaps only temporarily, in London, since as Michael Bennett has shown, in the 1380s Gower was primarily in Kent (426). Sobecki transcribes and translates the Common Pleas document on 436-37. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sobecki, Sebastian. Published Sobecki, Sebastian. "Wards and Widows: 'Troilus and Criseyde' and New Documents on Chaucer's Life." English Literary History 86 (2019): 413-40. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wards and Widows: "Troilus and Criseyde" and New Documents on Chaucer's Life. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Smyser sets out to determine whether Chaucer's interest in astronomy is characteristic "of fourteenth-century attitudes" or "primarily an individual interest and aptitude" (360). In general Smyser notes, nobody before Chaucer was interested in astronomy, but rather only in astrology. He takes Gower as a case-in-point, arguing that "Gower is in no sense an astronomer but only a compiler of astronomical-astrological data" because he fails "to grasp the concept of the zodiac" (361-63). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smyser, Hamilton M. Published Smyser, Hamilton M. "A View of Chaucer's Astronomy." Speculum 45 (1970): 359-73. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A View of Chaucer's Astronomy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Smith states as his goal in the essay "to bring paleography and book history into the realm of linguistic enquiry, as part of a reimagined philology." He builds upon Michael Samuels' 1963 argument that an "incipient standard English" could be discovered in a sequence of late Middle English spelling-patterns, of which Samuels identified several "types." Smith points to "types" other than those cited by Samuels, in copies of John Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and Nicholas Love's "Mirror of the Life of Christ." He argues that manuscripts containing these and other similar texts, which were also transmitted in distinctive forms of handwriting and in like codicological contexts, were products of identifiable communities of practice, and that the correlation of spelling and handwriting such manuscripts manifest represent "expressive" usages, characteristic of particular kinds of discourse. These unique usages Smith labels "scriptae," noting that they seem to "function as markers of difference and belonging, and be involved in the creation of identities at different levels of social organisation" (quoting Mark Sebba [2009]). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smith, Jeremy. Published Smith, Jeremy. "On Scriptae: Correlating Spelling and Script in Late Middle English." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 80 (2020): 13–27. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Scriptae: Correlating Spelling and Script in Late Middle English. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The scribe of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of the "Canterbury Tales" also copied most of the "Confessio Amantis" in Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.3.2. Samuels terms the scribe's exemplar "conventional" in its orthography, but the scribe ("B") subsequently translated most of this "into the normal Hengwrt-Ellesmere spelling." Whether Hengwrt and Ellesmere reflect Chaucer's own spelling thus remains in doubt: "He transforms Gower's spelling with such obviously practised ease and consistency that it is difficult to believe that he was acting very differently when he copied Chaucer." "Scribe D," in the same Trinity manuscript, made other copies of both the "Confessio" and the "Canterbury Tales," but due to the variability of his exemplars and his own scribal habits, few conclusions can be drawn. [TWM. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Samuels, M. L Published Samuels, M. L. "Chaucer's Spelling." In Middle English Studies: Presented to Norman Davis in Honour of His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983). Pp. 17-37. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Spelling. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Salisbury's essay focuses on the debate of whether the brain or the heart functioned as the principal organ of the body for Gower and his works. She asserts, "This is the medical controversy that factors into Gower's use of 'herte-thoght' and his understanding of the effects of heart disease in bodies both individual and sociopolitical." Salisbury surveys the medical literature of the later Middle Ages, the medical philosophy of which she believes Gower was likely at least familiar, especially the Aristotelian idea of the heart's function in the body politic. Focusing on Book VII of the "Confessio Amantis," Salisbury shows how "Genius identifies the heart as the body's principal organ in its capacity to govern the other organs and their functions, most importantly the cognitive aspect of the brain he describes as 'reson.'" She focuses on Gower's use of "herte-thoght" or "herte's thoght" to demonstrate Gower's belief in the symbiotic relationship of emotion and cognition, which is how she sees the poem attempting to rectify Amans's own feelings and thoughts. Salisbury points to the "Tale of Diogenes and Alexander" in Book III, noting "In a tale designed to assuage Amans's inner turmoil and thwarted desire to acquire his lady's love, however, the story becomes a way to illustrate the presumptions of an insatiable conqueror and the devastating realities of imperial conquest." Salisbury provides a thorough close reading of the tale to support this conclusion before turning attention to a diagram of the heart-brain connection from Geraldus de Hardywyck's "Epitomata seu Reparationes totius philosophiae naturalis Aristotelis." She suggests this diagram creates "the impression of the [heart's] dominance," pointing out that in this diagram all of the other senses, too, are routed through the heart. Finally, addressing anger as heart disease, particularly in the "Mirour de l'Omme," Salisbury concludes, "anger is not a mere allegorical figure in this context, but rather a literal description of a disease with the potential to kill the body and damage the soul. If we extend the analogy offered by Henri de Mondeville in his surgical treatise cited earlier, these symptoms are as applicable to the body politic as surely as they are to individual human bodies." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Salisbury, Eve. Published Salisbury, Eve. "Gower's 'Herte-Thought': Thinking, Feeling, Healing." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Language and Word Studies Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's "Herte-Thought": Thinking, Feeling, Healing. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this lead essay to a collection of studies on the literary and cultural history of leisure in England, medieval to postmodern, Sadlek reprises the major concerns of his earlier studies "John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis,' Ideology, and the 'Labor' of 'Love's Labor'," (1993; see JGN 18.1) and its expansion in "Idleness Working: The Discourse of Love's Labor from Ovid through Chaucer and Gower "(2004; see JGN 29.2). While work, busyness, and productivity anchor Sadlek's earlier studies, here he reorients, at least rhetorically, to their flipsides: leisure, idleness, and "acedia" or sloth, covering some of his previous territory (e.g., Chaucer's "Troilus" and Book IV of Gower's "Confessio"), but adding discussion of leisure and aristocratic love in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" and leisure and sloth in "Piers Plowman." Relations among the classical/medieval notions of "otium," "negotium," and poetry as work also receive revised emphasis, the latter linked with Petrarchan humanism. Along the way, several claims about Gower are made forcefully: in CA Gower "is at his most creative in that he mixes aristocratic love with Christian morality and creates modalities of the Seven Deadly Sins within the context of the religion of love" (27), and CA is "made difficult because of the unorthodox blending of two different kinds of codes: the code of Courtly Love and the code of Christian morality" (29). Sadlek finds ironies in these tensions: though "otium" "was the foundational quality that made aristocratic love possible," Genius "systematically describes what it might mean for a lover to suffer from slackness, pusillanimity, forgetfulness, negligence, somnolence, depression, and even idleness" (27). On the productivity of poetic work, "we see [in CA, Book IV] a defence of the writer's 'otium negotiosum' that is not too different from that of Petrarch. Yet the emphasis is completely different. The writer here, unlike Petrarch, refuses to acknowledge the leisure that made his writing possible but tucks his defence of writing in the larger context of a celebration of legitimate work. He presents mental work as the clear equivalent of manual labour" (29). In his summary conclusion, Sadlek asserts that "the fundamental positions of Chaucer, Gower and Langland on 'otium' are not--in theory--so very different from that of Petrarch. The critical difference, however, is in emphasis. Chaucer, Langland and Gower, men from the middle to lower levels of medieval English society, had deeply imbibed the Christian distrust of 'acedia.' Whereas, a generation earlier, Petrarch felt free enough to celebrate his own 'otium' and that of monks, the Ricardian authors accepted 'otium negotiosum' uneasily, insisting that it be defended only within a broader and more urgent moral directive toward productive activity" (36). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sadlek, Gregory M. Published Sadlek, Gregory M. "'Otium,' 'Negotium,' and the Fear of 'Acedia' in the Writings of England's Late Medieval Ricardian Poets." In Monika Fludernik and Miriam Nandi, eds. Idleness, Indolence and Leisure in English Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Pp. 17-39. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Otium," "Negotium," and the Fear of "Acedia" in the Writings of England's Late Medieval Ricardian Poets. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Runstedler focuses on the "exempla" in "Confessio Amantis" in his essay, arguing they "are also sources of metaphorical healing in the text, functioning as what I have termed 'textual healing,' that is, the medicinal aspects of the text (knowledge, understanding, moral instruction) that helps remedy Amans back to full health." Such "textual healing," too, is connected to the act of confession, he adds. Runstedler suggests that the reader may succeed where Amans fails, but also notes that this process is "ultimately successful because it offers Amans and the reader the opportunity for introspection, self-improvement, and consequently a healthier mind." He later adds that the "exempla" offer a means of education that then becomes a way to heal, which, he argues, is because the CA functions as a "consolation" poem. Runstedler offers close readings of the "Tale of Jason and Medea" and the "Tale of Apollonius of Tyre" to illustrate textual healing at work in Gower's poem. He then discusses Shakespeare's and Wilkin's "Pericles," too, perhaps to demonstrate Gower's readers' understanding of this concept, analyzing how the character Gower functions within this paradigm of textual healing. [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Runstedler, Curtis Published Runstedler, Curtis. "The Consolation of Exempla: Gower's Sources of Hope and 'Textual Healing' in the 'Confessio Amantis'." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Consolation of Exempla: Gower's Sources of Hope and 'Textual Healing' in the" Confessio Amantis" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Rogers focuses on "The Travelers and the Angel" from Gower's "Confessio Amantis," suggesting that it is fittingly in Book II of the poem as it deals with the struggle of envy. Using the work of Sianne Ngai--"ugly feelings"--Rogers argues "Envy is not simply a vehicle for decay of the world and community, but also a way to point out how the commons have been fleeced, as public and communal support becomes privatized and income inequity worsens." Rogers explains how envy might be used by us, channeling Gower, to question the increasingly failing social safety net and the growing corporate welfare of twenty-first century life. He then walks us through how he sees Ngai's work applying to Gower, particularly in regard to animal metaphors with a nod to Gower's "Vox Clamantis." Rogers then returns to "The Travelers and the Angel," arguing that "healing for the then-contemporary audience is as much about diagnosis as it is about cure itself." He then adds that, for him, healing in CA is incomplete and that the poem is permeated with a kind of pessimism before turning to claim that "What often seems negative or pessimistic in the 'Confessio' instead signals where healing can begin." Envy, Rogers suggests, is a vehicle to prompt discussion to then prompt healing. Here, Rogers offers his close reading of "The Travelers and the Angel" to illustrate how envy might work productively in the process he has outlined. He concludes that the tale suggests the cure for hurt is not to hurt others, but he also admits that this is not apparently easy. Rogers then returns his analysis to engaging the more recent past and present politics and political discourse of the United States. He offers a model in which envy might "help highlight and address problems which are not seen as harmful in Gower's text," and continues, "Envy, rightly positioned, might be central to healing and hope, a fact unvoiced in the 'Confessio Amantis'." Rogers concludes that envy, like trauma, has its use in our society because, as Gower demonstrates, it might lead us to healing. [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor RogersCon, Will. Published Rogers, Will. "The Price We Pay for Envy: A Political and Social 'Maladie'." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Price We Pay for Envy: A Political and Social "Maladie." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This essay is part of a special issue of "Chaucer Review" that reports newly discovered legal records that pertain to Geoffrey Chaucer, Cecily Chaumpaigne, and the mention of "raptus," and explores the implications and new pathways marked by these records. The essay itself advocates the use of archival research in historical and literary research, particularly legal records found in The National Archives of the UK; it includes a section describing not-before-noticed--relatively minor--records that pertain to Chaucer, Gower, John Skelton, and Sir Thomas Malory, as well as records that pertain to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The brief sub-section on Gower (pp. 513-15) describes two new life-records. The first (TNA, C 52/4/5/7 [Kent]) is a writ in the "Brevia" files that accompany Court of Common Plea rolls; it supplements a previously known record of Gower's action against Walter Cook concerning a contract to build a house in Aldyngton, or Aldington. The "contents of the writ are largely the same as that recorded on the plea roll," but it provides a "far more accurate time frame" for the action (the writ was issued October 16, 1381) and "two names endorsed on the writ, John Petyt and John Roger," which may offer "new leads" in helping to examine Gower's "presence in Aldyngton at this time" (514). The second new Gowerian life-record (TNA CP 52/5/1/1/7 [Norfolk]) pertains to "Gower's 1399 debt dispute with William and Denise Fisher in Norfolk" and, like the first example, gives only "fragments of new information": evidence that Gower was "personally present in Westminster" sometime during the week of October 12, 1399, and, again, the names of two men involved, Edmund Nevyll and John Davy, who in this instance stood surety that Gower "would prosecute the action" (514-15) against the Fishers. Roger and Prescott recognize that the records they discuss are not nearly as significant as those that pertain to Chaucer and Chaumpaigne, but, importantly, exemplify how even minor records, as they accumulate, "provide new insight" into literary lives and the "national and local events" that shaped these lives. Their Gower records are tidbits, but most welcome nevertheless. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Roger, Euan. Prescott, Andrew. Published Roger, Euan, and Andrew Prescott. "The Archival Iceberg: New Sources for Literary Life-Records." Chaucer Review 57, no. 4 (2022): 498-526 Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Archival Iceberg: New Sources for Literary Life-Records. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As his title suggests, Pearsall's book is a survey that covers a broad ground. Gower is one part of a six-part chapter on "Court Poetry" that also includes four sections on Chaucer and "Fifteenth-Century Court Tradition." His overall assessment of Gower is at once qualified and complimentary: " . . . he exerted little influence in the fifteenth century, was not much imitated, and seems to have been more respected than read, a misfortune which we may both understand, for he is exceedingly well-mannered and has a sense of decorum which can sometimes lead to monotony, and deplore: the example of his purity and integrity of style and the ease of his versification, which quite matches that of Chaucer within the simpler confines of the octosyllabic couplet, might have been more salutary for a lesser breed of writers than Chaucer's extravagant and inimitable singularity" (208). Unsurprisingly, except for a single mention each of the "Mirour" ("a lengthy moral treatise in Anglo-Norman") and the "Vox Clamantis" (a "violent diatribe in Latin on the ills of contemporary society"), Pearsall's focus is the "Confessio Amantis": "[Gower's] great claim as a poet is that in the frame of the 'Confessio' and in the inset narratives he responds to human situations with a warmth and range of imaginative sympathy which enables him to 'realise,' in a way more compelling than any prescription, the gentleness, courtesy, nobility, and generosity of spirit that lie at the heart of 'fyn lovynge' and, with that, of fine living" (211). Pearsall's summation is perceptive and instructive: "Gower, for whatever role as moralist or guardian of the nation's conscience he cast himself for, understood in his poetry the 'civilisation of the heart'" (212). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek. Published Pearsall, Derek. Old English and Middle English Poetry. Routledge History of English Poetry, vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Pp. 208-12. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old English and Middle English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review McShane opens with a discussion of the role of storytelling as narrative medicine, expanding this idea to include narrating as a way of making sense of events. Then, beginning her discussion of Gower in particular, McShane argues, "Gower gives us models in which interpersonal violence is a community concern and accountability requires community intervention." McShane focuses her study on the "Tale of Mundus and Paulina" and "Tale of Lucrece": "Social healing in both tales begins with believing women and ends with the community's demand for accountability--a model that is still aspirational, not realized, in our own moment." McShane succinctly points to the first connection between these two tales--that "women are believed and trusted"--before delving into the text. She provides thorough close readings of both tales to show how the community surrounding these women trust and believe what they are saying about the sexual assault they have faced. McShane notes a crucial difference between the tales, however, in that Paulina controls her narrative whereas Lucrece, by and large, does not, which could leave us to conclude, as McShane writes, "Lucrece's own resolution is, at best, only partial." Continuing her analysis, McShane demonstrates how personal harm becomes social and political harm. From this harm, then, and the accountability that the community seeks, we see structural change. As McShane nicely puts, speaking to "The Tale of Lucrece," "When those in authority are themselves responsible for social rupture, Gower suggests, structural change is necessary." For the "Tale of Mundus and Paulina," we instead see good leadership initiating change. McShane concludes by returning to her assertion that Gower's tales can still tell us a lot about our own society's issues--that he "offers flashes of healing possibility in narrative and other potential ways of being in community." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor McShane, Kara. Published McShane, Kara. "Healing, Accountability, and Community in Gower's Confessio Amantis" Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Healing, Accountability, and Community in Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review McCabe's fundamental argument in this essay is that Gower asserted himself as a major national poet, self-consciously positioned and proclaimed, sometime around 1390 in Latin "metatextual" materials that accompany the "Confessio Amantis," and anticipated in related materials found earlier in Gowerian texts and manuscripts. The argument is an extension of McCabe's previous, lengthier discussions of Gower's use of English in the CA, with increased emphasis on the poet's "extraclergial" lay didacticism through which he addressed and cultivated a broad public audience as well as patrons. For the earlier discussions, see McCabe's 2010 University of Toronto dissertation and his 2011 "Gower's Vulgar Tongue" (JGN 31.2), the latter duly cited in this essay. Presented in the "Oxford Handbook of Chaucer" (chapter 30), McCabe's essay is framed by aspects of Gower/Chaucer relations: opening with discussion of how the poets' "bids for a quasi-Petrarchan position as national author are mutually dependent . . . [and] also contestative" (564) and closing with suggestions that Chaucer's "Retraction" was deeply influenced by Gower's "combining of an earnest, Christian public address with the poetic resources of elite European culture as the twin bases of the new edifice, English poetry" (574). Chaucer aside, the center of the essay is close readings of "various authorial signatures found in the [Gower] manuscripts," particularly "the poems 'Quam cinxere', 'Explicit iste liber', 'Eneidos bucolis', the . . . corpus-sealing [prose] colophon 'Quia vnusquisque'," and the Gower-as-archer illustration found in several early manuscripts of "Vox Clamantis," discussing them as evidence of Gower's "self-positioning" relative "to an English public . . . [and] individual patrons" which serves as "the main platform for his self-presentation as an elite author" (564). In McCabe's readings, for example, "Explicit iste liber" marks England as Gower's "literary field" while "Quam cinxere" declares that his works "have already become the property of the nation" and "makes explicit Gower's claim to have gained a Chaucer-like national stature as an author" (565). "Quia vnusquisque" raises the topic of Gower's "didactic mission" in his three major works and makes this mission "the very grounds of Gower's claim to literary celebrity" (566). McCabe tells us that such didacticism "unmistakeably plays a central role in Gower's self-promotion as an author," made even clearer in "Eneidos bucolis," which like the triple headrest on Gower's tomb, presents the three works as a trilogy that with their Christian moral seriousness and English accessibility outdoes even Virgil's works: "English is privileged as the tongue of origin and consummation alike" in "Eneidos," even though the poem's "argument is promulgated in the traditional language of intellectual authority, Latin." That final qualification or concern (and several others along the way, including the question of the authorship of "Eneidos," the Christian seriousness of CA, and more) give us all cause to pause, McCabe acknowledges, but he insists that as an "embodiment of a species of vernacular theology," the "metatextual packaging" of Gower's works has "important implications for Gower's audience's taste, at least insofar as that taste was anticipated and cultivated by Gower and the collaborators and scribes responsible for promoting his works" (567). Later, and more pointedly, McCabe declares that "'Eneidos bucolis' valorizes not only public access but, specifically, the access to truth which the mother tongue grants to English Christians" (573). Switching gears somewhat, McCabe explores Gower's appeals to and for both elite and popular audiences, acknowledging his "self-identification with the social elite" (569) and his seemingly contradictory speaking as a "vox populi." For McCabe, this is made possible by a kind of anticlericalism that supports and gains rhetorical authority through an "extraclergial stance" which offers the "extraclergial wisdom" (573) of a poetic, lay theology of grace. Tracing these threads in Gower's works (including the Gower-as-archer illustrations that accompany VC), McCabe returns to "Eneidos," but only after having deduced that Gower claims "authority for himself . . . [in a] manner in which he . . . presupposes a considerable degree of lay solidarity and in turn effects a quite substantial extension of agency to the laity," inviting his audience to practice "public criticism" and "equipping such readers for this practice" (572), even on theological topics. In CA and "In Praise of Peace," McCabe says, English "emerges as a tongue whose chief resources for expressing theological truth reside . . . in intimacy, polysemy, and affect," although "this is not the place to examine either work in detail." He cites "In Praise of Peace," 337–57 and CA II.3187–497 as instances where "Gower juxtaposes natural human 'pite' and divine 'grace' in ways that frequently assign the natural passion a salvific function" and then refers us to his own "Gower's Vulgar Tongue" for "many similar moves" (573) that emphasize pious affect rather than clerical instruction. Before closing with comments on how Gower's "ostentatious piety" is likely to have influenced Chaucer's "Retraction," McCabe declares that "Gower's ability to push the boundaries of vernacular cultural mediation even as he reshapes the resources of an elite European poetry gave his poetry a quality not found in contemporary writings, and this distinction may explain the success of his poetry during his lifetime, as well as why, by 1390, he should have felt justified in claiming to have achieved the standing of a nationally significant author" (574). In addition to Chaucer, the "contemporary writings" McCabe's refers to here include "Piers Plowman," Langland's "alliterative imitators" (568), Usk, Clanvowe, "The Prickynge of Love," "Pore Caitif," and more, so his arguments are widely grounded. Similarly, his references to other critics range widely, although he does not mention Michael P. Kuczynski's "Gower's Virgil" (2007) which also discusses "Eneidos" and its Christian "outdoing" of Virgil in the poem without resolving the question of its authorship. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor McCabe, T. Matthew N. Published McCabe, T. Matthew N. "Vernacular Authorship and Public Poetry: John Gower." In Suzanne Conklin Akbari and James Simpson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Chaucer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 563-79. Unrestricted access at https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582655.013.38; accessed September 18, 2022. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Minor Latin Poetry Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vernacular Authorship and Public Poetry: John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As her title suggests, Lears' essay is generally concerned with "Piers Plowman," but it does include one extended reference to Gower's "Visio Anglie" ("Vox Clamantis" 1.9). In her discussion of aural play, noise, and the "poetics of lolling" in Langland's poem, Lears describes Gower's depiction of the eloquent jackdaw or jay (a figure for Wat Tyler) whose address provokes his listeners to break into a "hubbub of animalistic bleating, barking, and roaring." This is one among a "number of moments in the literature of medieval England"--perhaps the most notable one as Lears puts it--where the "dynamic of noise emerg[es] from misdirected attention or irrational listening," even though, as Lears acknowledges, the scene is more often discussed as Gower's "conservative strategy . . . to marginalize the voices of the peasants" (184). Further on, Lears suggests that Gower's "bird analogy" finds a "telling echo" in the "Wycliffite Tretise of Miraclis Pleying," (185), but she does not mention that both are reflexes of a widely observed orator-as-jay satiric topos found, for example, in Chaucer's description of the Summoner ("General Prologue" 1,642-43) and in the "Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II" of the Auchinleck manuscript, anthologized in Thomas Wright's "Political Songs of England" (1839; 828). Lears changes little or nothing in her treatment of her brief discussion of Gower when revising this essay for inclusion in her book-length study (see pp. 121-22), but she rearranges other things as she revises, adds an assessment of "Mum and the Sothsegger," and later in the book (pp. 186-87), cites Gower's use in "Confessio Amantis" (Book I, 2391) of the clapping-bell topos to decry boasting. Chaucer receives a good deal of attention elsewhere in Lears' book, as do Richard Rolle, Margery Kempe, and others--but not Gower. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lears, Adin E. Published Lears, Adin E. "Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 38 (2016): 165-200. Reprinted as chapter 3, "'Wondres to Here': Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif." In Adin E. Lears, World of Echo: Noise and Knowing in Late-Medieval England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020). Pp. 94-127. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Larson seeks to show that "The frequent appearance of confession in Middle English literature after 1215 suggests medieval writers perceived the usefulness of confession as a rhetorical tool, and appropriated the ecclesiastical form to use it for literary purposes" (229). She selects for evidence "the confessional model" as exemplified in the "Confessio Amantis," the "Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale," and Hoccleve's "Male Regle." Her discussion of the CA covers pp. 240-43. Larson accepts that Gower is applying the confessional model without irony, although she notes that "'Confessio Amantis' explores the power of the confessional format even as the limitations of the form itself seem to be reached" with "the setting at the court of Venus rather than a church" (241), an intentional, and in Larson's judgment essentially successful, exploitation of the confessional form: "In following Amans' progress through the sins and witnessing how he comes to understand his true nature and status, and his humility at the end, it is possible to see the efficaciousness of confession even if it is not technically one aimed at Christian moral development" (242). The selection of Genius's exempla sometimes troubles her ("such as the multiple tales involving incest"[242]), but for Larson's purposes--illustrating the value of confession for medieval readers--the CA is quite successful. In it, "confession has proved a fertile practice for self-definition, even when only the form is followed, rather than form in the service of a spiritual end, as in a Christian confession" (243). Ultimately she summarizes her reading of Amans, the Canon's Yeoman, and Hoccleve thusly: "The appearance of these literary confessions can be traced back to the practice of annual auricular confession endorsed at the Fourth Lateran Council. Such texts influenced English literature profoundly by making confessional discourse familiar, and thus available as a rich rhetorical resource authors both appropriated and reworked for a variety of purposes" (270). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Larson, Wendy. Published Larson, Wendy. "Confessing Something New: The Twenty-First Canon of the Fourth Lateran Council and English Literature." In Maureen B. M. Boulton, ed. Literary Echoes of the Fourth Lateran Council in England and France, 1215-1405. Papers in Mediaeval Studies, no. 31. Toronto, Ontario: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. Pp. 229-70. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessing Something New: The Twenty-First Canon of the Fourth Lateran Council and English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Hines reads Gower's "The Jew and the Pagan" in dialogue with Chaucer's "Prioress's Tale" in order to "see how intersections of justice and pity are formed by processes of identity and identification--who can and cannot feel pity, who can and cannot be identified with (132). She claims Gower's and Chaucer's tales in dealing with pity and violent justice "belong to an emergent 'structure of feeling' in fourteenth-century England" (132), using Raymond Williams's term. To elucidate her use of Williams's term, Hines discusses emergent affective experience, and then notes that such structures of feeling are located in language change. To apply this to the late fourteenth century Middle English lexicon, Hines details the uses of the word "pitee"--particularly in Gower and Chaucer's works where violent justice and pity intersect along anti-Semitic lines. She suggests "we can see [Gower and Chaucer] exploring the social, ethical, and religious complexities of the juncture between pity and justice in the processes of identity and identification" (133). Turning to Gower's "The Jew and the Pagan," Hines establishes Gower's use of pity in Book VII of "Confessio Amantis," assessing how he "identifies pity as incarnational" (134). Hines explains that, in this context, "The Jew and the Pagan" is "an example of and warning against misguided attachment to justice without mercy" (134). Quoting lines 3330-35, Hines asserts that Gower includes an extended gloss on Matthew 5:7 but changes it in one critical way by suggesting that those who show pity deserve pity. She continues, then, to demonstrate how Gower frames the foes of those who serve pity, naming two significant consequences for such an intersection of pity and justice. For Hines, "The real danger in Gower's tale, however, is that pitilessness becomes an 'essential' part of Jewish identity," (136), which of course then means that, by the tale's logic, the violent justice the Jew receives is somehow deserved. While agreeing with R. F. Yeager's assertion that "decision serves as the foundational marker of Jewishness for Gower in this tale," Hines adds that Gower's descriptions of such decision and the feelings that motivate it "ground Jewish difference in bodily difference and essentialize Jewish 'perversity' in ways that directly tie into medieval antisemitic narratives" (136). Hines presents a useful close reading of the tale to illustrate her argument, then, before shifting her discussion to the "Prioress's Tale." The comparison hinges upon Gower's and Chaucer's shared use of the verb "deserve"--the desert being pity in Gower and evil in Chaucer. Hines suggests Chaucer's tale "reflects the structure we saw in Gower that the pitying deserve violent justice" (138). In Chaucer's tale, the one pitying is the mother searching for her slain son, framing her as being persecuted despite being part of the Christian majority of the tale. Hines then discusses the critical discourse surrounding the Prioress vis-à-vis her portrait in the "General Prologue" compared to the tale she tells. She concludes "pity often falls into patterns of maintaining the self and the same" (139); furthermore, "for Chaucer and Gower, 'not-Jewish' resolves in an identity that is able to feel and embody pity and that merits violent justice through its pity" (139). [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hines, Jessica. Published Hines, Jessica. "'The pitous pite deserveth': Justice, Violence, and Pity in the "Prioress's Tale" and 'The Jew and the Pagan'" Exemplaria 34, no. 2 (2022), pp. 130-47. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Language and Word Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The pitous pite deserveth": Justice, Violence, and Pity in the "Prioress's Tale" and "The Jew and the Pagan." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Grinnell opens her essay with the COVID-19 pandemic in the foreground, advocating for poetry as a healing narrative community. She admits that Gower might be a surprising choice of poet to turn to for levity, but Grinnell contends "that the 'Confessio' does indeed create a space for narrative healing within the acknowledgement of mortality." Grinnell applies the work of Dan P. McAdams on the narrative identity of the self to the CA, claiming that it is applicable due to the way in which Amans constructs himself through stories and personal confession. Grinnell offers close readings that examine how laughter works in the tales, concluding, though, that the CA ultimately fails to produce humor that creates spontaneous joy and laughter. Turning to Book VIII, Grinnell suggests Venus's laughter as a turning point for relief for Amans from the pains of love. She argues, "This ending, in fact, which so compellingly thrusts the narrator away from his obsession and finally restores his reason, is happy in the sense that the character is finally freed from the painful desires of the flesh which have so tormented him." By the end of the poem, Grinnell claims, Amans has achieved a narrative identity that McAdams argues is the foundation to forming the self. She concludes, "[Amans] is healed not just by the removal of love's arrow, but also by becoming both poet and poetry." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Grinnell, Natalie. Published Grinnell, Natalie. "Writing into Hope: Laughter, Sadness, and Healing in John Gower's Confessio Amantis" Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Writing into Hope: Laughter, Sadness, and Healing in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gillhammer examines manuscripts in which "leaves containing a specific text are incorporated into a different manuscript than the one for which they were originally intended, thus being put to use in a new manuscript without rewriting or palimpsesting." Oxford, Trinity College MS 29, a paper MS compiled and written by a single scribe ca. 1482, borrows from print and MS sources to compose a history of the world from the creation to Hannibal. It is in prose, except for fols. 189r-192v, which contain "Confessio Amantis" Pro. ll. 567-1088, "Nebuchadnezzar's Dream," in verse. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gillhammer, Cosima Clara. Published Gillhammer, Cosima Clara. "A Recycled Extract from Gower's Confessio Amantis in Oxford, Trinity College, MS 29." Notes and Queries 68.1 (2021): 12-18. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Recycled Extract from Gower's "Confessio Amantis" in Oxford, Trinity College, MS 29. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galloway's complex argument--a quest to identify what he calls "literary voicing"--uses "voice" as a tool "to explore the boundary between works making primarily aesthetic claims and those with more direct claims on social and other social and other extra-narrative meaning" (244). To reach his subject, he triangulates between texts of Wyclif ("De civile dominio"), Chaucer ("Parliament of Fowls"), and Gower ("Vox clamantis"), with briefer excurses into John Clanvowe's "Book of Cupid" and--initially--Thomas Usk's "Appeal" (1383). Galloway sees Usk's behavior described there to influence the mayoral election pitting John of Northampton against Nicholas Brembre as an early attempt to harness the "common voice" of the people to influence a political result--something made to seem possible by the growing sense, from 1371-72, that such a "voice" existed, that it could be located in parliament, which should be accommodated by the king and lords' council in any laws passed. This surfaced powerfully in the Good Parliament of 1376 (246-50), hardened in the Merciless Parliament in the hands of the Appellants in 1388, and was further manipulated by Richard II in 1397 (251). This "common voice" could also be impacted by religious discourse. John Wyclif was especially effective in this, providing "intellectual resources" (252) to the concept, while developing "his own theory of 'collective voicing'" in "De civile domino" (253) and preaching against the Good Parliament. One result was the accusation that Wyclif bore responsibility for the 1381 Rising, to which Galloway accords some credence (254-58). Such developing concepts of "common voice" thus laid groundwork for the development of "further theoretical articulations [that] took place among the poets" (260). Chaucer, and especially Gower, cleared space for individual "literary voices"--an altogether new entity--through a trope of the "poet as reader"--bringing the collective "voice" of "old books" to bear on political issues which engaged the "configuration of society's 'voices'" (261). Gower uses "old books" to "give him words to describe modernity, and thus to articulate his contemporary condemnations" (263). This "wresting of original meanings to his own uses shows how history . . . is a language or medium of art, malleable to present purposes" (264). Gower manages a "blending of his voice of present condemnation with the texts he lifts and reapplied produces a temporal retrojection of himself as narrator. His 'common' voice becomes archaized: he utters the direct speech of textual wisdom . . . his voice seems of a piece with his ancient books--and hardly allows credit to be granted to it as his own" (264). Gower furthers this sense of his as the voice of "ancient wisdom" by casting himself as old and blind--a move Galloway suggests is more a trope than a fact--and somewhat ironic in light of the Septvauns affair (265-71). Chaucer's approach to old books and "authorities" in the "Parliament of Fowls" and to a lesser extent the "Book of the Duchess" Galloway presents as inextricable from his interaction with Gower from 1377 on (271-74), even suggesting that while there "is no direct proof that Chaucer used the Parliament to respond critically to Gower's "Vox" . . . the circumstantial evidence is compelling" (274). Gower's reply to the Parliament, Galloway decides, was the "Visio Anglie"--another "beast fable"--and the CA. In both of these, Gower's emphasis is on "self-sacrifice," in direct rebuttal of Chaucer's (and the cuckoo's) "Hobbsian" (283) world of self-interest and authoritarian control (280-85). In VC, this self-sacrifice is the subsumption of the individual authorial voice into an impersonal "speaker from long ago: less a modern reader of old books than a fragment of old books himself, a frozen image deictically aiming his poem's frozen arrows to a future that only the works readers could vivify by lived experience" (281). In the context of contrast with Chaucer, Galloway concludes with something like a plea for critical acuity: "The argument over whether Gower's entire poetic work is somehow 'unified' or endlessly dissonant should include not just what his work is, but also what it persists in seeking. Gower's continued and paradoxical effort both to speak for but also renew the 'old' suggests what we may call a Wycliffian ideal of the common voice: radical and elitist in its hopes of remaking institutions and society, yet conservative in its loyalty to what is imagined as having always been 'truly' expressed" (286). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew. Published Galloway, Andrew. "Common Voices in Theory and Practice in Late Fourteenth-Century England." In Richard W. Kaeuper, ed. Law, Governance, and Justice: New Views on Medieval Constitutionalism. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Pp. 243-86. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Common Voices in Theory and Practice in Late Fourteenth-Century England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fredell's essay serves as a response to the previous essays in this issue of "Accessus." He frames his response by suggesting "Amans's love complaint is not some hackneyed convention of medieval poetry, but a passionate testimony to terrible pain." Fredell points out how the end of the "Confessio Amantis" is a rupture and an exile--that Amans/Gower has been removed from the realm of love, that his body itself is a sign of exile. He goes on to explain how the realm of love from which Gower has been removed displays the Bohemian fashions made popular by Richard II's first queen, Anne of Bohemia. Finally, he concludes Gower in the CA "confronts the struggle to move forward" and acknowledges that healing is not the end of loss. Loss continues as part of the ghosts of trauma. [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fredell, Joel. Published Fredell, Joel. "Gower in Exile." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower in Exile. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Frank considers Chaucer's "Legend of Good Women" as "Chaucer's first collection of tales told" (66), using Gower's "Confessio Amantis" for comparison in one instance, and observing more generally that the stories in each work "have a point"--in the case of Gower, a "moral scheme" which he "takes seriously"; in Chaucer, a "simple value scheme" which "he takes lightly." The individual tales in both collections, moreover, share an "easy, unimpeded succession of events" (67) that is not particularly consistent with modern taste and concerns, Frank tells us, and he offers a summary of Gower's "Mundus and Paulina" (CA, Book I, 761ff.) as an example. He details a "variety of possibilities for expanded treatment" in the tale--issues of "character and psychology" (68) irrelevant in Gower's brisk narrative which epitomizes for Frank the "power" and "appeal of bald story" (69). Chaucer's legend of Cleopatra is not quite as successful in this regard, even though both tales exemplify the "perfectly legitimate activity" of "the brief recording of a story" (71). The moral concerns of the CA and the love concerns of LGW--even the multiple concerns of "The Canterbury Tales"--Frank maintains, are fundamentally excuses to tell stories. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Frank, Robert Worth, Jr. Published Frank, Robert Worth, Jr. "The Legend of Good Women: Some Implications." In Rossell Hope Robbins, ed. Chaucer at Albany (New York: Burt Franklin, 1975), pp. 63-76. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Legend of Good Women": Some Implications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fonzo's is a book with a mission. She contends that for reasons specific to each, the works of Langland, Gower, and Chaucer have been mis-read, largely through what she terms "retrospective prophecy": that is, a tendency to mistake "hindsight for insight," leading to claims "that a text anticipated a future historical event or movement, especially insofar as they may perpetuate myths of an always-improving historical timeline" (8). In order to correct this, her "book undertakes the excavation of the critical traditions of reading Langland, Gower, and Chaucer as prophetic in order to recover the complex and creative prophetic personae that they themselves sought to cultivate, often in defiance of rather than compliance with the discourse of political prophecy" (11)." She addresses Gower in chapter three, "Henry IV and the Ex Post Facto Construction of a Prophetic John Gower," pp. 70-103. Her reading of Gower is that he "actively adopted" political prophecies, whereas Langland "teasingly invoked and ridiculed them . . . and Chaucer avoided them entirely" (6). Fonzo's final paragraph conveniently sums up both chapter and book: "Despite the fact that no conclusive manuscript evidence supports the idea that Gower predicted Richard II's fall from power, the poet has remained a prophet in contemporary criticism for a cluster of interrelated reasons. First, both Gower and the Lancastrians were promoting this perception of the poet. Second, Gower's prophetic reputation has a cumulative effect. For instance [Malcolm] Parkes has based his perceptions of when Gower altered the 'Vox' upon [G. C.] Macaulay's interpretations of when Gower revised the 'Confessio.' Third, there remain very few editions of Gower's works, and the most prominent of those that do exist have been edited by people championing the perspective of a prophetic Gower. Fourth, the nature of Richard II's rule is still debated among historians, largely because we cannot tell which parts of history have been obscured by Lancastrian propaganda. Gower is often conscribed into this debate as either a witness to Richard's tyranny or an opportunistic traitor and foil for the supposedly loyal Ricardian poet, Chaucer. Fifth, the 'red herring' recension of the 'Confessio' that Gower happened to have originally dedicated to both Richard and Henry has served as a source of confusion for later scholars attempting to understand the circumstances surrounding its composition. Sixth, because Gower's works are either not in English or prohibitively long, they are rarely granted a prominent place on the syllabi of most English courses. Those who study and teach Gower's works cannot make the case for his importance solely from canonical relevance. Gower is important, much criticism tells us, because he had an uncanny talent for diagnosing problems in his country's general populace and leadership. Finally, audiences of any period rarely expect authors to be as crafty as Gower appears to have been in his prophetic self-fashioning. Gower's efforts to depict himself as a sage authority have cemented his reputation as a keen political observer but overshadowed his other literary accomplishments" (103). It is suggested that alongside Fonzo's book three essays by Peter Nicholson could be profitably read: "Gower's Revisions in the Confessio Amantis" ("Chaucer Review"19 [1984]; "The Dedications of Gower's Confessio Amantis" ("Mediaevalia" 10 [1984]; and "Poet and Scribe in the Manuscripts of Gower's Confessio Amantis" in Derek Pearsall, ed., "Manuscripts and Texts: Editorial Problems in Later Middle English Literature" (1987). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fonzo, Kimberly. Published Fonzo, Kimberly. Retrospective Prophecy and Medieval English Authorship. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2022. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Retrospective Prophecy and Medieval English Authorship. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Per his title, Edwards tracks owners and records of sale for manuscripts of the CA, primarily from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but also citing, as earliest, documents of sale from 1413, and 1545 (180), and frequently following sales and owners into the twentieth century. The article, which clearly will stand as a cornerstone of investigation into these matters, is entirely names and dates, one after another, and hence impossible to summarize. Edwards is refreshingly content to present this information without theoretical speculation, taking its value qua information for granted. Notable are the footnotes, which in addition to broad-ranging and sometimes obscure--thus quite valuable--bibliography are several suggested additions to provenance of specific manuscripts as stated in Derek Pearsall and Linne R. Mooney, A Descriptive Catalogue of the English Manuscripts of John Gower's Confessio Amantis (2021). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Edwards, A. S. G. Published Edwards, A. S. G. "The Ownership and Sale of Manuscripts of John Gower's Confessio Amantis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." The Library 23 (2022): 180-90. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Bibliographies, Reports, and Reference Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Ownership and Sale of Manuscripts of John Gower's "Confessio Amantis" in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Delasanta finds many "errors about things literary" (292) in the Man of Law's Prologue and Tale, errors and emphases voiced by Chaucer's fictional lawyer in ways that undercut the character ironically. Among these, Delasanta cites "the famous denigration of Gower" that has been found in the Man of Law's references to incest in the tales of Canace and of Apollonius, often treated as Chaucer's jibes against Gower who tells both of these tales in the "Confessio Amantis." However, quoting from Gower's account of Antiochus's assault on his daughter in CA, Book 8, 288-300, Delasanta finds a "tone of prudish petulance" (292) in the Man of Law's horrified summary and identifies details that reflect his (not Chaucer's) "misremembering" of both of Gower's tales (293). This and a number of other incorrect or inappropriate uses of texts, Delasanta tells us, characterize the Man of Law as a "kind of ersatz Christian man: the housetop shouter, the sober brow who blesses and approves with a text, the Pharisee who thanks God that he is not as other men, the whited sepulchre" (309-10).] [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Delasanta, Rodney. Published Delasanta, Rodney. "'And of Great Reverence': Chaucer's Man of Law." Chaucer Review 5, no. 4 (1971): 288-310. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "And of Great Reverence": Chaucer's Man of Law. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bychowski opens with a call for hope and healing in the present with the alarming number of anti-transgender laws that had been proposed in the early months of 2021 in the United States. She then details the potential experiences and struggles that face transgender children, asking how we can offer them prayers to uplift them. Bychowski explains how such questions have brought her back to John Gower, particularly the Confessio Amantis, in which she sees " the imagined lives (and deaths) of transgender children, Iphis and Narcissus." Referring to her other work on transgender lives in Gower, Bychowski discusses the dysphoria of hope. She asserts, "If the 'Confessio Amantis' is a confession of love, I argue, one might see it also as a speaking-together prompted by parental love, a discourse between vertical and horizontal identities, like and unlike, generation and generation, the contingently known and the yet unknown." But then she adds the dimension of "queerly slanted love" that crosses identifications and temporalities, which she seems to use as her entrance into the close readings that follow. Reading these stories, Bychowski seizes the opportunity to advocate for trans affirming laws and healthcare. She explains how Gower is "a poet-parent of transgender children" by including them in the narratives that make up the CA. He uses these characters' identities as they existed in the past of his sources, but Gower, too, modifies them to fit his own age. This brings Bychowski to speculate about what experiences Gower might have had with transgender folx and to reference Bruce Holsinger's "A Burnable Book" that includes the transgender woman, Eleanor Rykener. Bychowski then examines the different conclusions that Gower brings to his two trans children: Iphis and Narcissus. She explains how the situations differ for the trans feminine character (Narcissus) versus the trans masculine character (Iphis), noting that both are affected by patriarchal sexism. Bychowski concludes that Gower, through these characters in his tales, offers us a mirror to reflect on and to question our laws, healthcare, and society. She then ends with this beautiful line that drives home the importance of such work in our field (and others): "Again, we may find the spirit of our beloveds blossoming in yet unborn generations, in unpredictable queer times and queer worlds, in unimaginable likeness and strangeness, in work and promises unfinished." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bychowksi, Gabrielle M. W. Published Bychowksi, Gabrielle M. W. "The Unfinished Hope of Gower's Transgender Children." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Unfinished Hope of Gower's Transgender Children. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bullón-Fernández's essay is another response to the previous essays in this issue of "Accessus." She begins by acknowledging the (then) recent Omicron variant of Covid at the end of 2021 that was thwarting the hope for the end of the pandemic. Thinking of the "fast-moving cycle of hope and despair" that was part and parcel of the pandemic, Bullón-Fernández asks whether we can find hope and healing in John Gower's work. She suggests, "The essays reveal that Gower's hope is not naïve and that the healing is not always or unambiguously successful; it is just 'ynowh.'" Bullón-Fernández then tracks the intersections of the work of Salisbury, McShane, Runstedler, and Bychowski, suggesting these essays advocate for poetry's ability to heal the community. She asserts that Rogers's and Grinnell's start from positions of doubt in the hope the CA expresses. Bullón-Fernández sees all six essays recognizing "the 'Confessio' does not offer easy answers or remedies to sickness." She turns to the end of the poem, offering a brief close reading to show Gower's recognition of the multiple afflictions of earthly love. She concludes, "A sense of peace and hope comes from accepting that the cure will likely make us feel just 'hol ynowh'." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bullón-Fernández, María. Published Bullón-Fernández, María. "'Hol ynowh.'" Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Hol ynowh." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Akbari summarizes her book as follows: "'Idols in the East' explores the continuities linking medieval and modern discourses concerning Islam and the Orient in order to unearth the roots of modern Orientalism, and to examine the categories, hierarchies, and symbolic systems that were used to differentiate the Western self from its Eastern other" (1). In chapter 1--"The Shape of the World"--Akbari traces the paradigm shift that started in the twelfth century and culminated in the fourteenth century in which the properties of heat and cold, traditionally associated with the south and the north respectively, were transferred to the east and the west. This resulted in "the production of a binary opposition of East and West, the first a torrid climate populated by irascible people having weak, swarthy bodies, the second a cool climate populated by rational people having strong, fair bodies" (15). Akbari draws attention to Gower's brief descriptive geography in Book VII of CA, which is "after the forme of Mappemounde" (VII, 530). Even though Akbari does not dwell long on Gower she describes Gower's "Mappemounde" as an "extraordinary recasting" of "mappa mundi" conventions (47). She notes that Gower follows the conventional tripartite division of Asia, Europe, and Africa, in which Asia is the largest continent and is "defined in terms of the sun" but that he also unusually defines Asia as "coterminous with the Orient itself" ("Of Orient in general / Withinne his bounde Asie hath al," VII, 554-55). Akbari further states that Gower follows "Augustine, Isidore, Hrabanus Maurus, Vincent of Beauvais, and Bartholomaeus Anglicus" in the division of the tripartite world into two parts: "Orient and Occident, occupied by Asia, on the one side, and Europe and Africa on the other" (47). Commenting how "this two-part division of East and West is in tension with the competing binary opposition of frigid north and torrid south," she demonstrates how Gower invokes the two-part division of the world into east and west and positions the west as aligned with cold and the east with "overwhelming heat, understood in both a literal and a moral sense" (48): "In occident as for the chele, / in orient as for the hete" (VII, 582-83). Akbari concludes by placing Gower in a collection of "certain medieval texts [and authors]," like Bartholomaeus Anglicus and Chaucer, that participate "in the construction of a cold, dispassionate, northerly Occident" (48). [TZ. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Akbari, Suzanne Conklin. Published Akbari, Suzanne Conklin. Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100-1450 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2009), pp. 46-48. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100-1450. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The venerable, standard edition of all of Gower's works, with excellent evaluative introductions, explanatory notes, and glossaries. Lists and describes most manuscripts known at the time of publication for each work: MO (I, lxvii-lxix); CB (I, lxxix-lxxxiii); Traitié (I, lxxxv-lxxxvii); CA (II, cxxxviii-clxvii); VC and CrT (IV, lix-lxxi). Authoritative texts: MO based on MS. Cambridge University Library Additional 303, the only one extant; CA based on MS. Fairfax 3, carefully collated with all previous editions and MSS. Bodleian 902, 294, and Corpus Christi College 67; VC and CrT based on MS. All Souls 98, collated with all other known manuscripts; PP, CB, and Traitié based on MS. Trentham; Short Latin Poems based on Trentham and Cotton Tiberius A IV. For works of questionable authorship, see II, clxxiii-clxxiv. For a useful and informative summation of all biographical information known to the time of publication, see IV, vii-xxx; for the chronology of the poems, now standard, Macaulay gives MO, prior to 1390; CB, ca. 1399; Traitié, ca. 1398, CA, between 1386 and 1393; VC, ca. 1382 or shortly thereafter. Includes detailed, accurate discussions of Gower's Anglo-Norman language and versification (I, xvi-xxxiv) and Middle English (II, xcii-cxxvii), with summary descriptions of the contents of CA (II, xxix-xcii by book and line), and of VC (IV, xxxiv-lvii by book and chapter). A facsimile of the Gower-as-archer portrait is included as the frontispiece in volume IV, from MS. Cotton Tiberius A. IV, f. 9. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Macaulay, G. C., ed. Published Macaulay, G. C., ed. The Complete Works of John Gower: Edited from the Manuscripts with Introductions, Notes, and Glossaries. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899-1902. Reprint. Grosse Point, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1968. Vols. 2-3 printed as The English Works of John Gower. Early English Text Society, Extra Series, Nos. 81-82. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1900-01; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957 and 1968. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Complete Works of John Gower: Edited from the Manuscripts with Introductions, Notes, and Glossaries. 4 vols. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899-1902 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints, following Thomas Warton (1778), two passages from CA that "convey a lively impression of the author" and adds portions of two tales (no source given): "Rosiphele" IV, 1283-1328, 1430-34, and "The Travelers and the Angel," II, 291-364; glosses at bottom of page. Brief biography, with portrait. A fourth edition (1893), edited by Robert Carruthers, titled "Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors with Specimens of Their Writings," I:22-23, prints "Two Coffers," CA V, 2273-2390, instead of "Rosiphele" and "The Travelers." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Chambers, Robert, ed. Published Chambers, Robert, ed. Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors from the Earliest to the Present Times. London: W. & R. Chambers, 1854, volume I, pp. 23-25. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amants Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cyclopaedia of English Literature: A History, Critical and Biographical of British Authors from the Earliest to the Present Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1854 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints (with expurgations of sexual material) from CA Book I, 93-266; "Albinus and Rosemund," Book 1, 2459-2662; "Travellers and the Angel," Book II, 291-372; "Ceix and Alceone," Book IV, 2927-3123; "Jason and Medea," Book V, 3247-4222; and portions of the dialogue between the Lover and his Confessor, Book IV, 1083-1244 and 2771-2926; Book V, 7030-7194. Text reprinted from Reinhold Pauli (1857), but lineated according to Macaulay (1899-1902). [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor B[ennett], H. S.], intro. Published B[ennett], H. S., intro. Gower: Confessio Amantis: Selections. Cambridge Plain Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower: "Confessio Amantis": Selections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Morley, Henry. Published Morley, Henry, ed. English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature. London: Cassell, 1889. Vol. IV: 150-240. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Cinkante Balades Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Vox Clamantis Cronica Tripertita Confessio Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Language and Word Studies Review Morley's biographical sketch of Gower (pp. 150-60) surveys and offers corrections to previous accounts, with description of Gower's tomb and its inscriptions, followed by a description of the Trentham MS, including a history of the balade form and a printing of CB 2, with a translation (pp. 165-66). A second chapter follows concerning VC, with a description of the Revolt of 1381, narrative summaries of VC and CrT, and commentary on the "spirit" of VC as helping to justify Chaucer's label of "moral" Gower (200). A third chapter follows on CA, characterizing the poem as "earnest as it could be made by a writer hampered with the working of a fashionable piece of intellectual machinery for which, writing also when aged and in ill health, he did not really care" (201). An extensive summary/description of CA follows, book by book, interspersed with--and closed by--commentary on textual revisions, sources, analogues, and the "musical" qualities of Gower's English verse and diction. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1889 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Refers to Dr. Johnson's comment, in the preface to his "Dictionary" (1755), that Gower was a smooth versifier and an easy rhymer, only to disagree that this is an important achievement. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Arnold, Matthew. Published Arnold, Matthew. "The Study of Poetry." Essays in Criticism: Second Series. London: Macmillan, 1888, pp. 1-55, esp. 28-29. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Study of Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1888 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower is formally indebted to the confession literature of the late Middle Ages. His impulses are all didactic. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weber, Edwart. Published Weber, Edwart. Gower: Zur Literarischen Form seiner Dichtung. Bad Homburg: Weber, 1966. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower: Zur Literarischen Form seiner Dichtung. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Weber, Edwart. Published Weber, Edwart. John Gower: Dichter einer Ethischpolitischen Reformation. Bad Homburg: Weber, 1965. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Cronica Tripertita Review Argues that Gower's works ae divisible into "moral" (MO, VC, CrT) and "amorous" (CA, CB, Traitie) groups. This particular study deals with the former, using an historical as well as a critical approach. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower: Dichter einer Ethischpolitischen Reformation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "In Praise of Peace"; citing John Urry's edition, 1721. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bell, John, printer. Published Bell, John, printer. The Poetical Works of Geoff. Chaucer in Fourteen Volumes: The Miscellaneous Pieces from Urry's edition 1721, The Canterbury Tales from Tyrwhitt's edition 1775. Edinburg: Apollo Press, 1782. Vol. XIII, pp. 139-53. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Poetical Works of Geoff. Chaucer in Fourteen Volumes: The Miscellaneous Pieces from Urry's Edition 1721, The Canterbury Tales from Tyrwhitt's Edition 1775. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1782 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "An analysis of the influence of the 'Roman de la Rose' on the 'Confessio Amantis' allows us appreciation of the unity and coherence of John Gower's major English poem, and illuminates aspects of Gower's poetic practice which have been marginalized in criticism." RR is the "generic model" of CA, "from which Gower derives not only the main characters but also the central theme and ironic textual strategy" of his poem. "Both poems are concerned with the relationship of sexual desire to reason . . . . [and this] opposition is explored through the juxtaposition of amatory and moral literary traditions and arguments of inadequate authority figures in the absence of a definitive authorial point of view . . . ." RR "provides Gower with the model for his deployment of digressions to place sexual desire in the context of essential human nature . . . . Thus the digressions in the 'Confessio Amantis' function as integral parts of the poem which possesses both intellectual and formal unity . . . . In the digressions in Book V of the 'Confessio Amantis,' for example, Gower draws on the presentation of the narrative of Venus and Mars in the 'Roman de la Rose' to question the allegorical interpretation of Ovidian exempla, and to dramatize the comic difficulties created by Genius's irreconcilable commitments to the amatory and the moral." Author/Editor Author/Editor Robson, A. N. Published Robson, A. N. "The Influence of the 'Roman de la Rose' on the 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge, 1991. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 40.4 (1991), no. 7417. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Influence of the "Roman de la Rose" on the "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Studies the tradition of Medea "as it is manifested in English and French Literatures [sic] from approximately 1160 to 1477 together with a discussion of Medea's classical background and appearance in a number of important medieval Latin and Italian texts . . . . The focus of my discussion is on the presentation of Medea in late-fourteenth and early-fifteenth century English literature where her story is represented by three histories of Troy . . . as well as Chaucer, in the 'Legend of Good Women,' and Gower, in the 'Confessio Amantis'." Author/Editor Author/Editor McDonald, N. F. Published McDonald, N. F. "'Diverse folk diversely they seyde': A Study of the Figure of Medea in Medieval Literature." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Oxford, 1994. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 45.5 (1996), no. 12132. Abstract accessible via Proquest Dissertations & Theses. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Diverse folk diversely they seyde": A Study of the Figure of Medea in Medieval Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study concentrates on the major works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower and, without making any specific links between the two writers, investigates some of the devices used to make their long poems cohere . . . . The Introduction examines some forms of manuscript layout used to analyse and represent the constituent parts of an argument or narrative: the 'arbor' and its branches, the 'species' or genealogy, and the use of marginal commentary to modify or interpret a text . . . . Chapter Two demonstrates the flexibility of the manual form, with reference to 'Handlyng Synne . . . , elaborated upon with regard to the 'Confessio Amantis,' and Gower is shown to display a nascent sense of individuality fostered by penitential practice to focus his morality upon the conscience of his reader. The next three chapters deal with the 'Mirour de l'Omme' and 'Vox Clamantis' and their contexts. Society, in the form of the estates, and morality, the Virtues and Vices and 'species' thereof, supply the structural models for much of these works. The final chapter examines the proliferation of prophecies at the time of Gower's 'Cronica Tripertita,' and suggests that he used these as models to create a justification of Bolingbroke's rise to the throne." Author/Editor Author/Editor Higgins, Richard Ian. Published Higgins, Richard Ian. "Narrative Models: The Structure of the Major Works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower." Ph.D. Dissertation. Brunel University, 1993. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 43.3 (1994), no. 5257. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Chronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narrative Models: The Structure of the Major Works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "My dissertation argues that the pose of melancholy was a vital framing fiction in later medieval poetry . . . . a therapeutic strategy, which used a playful fiction to try to unveil the more dangerous fictions of those in power. I investigate the medical, philosophical and religious traditions of melancholy . . . prov[ing] that, by the middle of the fourteenth century, an accepted bank of symptoms had been established in literature as well as in medical treatises . . . . I then trace the political role of the melancholic narrator in vernacular poetry from Machaut to Lydgate . . . ." In CA, Gower "highlights the melancholic nature of Amans and Genius . . . to justify the creative feigning of his poetic process and to create parallels with socially disruptive characters in the text. He loads his poem with the threat of violence which will erupt if melancholic voices are ignored." Author/Editor Author/Editor Dunlop, L. M. Published Dunlop, L. M. "Cities without Walls: The Politics of Melancholy from Machaut to Lydgate." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge, 1997. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 47.3 (1998), no. 5507. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cities without Walls: The Politics of Melancholy from Machaut to Ly.dgate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This dissertation explores the relationships between different constructions of ethics and politics in the intricate thematic and narrative structures of Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.' Chapter 1 reconsiders [the] confession[al] . . . dialogue of Amans and Genius as an internal dialogue between faculties of a single psyche . . . , [arguing] that Gower's use of penitential materials is one of secular appropriation . . . [whereby] various ethical and ecclesiological norms of penitential writings exert even less pressure on [CA] . . . than on Gower's earlier 'Mirour de l'Omme.' Genius's tendency to represent spirituality as immanent in secular society is given its fullest and most idealistic treatment in a cluster of romance narratives which I define in my second chapter: these are tales with a basic narrative structure in common, through which Gower can resolve the poems' ethical, sexual, familial and political themes harmoniously and in parallel. The optimistic closure, however, is resisted by a more sceptical narrative current, owing much to Ovid's 'Metamorphoses.' The patterns of competition between more confident and more sceptical currents is a recurrent feature of the 'Confessio's' design, its most striking and problematic manifestation in the poem's politics, which I explore in Chapters 3 to 5. In narrative and 'in propria persona', here as well as elsewhere in his works, Gower asserts and explores the authorial role of a public poet addressing the king and the nation." Author/Editor Author/Editor Dimmick, Jeremy Neil. Published Dimmick, Jeremy Neil. "Patterns of Ethics and Politics in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge, 1997. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 47.3 (1998), no. 5506. Dissertation Abstracts International C70.19. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patterns of Ethics and Politics in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "By explaining and comparing the treatment of five of the tales about classical women that appear in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' and recur in Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' this thesis examines the interrelationships between late fourteenth-century poetry and the socio-political environment of the times. . . . An investigation of the Prologues of both poems . . . introduce[s] the range of issues and material". . . , including "socio-legal consideration of rape ('Philomela') . . . [and] concerns with the female body, female sexual desire and the mechanisms of the marriage market ('Ariadne'). It then considers how a rejection of conventional gender roles in both literary and social spheres is used to articulate anxieties regarding the preservation of noble and national hegemony ('Dido') . . . , broadened out ('Medea' and 'Lucrece') to an examination of both poets' inscription of contemporary political concerns in their tales . . . [and revealing] the gendered poetics and sexual politics that underlie both Chaucerian and Gowerian verse." Author/Editor Author/Editor Canty, R. Published Canty, R. "The Representation of Gender in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' and Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' and Its Relation to Cultural Anxieties in England at the End of the Fourteenth Century." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Exeter, 1997. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 47.5 (1998), no. 10628. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Representation of Gender in Chaucer's "Legend of Good Women" and Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and Its Relation to Cultural Anxieties in England at the End of the Fourteenth Century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Youngman, William Auther. Published Ph.D. Dissertation. Cornell University, 2014. Open access at https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/36190 (accessed February 3, 2023). iv; 248 pp. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Influence and Later Allusion Review Coining the phrase "senex style" in his dissertation, Youngman studies the "the function of old age as a textual and metaphorical category" (6) as expressed in "a particular rhetorical and stylistic set of practices that surround seemingly commonplace illustrations of old age, but mark these texts as resistant to the narrated restraints of what they describe of age" (7). He "traces the paradoxical treatment of old men from the Reeve in 'The Canterbury Tales' to John Gower's reanimated role in Shakespeare's 'Pericles' . . . , [i]ncorporating fifteenth century authors, such as Thomas Hoccleve, and scribes and printers, such as John Shirley and William Caxton, together with Chaucer, and Gower. . . . By focusing on a set of elements, which although shared are deployed differently, [Youngman] contend[s] that authors and speakers employ in new ways a paradoxical set of characteristics in depictions of old men taken from classical literature. . . . [T]his examination of senex style demonstrates how the figure of the old man bridges categories of language and body, by examining non-normative and less-than-able selves that are defined not only by bodily impairments but also rhetorical postures of disability and prosthesis" (ii). Youngman's treatment of Gower includes discussion of the juxtaposition of CA with several of Chaucer's lyrics in British Library MS. Additional 22139, Gower's use of senex style in CA and in "Quicquid homo scribat," and the use of the choral Gower as revision--a form of textual prosthesis--in "Pericles," where "Shakespeare reads Gower closely to the way I read him, as poeta senex, practitioner par excellence of senex style" (187). [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rewriting Old Age from Chaucer to Shakespeare: The Invention of English Senex Style. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Sweeten's abstract: "This dissertation explores the . . . trend of Middle English texts rendering marriage in economic terms and metaphor to determine what such treatment indicates about the shifting social relations of marriage in late medieval England. . . , contending that the rising prevalence of market exchanges in every day life gives rise to the use of economic language and metaphor to better understand changing social relations. The Introduction establishes the historical basis of marriage in this period as well as the development of medieval economic thought in a burgeoning market economy. Chapter 1 focuses on two major Middle English texts, Geoffrey Chaucer's the 'Wife of Bath's Prologue' and William Langland's 'The Vision of Piers the Plowman,' to consider how female figures taking part in the medieval marital market appropriate economic thought to dictate the parameters of their own exchange, the process of each commenting on the contradictory nature of the medieval marriage. Chapter 2 considers the role of avarice in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' and the anonymous Middle English poem 'Wynnere and Wastoure' to plot how marriage is treated like local economies, where hoarding through avaricious desire harms all participants in the economy. Chapter 3 unpacks the function of widowhood in Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde,' ultimately contending that Crisyede's plight demonstrates the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of unfixed marital statuses in late medieval England. Finally, Chapter 4 looks at the function of labor in marriage as both a demonstration of marital identity and methodology for agency within marriage, focusing on the Middle English Breton Lay 'Emare' [and its] use of textile labor. . . ." Author/Editor Author/Editor Sweeten, David Wayne Published Ph. D. Dissertation. The Ohio State University, 2016. Open access at https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1468414544&disposition=inline (accessed February 3, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Ymaried moore for hir goodes": The Economics of Marriage in Middle English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Expands upon Ernst Curtius's topos of the "mundus inversus," aided by Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of the carnivalesque and textual dialogism, to explore the how "modulating inversions" result in "playful multiplicity" in "medieval texts drawn from various European traditions," often generated through "irony, antithesis and paradox" (from Sabadash's abstract), and here assessed in fifteenth-century German carnival plays; the "Narrenliteratur" (primarily Sebastian Brant); the twelfth-century Latin "Ysengrimus"; the Old French "Roman de Renard"; Wittenwiler's fifteenth-century German "Ring"; Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Sabadash's discussion of Gower (pp. 141-71) passes quickly over VC as an apocalyptic "vision of universal disorder" (142), while she identifies in more detail a variety of themes and structural techniques of inversion, duplicity, and disorder in CA. Despite earlier critics' efforts to find unity in a movement from courtly to Christian love in the poem, the "teasing incongruities" of CA, Sabadash tells us, "playfully upset all attempts to establish a coherent meaning"; "its multifarious tales ultimately fail to offer a consistent morality and offer instead, like the 'Roman de la Rose,' a complex mirror in which is reflected the many faces of love" (162). To close her discussion, she explores the ambiguities and ambivalences of the character of Genius in both CA and VC, concluding that the CA "demonstrates the capacity of the 'upside-down' topos to invert and interrogate itself." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sabadash, Deborah Margaret. Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Toronto, 1993. Dissertation Abstracts International 55 (1994): 561A. Full-text accessible at ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; accessed February 3, 2023. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Vox Clamantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Worlds Upside-down: Inversive Structures in Late Medieval Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Richmond, Andrew Murray. Published Ph.D. Dissertation. The Ohio State University, 2015. Open access at http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428671857 (accessed February 3, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review From Richmond's abstract: "My dissertation . . . interpret[s] the textual landscapes and ecological details that permeate late-medieval British romances . . . c.1300 – c. 1500, focusing on . . . fourteenth- and fifteenth-century English and Scottish conceptions of the relationships between literary worlds and 'real-world' locations. In my first section, I analyze the role of topography and the management of natural resources in constructing a sense of community in 'Sir Isumbras,' 'William of Palerne,' and 'Havelok the Dane,' and explain how abandoned or ravaged agricultural landscapes in 'Sir Degrevant' and the 'Tale of Gamelyn' betray anxieties about the lack of human control over the English landscape in the wake of population decline caused by civil war, the Black Death, and the Little Ice Age. My next section examines seashores and waterscapes in 'Sir Amadace,' 'Emaré,' 'Sir Eglamour of Artois,' the 'Awntyrs off Arthure,' and the Constance romances of Chaucer and Gower. Specifically, I explain how a number of romances present the seaside as a simultaneously inviting and threatening space whose multifaceted nature as a geographical, political, and social boundary embodies the complex range of meanings embedded in the Middle English concept of "play" – a word that these texts [including Gower's tale of Apollonius] often link with the seashore. Beaches, too, serve as stages upon which the romances act out their anxieties over the consequences of human economic endeavor, with scenes where shipwrecks are configured as opportunities for financial gain for scavengers and as mortal peril for sailors [including Constance]. In my third section, I move beyond the boundary space of the sea to consider the landscape descriptions of foreign lands. . . , focusing in particular on representations of Divine will manifested through landscape features and dramatic weather in the Holy Land of 'Titus and Vespasian' and the Far East of 'Kyng Alisaunder.' Finally, my concluding section returns to literary descriptions of medieval Britain, examin[ing] the idea of the 'foreign at home.' I discuss here how romances of Scotland and the Anglo-Scottish border such as 'Sir Colling,' 'Eger and Grime,' and 'Thomas of Erceldoune' cast the Border landscape as one defined by rugged topography, extreme weather, and an innate sense of independence, while also emphasizing its proximity to the Otherworlds of Fairy and Hell. I then trace how these topics get developed later, in the early modern ballads that are based on some of these romances, explaining how song-texts persist in communicating some of these same ideas regarding Scottish and northern English landscapes." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reading Landscapes in Medieval British Romance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Matthews, Ricardo. Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Irvine, 2016. Open access at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cz1v5sv (accessed February 2, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review From Matthews' abstract: "This dissertation examines a medieval genre that combines narration, in prose or verse, with inserted lyrical poems. . . . [a] 'mixed genre,' whether as a prosimetrum or its all verse variation. . . . [W]ithin the mixed genre, narrative frames surround. . . , song as a locus of subjectivity. . . , [and] I am interested in the form's capacity to suggest, or even stage, the impression of a singular, emotional subject in a variety of works: Chaucer's Knight's Tale, the Tristan en prose, John Gower's Confessio Amantis, Charles of Orleans' two books, one in French and the other English, and Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." Matthews' discussion of CA (pp.154-210) centers on Gower's "ongoing engagement" (156) with French forms, particularly instances where tensions and clashes recur, whether it be the "mixture" (162) of love with politics, shifts in stylistic registers, the use of "unharmonious and discordant" (176) complaints where we might otherwise find "elegant" dits amoureux, or the disjunction between Amans'/Gower's old age and the enterprise of love which makes "the songs he sings . . . naturally discordant"--"songs ill-suited to the poem's meter" (177), songs which, paradoxically, "reveal an embattled poet, unknown even to himself, inappropriately expecting success in love where none can be" (184). Reading Gower's Traitié for its tensions between ballade form and sober subject matter, Matthews argues further that "the Traitié and the Confessio Amantis form a continuous unity around the kind of poetic identity that the dits amoureux adopt, a poetics of persona that is . . . multiplicitous," (203), a "tangle of perspectives" resulting in a work that is "so unique" that "[u]nlike other prosimetra or mixed verse dits," it "concludes with no true authorial figure emerging from the work." Instead, "[s]ubjectivity becomes submerged into questions of genre--amorous, didactic, political, philosophical--with neither ceding ground to the other" (210). [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Overheard Song: Medieval Lyric in the Mixed Genre. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Martin's abstract: This thesis is the first full study of the transmission and reception of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' in fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Scotland. It examines the cultural and political applicability of the 'Confessio' in Scotland, the channels through which the poem reached Scottish audiences, and the literary responses to Gower generated in the texts of Older Scots writers . . . . [T]he thesis re-examines the thematic and poetic complexity of the 'Confessio,' the reasons for its popularity in Lancastrian England, and its transmission, both as a complete work in manuscript and print form, and as expected tales . . . . [I]t provides the first full account and interpretation of the extant evidence for the circulation of copies of Gower's poetry in Scotland from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century." The remaining chapters address the "political and admonitory agenda" of the CA and "its simultaneous interest in love and kingly duty, in particular in kings as lovers, [which] was fundamental for the formulation of the discourses on kingship and self-sovereignty . . . in the works of Older Scots writers," including "The Kingis Quair," "The Quare of Jelusy," "Lancelot of the Laik," "the Gowerian presentation of the amorous monarch" in Roberts Henryson's "Orpheus and Eurydice," the "Thre Prestis of Peblis," and "King Hart," with a brief consideration of "how the Gowerian concerns identified as being taken up by fifteenth-century Scots writers were absorbed and pursued by later sixteenth-century poets such as Gavin Douglas and John Rolland." Author/Editor Author/Editor Martin, Joanna/ Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Oxford, 2002. Dissertation Abstracts International C70.34. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Readings of John Gower's "Confessio Amantis" in Fifteenth- and Early Sixteenth-Century Scotland. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Harper's abstract: [In my introduction I argue that] "the widespread interpretation of madness as a spiritual metaphor has only a limited application to late-medieval literature and that there is a need to consider the secular as well as the religious import of madness." He then addresses "the meaning of madness in romance . . . . as a sort of social alienation . . . related to the increasingly positive perceptions of the Wild Man." Chapter three "discusses the dream vision of Book I of the Vox Clamantis ["Visio Anglie"]; it shows how Gower repeats the commonplaces of medieval didactic writers, regarding the peasant insurrection of 1381 as an outbreak of demonic derangement. It is seen that Gower makes use of the 'organic analogy' of society to show this madness as an infection of the entire social body. The sufferings of the nobility at the hands of the rioting mobs are described sympathetically in terms of 'grief-madness'. Thus Gower presents two very different, class-based, attitudes towards insanity." Chapter four "continues the investigation of the link between madness and social class" in Chaucer's "Miller's Tale" and "Summoner's Tale"; Chapter five argues that "the apparently insane narrator of Hoccleve's major poems stresses that insanity is a hidden and undetectable affliction," while Harper's "final chapter explores the association of madness, female unruliness and mystical rapture in The Book of Margery Kempe," concluding that the Book "contains a craftily double-edged attempt by Kempe to vindicate her conduct." Author/Editor Author/Editor Harper, Stephen. Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Glasgow, 1997. Open access at https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3152/1/1997HarperPhD.pdf (accessed January 30, 2023). Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Subject of Madness: Insanity, Individuals and Society in Late-Medieval English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Ellis, Robert. Published Ph. D. Dissertation. Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. Open access at https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8821 (accessed January 29, 2023). 2 vols.; continuous pagination. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Traitié pour Essampler les Amantz Marietz Review Ellis's dissertation explores the "anxieties concerning the notoriety of empty words" as they are evident in "urban writings" produced in London in the 1380s and 1390s, works not only about "idle talk--such as 'janglynge,' slander, and other sins of the tongue--but also about the deficiencies of official discourses which are partisan, fragmentary and susceptible to contradiction and revision" (3). His texts are varied--"Letter Book-H," various petitions, city records, Richard Maidstone's "Concordia," three tales by Chaucer ("Cook's Tale," "Squire's Tale," and Manciple's Tale), John Clanvowe's "Boke of Cupide," and the tales of Phebus and Cornide and of Orestes from Gower's CA. Generally, Ellis tells us, these texts reveal "specific responses to the prevalence of empty words in the city, while also reflecting more broadly on the remarkable cultural, linguistic, social, and political developments witnessed in this period." His treatment of Gower's two tales (pp. 162-97)--read alongside the "Manciple's Tale and accounts of the execution of London cordwainer, John Constantyn--focuses on how "words incite violence, and the ways in which words are used to give meaning to that violence" (157). Concerned with the tales as exempla and engaging the role of silence, particularly the silence (and silencing) of women, Ellis discloses how the seemingly straightforward messages of the tales are problematized in several ways: by proximate tales and/or attendant Latin glosses in the case of "Cornide," and, further, by the thematics of fame and notoriety and the difficulty of controlling discourse in "Orestes." In Ellis's reading, Gower's tales reveal interest in and anxiety about "authorial control over the fate of tidings" (191), and they reflect the poet's ongoing concern with "revision and reinvention" (197), which, he demonstrates, is refracted in the figure of Clytemnestra in "Orestes" and in Gower's later treatment of her in his "Traitié pour Essampler les Amantz Marietz." Volume II of Ellis's dissertation comprises texts (with photographic facsimiles) and translations of the bureaucratic materials he discusses in volume I. [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Verba Vana": Empty Words in Ricardian London. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Baker, David Philip. Published Ph. D. Dissertation. Durham University, 2013. Open access at http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7716/ (accessed January 28, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Minor Latin Poetry Review From Baker's abstract: "This thesis assesses the extent to which fourteenth-century Middle English poets were interested in, and influenced by, traditions of thinking about logic and mathematics. It attempts to demonstrate the imaginative appeal of the logical problems called 'sophismata,' which postulate absurd situations while making use of a stable but evolving, and distinctly recognisable, pool of examples . . . . Clarifying the "sophismatic method" as an important aspect of the "symbiotic relationship" of medieval logic and mathematics, Baker tells us, he goes on to study "the prominence of logical and mathematical tropes and scenarios in the works of . . . Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower and the 'Gawain'-poet," treating "The Summoner's Tale," "The Nun's Priest's Tale," "Troilus and Criseyde," "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," "Pearl," and "Patience," as well as the "Confessio Amantis," addressing in these works, "problematic promises; problematic reference to non-existent things; problems associated with divisibility, limits and the idea of a continuum; and, most importantly, problems focused on the contingency, or otherwise, of the future." In Chapter 3, "Causation and the Future in the 'Confessio Amantis'" (pp. 186-239), Baker suggests that Gower's familiarity with these concerns relates to his acquaintance with Ralph Strode, perhaps evinced in "Eneidos, Bucolis," the authorship of which Baker explores. Whether written by Strode or by Gower himself, Baker argues, the "Eneidos" represents "Gower's attempt to recover for his audience the 'philosophical dimension'" of the CA in order to help escape "the distinction between 'moral' and 'philosophical' . . . with which Chaucer had unfortunately trapped him" (197) at the end of "Troilus." Baker then demonstrates the depth of concern with philosophical issues in CA by discussing causation, future contingency, aging, mutation, dicing, probability, chance, and determinism in the poem. In several of these discussions, Baker illuminates Gower's work by expanding on Nicolette Zeeman's comparison of CA with "the widely-circulated pseudo-Ovidian 'De vetula' of the thirteenth century" (197), a work Baker aligns with medieval logicians on his way to demonstrating successfully that Gower should not be considered only a moral poet. [MA]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Literature, Logic and Mathematics in the Fourteenth Century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Unexamined. Author/Editor Author/Editor Byrd, David Gatlin, trans. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Published Ph.D. Dissertation. University of South Carolina, 1965. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 28: 620A. [RFY1981]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessio Amantis: A Modern Prose Translation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Describes the contents of MS. Cambridge University Library Ff.1.6, which includes work by Roos and excerpts from the CA; suggests Gower may have written "Le Song Verte"; notes Roos and Gower use set phrases repeatedly when translating French poetry into English; compares "Medea" story as told by Roos and Gower. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Seaton, Ethel. Published Seaton, Ethel. Sir Richard Roos, 1410-1482, Lancastrian Poet. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961, pp. 92, 96, 270, 350. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Manuscripts and Textual Studies Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sir Richard Roos, 1410-1482, Lancastrian Poet. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Discusses Gower's use of the "Secretum" in Books VI and VII of the CA, and his growing disillusion with Richard II as revealed in the revisions. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Manzalaoui, Mahmoud. Published Manzalaoui, Mahmoud. "The 'Secreta Secretorum' in English Thought and Literature from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century, with a Preliminary Study of the Arabic Origins of the 'Secreta'." D.Phil. Dissertation, Oxford University, 1954, pp. 405-69. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The "Secreta Secretorum" in English Thought and Literature from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century, with a Preliminary Study of the Arabic Origins of the "Secreta." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Essentially a study of Chaucer, but compares "gan" as used in the works of various authors, including Gower in the CA, where, it is argued, "gan" usually is treated as a relatively meaningless filler. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Homann, Elizabeth R. Published Homann, Elizabeth R. "Chaucer's Use of 'Gan'." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 53 (1954): 389-98. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Use of "Gan." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Attempts to discover if Chaucer cared about the evil plight of commons in late fourteenth-century England; uses various passages from CA and MO for comparison and background, after arguing Gower was demonstrably concerned about the fate of the people. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard R. Published Patch, Howard R. "Chaucer and the Common People." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 29 (1930): 376-84. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and the Common People. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses examples from the MO and the CA for background Chaucer might have known in developing his ideas of sins, and their effect on men. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tupper, Frederick. Published Tupper, Frederick. "Chaucer's Sinners and Sins." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 16 (1915): 56-106 Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Sinners and Sins. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses Gower's description of the Estates and various vices in the CA and MO as a context for the Canterbury Pilgrims' behavior. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tupper, Frederick. Published Tupper, Frederick. "The Quarrels of the Canterbury Pilgrims." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 13 (1914): 256-70. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditatntis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Quarrels of the Canterbury Pilgrims. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Attempts to define "beginning the board" as it would have been understood in fourteenth-century England; concludes that it means "heading the table of honor," based on contexts in various works, including CA, VIII, 414. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cook, Albert S. Published Cook, Albert S. "Beginning the Board in Prussia." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 13 (1914): 375-88. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Beginning the Board in Prussia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Primarily a study of Chaucer's "Book of the Duchess" and "House of Fame," but includes references to Gower's CA as an example of smoothly-handled octosyllables leading to monotony. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Shannon, Edgar F. Published Shannon, Edgar F. "Chaucer's Use of the Octosyllabic Verse." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 12 (1913): 277-94. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Use of the Octosyllabic Verse. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Not on Gower specifically, but large color plates of court-gowned lawyers, illustrating what Gower would have looked like if he had been a lawyer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Corner, George R. Published Corner, George R. "Observations on four Illuminations representing the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, at Westminster, from a MS. of the time of King Henry VI." Archaeologia 39, II (1863): 357-72. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Observations on four Illuminations representing the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, at Westminster, from a MS. of the time of King Henry VI. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower is an "uncompromising moralist"; grinds out couplets in a negatively "professional" manner; also notes that Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale" contains a jibe at Gower. [RFY1981] Published Burlin, Robert B. Chaucerian Fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977, pp. 133, 151, 196 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucerian Fiction. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief references to Gower as a moral poet, like Strode, who Steadman thinks is comparable to Gower. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Steadman, John. Published Steadman, John. Disembodied Laughter: Troilus and the Apotheosis Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, pp. 105-06, 113, 115, 117, 138, 146, 148, 150, 153 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Disembodied Laughter: Troilus and the Apotheosis Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This highly speculative article questions the idea of artistic taste and its foundation, pointing out about Gower that, if this generation of readers had more of the moralizing taste of the fourteenth century, his works would again to popular. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Howard, Donald R. Published Howard, Donald R. "Medieval Poems and Medieval Society." Medievalia et Humanistica, New Series 3 (1972): 99-115 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medieval Poems and Medieval Society. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Readable, thumbnail biography; assessment of works in relation to Chaucer's. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Isso, Carlo. Published Isso, Carlo. Storia della Letterature Inglese. Milan: Accademia, 1968, pp. 9, 61, 88-92, 96, 118, 122, 131. 143, 149, 165, 196, 396. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Storia della Letterature Inglese. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Citations of Skelton's praise of Gower, along with Chaucer and Lydgate. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Carpenter, Nan C. Published Carpenter, Nan C. John Skelton. New York: Twayne, 1967, pp. 62, 104, 112. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Skelton. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's art is "grey"; his narrative instruction is an "ethical tapeworm." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coghill, Nevill. Published Coghill, Nevill. "Chaucer's Narrative Art in the 'Canterbury Tales'." Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature. University. Edited by Derek S. Brewer (Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1966), pp. 116, 119, 120, 127, 129. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Narrative Art in the "Canterbury Tales." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A brief, readable outline of Gower's life and writings. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schirmer, Walter F. Published Schirmer, Walter F. Kurze Geschichte der englischen und amerikanischen Literatur. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1964, pp. 45-47 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kurze Geschichte der englischen und amerikanischen Literatur. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief listing and assessment of works; Gower fails in CA because he is digressive. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Basu, Nitish K. Published Basu, Nitish K. A History of English Literature. 3 vols. Calcutta: Bookland, 1963, II, 80-81. Brief Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Praising assessment of CA; no other works mentioned. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mullik, B. R. Published Mullik, B. R. English Literature: Its Background and Development. Dehli: S. Chand, 1962, pp. 29-30 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Literature: Its Background and Development Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief list of works and assessment: "He had no sense of humor, which made his works dull and insipid." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Das Gupta, N. Published Das Gupta, N. A History of English Literature. Ghaziabad: Garg Publishing, 1962, p. 19 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was more capable temperamentally of carrying out the original plan of "The Canterbury Tales" than was Chaucer; had Gower written the poem, it would no doubt have been finished. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bronson, Bertrand. Published Bronson, Bertrand. In Search of Chaucer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1960, p. 70. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In Search of Chaucer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography and assessment of works; Gower exemplifies "verse craftsmanship without genius"; more than Chaucer, he is "disturbed by the upheavals in contemporary society." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Daiches, David Published Daiches, David. A Critical History of English Literature. 2 vols. New York: Ronald Press, 1960, I, 121-25. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Critical History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography and assessment of works; Gower presented as precursor to Chaucer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Baldini, Gabriele. Published Baldini, Gabriele. Storia della Letteratura Inglese: La Tradizione Letteraria dell'Inghilterra Medioevale. Turin: Raadio Italiana, 1958, p. 12, 64. 70, 147, 197-99, 302. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Storia della Letteratura Inglese: La Tradizione Letteraria dell'Inghilterra Medioevale. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review List of works; calls Gower "no great poet." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ciaramella, Michele. Published Ciaramella, Michele. A Short Account of English Literature. London: Cassell, 1957, p. 24 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Short Account of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower as a contemporary of Chaucer; list of works. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lüdeke, Henry. Published Lüdeke, Henry. Die englischen Literatur: Ein kultur-historischer Umriss. Bern: Franke, 1954, pp. 23-24. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Die englischen Literatur: Ein kultur-historischer Umriss. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief assessment of Gower as a friend and contemporary of Chaucer; a multilingual poet; a moralist. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kuriyagawa, Fumio. Published Kuriyagawa, Fumio. Chusei no Eibungaku to Eigo. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1951, pp. 271-77. English title: Middle English and Middle English Literature. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chusei no Eibungaku to Eigo. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief reference to Gower as a poet contemporary with Chaucer; Gower is a serious poet; unlike Gower, Chaucer does not use stereotyped descriptions. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lawrence, William W. Published Lawrence, William W. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1950. 4th printing, 1964, pp. 24. 27, 31, 57, 70. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography, with commentary on works, relations with other poets and later influence; Gower "not a great poet . . . an earnest man with a message for his times." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Baugh, Albert C. Published Baugh, Albert C. A Literary History of England. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1948, pp. 142, 264-66, 288, 315, 317-18, 323, 347, 421. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Literary History of England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1948 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography; list of works; works assessment generally positive. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Raith, Josef. Published Raith, Josef. Meister in Poesie und Prosa. Munich: Lurz, 1947, p. 23. Reprinted in Geschichte der englischen Literatur. Munich: Heuber, 1961, p. 57. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Meister in Poesie und Prosa. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947 1961 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was a friend of Chaucer; list of works. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Frahne, Karl H. Published Frahne, Karl H. Von Chaucer bis Shaw: Eine Einfuhrung in die Literatur Englands. Hamburg: J. P. Toth, 1947, pp. 25, 29, 31. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Von Chaucer bis Shaw: Eine Einfuhrung in die Literatur Englands. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography; description and summaries of works; friend of Chaucer, and a moralist. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zanco, Aurelio. Published Zanco, Aurelio. Storia della Letterature Inglese: Dalle Origini alla Restaurazione, 650-1660. Turin: Chiantore, 1946, I, 52, 53, 87-91 94, 96, 141, 344, 366, 367 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Storia della Letterature Inglese: Dalle Origini alla Restaurazione, 650-1660. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Generally even-handed assessment of Gower as a poet. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Joachums, M. C. Published Joachums, M. C. "The Legend of the Voice from Heaven." Notes and Queries, New Series 11 (1946): 44-47. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Legend of the Voice from Heaven. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was Chaucer's friend, fellow poet; thumbnail outlines of major poems. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Policardi, Silvio. Published Policardi, Silvio. Outlines of English Literature. 2d ed. rev. Padua: Cedam, 1944, pp. 50, 59, 157. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outlines of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower in the tradition of Chaucer, Wycliff, and the "Roman de la Rose." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lalou, Rene. Published Lalou, Rene. La Littérature Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1944, pp. 7-8. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Littérature Anglaise. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's couplets become monotonous, but he tells an honest, "unvarnished" tale, and can still "be read with pleasure." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Entwistle, William J. Gillett, Eric Published Entwistle, William J., and Eric Gillett. The Literature of England, A.D. 500-1942. London: Longmans, Green, 1943, p. 21 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Literature of England, A.D. 500-1942. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Thumbnail outline of life and works, without assessment or commentary. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Otis, William B. Needleman, M. H. Published Otis, William B., and M. H. Needleman. A Survey-History of English Literature. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1938, pp. 53-54. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Survey-History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief, readable outline of Gower's life and writings. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schirmer, Walter F. Published Schirmer, Walter F. Geschichte der englischen Literatur von den Anfang bis zur Gegenwart. Halle/Salle: Niemeyer, 1937, pp. 144-47, 148, 152, 165, 176, 605. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geschichte der englischen Literatur von den Anfang bis zur Gegenwart. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography and assessment of works; sees Gower as a "decline" from Chaucer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Osgood, Charles G. Published Osgood, Charles G. The Voice of England: A History of English Literature. New York: Harper, 1935, pp. 79, 103, 118-20, 124, 136. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Voice of England: A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1935 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was aa friend of Chaucer, a moralist, and a poor poet. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Neilson, W. A. Thorndike, Ashley B. Published Neilson, W. A., and Ashley B. Thorndike. A History of English Literature. New York: Macmillan, 1935, pp. 42, 43, 53, 55, 57, 70. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1935 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lists works; Gower was a Kentishman. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bardi, Pietro. Published Bardi, Pietro. Storia della Letterature Inglese. Bari: Laterza and Sons, 1933, p. 23 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Storia della Letterature Inglese. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Considers Gower a skillful, readable poet. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kaplan, [Theodore H.?] Published Kaplan [sic]. "John Gower." [London] Times Literary Supplement, no. 1594 (August, 1932): 573-74. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1932 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Good, concise biography, generally favorable description of works, with tomb picture (from British Museum print, in black and white). [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Buchan, John. Published Buchan, John. A History of English Literature. New York: Nelson and Sons, 1923, pp. 3, 7, 26-28. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1923 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief synopsis of works and biography; Gower was a moralist and a reformer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Moody, William Vaughn Lovett, Robert Moses Millett, Fred B. Published Moody, William Vaughn, and Robert Moses Lovett. A History of English Literature. New York: Scribner's, 1930, pp. 42, 56-58, 65. Originally published in 1902. Revised and enlarged by Fred B. Millett, 1943. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 1930 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Comparison of Gower as a poet with Langland, Chaucer, and the "Pearl"-poet. General assessment, suggesting that Gower is as morally and socially concerned as Langland, as courtly as Chaucer, and not as critically aware as the "Pearl"-poet; also that he is a competent but not exciting writer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Saintsbury, George. Published Saintsbury, George. A Short History of English Literature. New York: Macmillan; 1898, pp. 138-42 and passim. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Short History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1898 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As a poet and thinker, Gower was a "typical product of the Middle Ages." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Widdows, Margharita. Published Widdows, Margharita. English Literature. New York: Dutton, 1928, pp. 37-40, 43, 55. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography and assessment; reduced from "Cambridge History of English Literature" (1908). [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Crawford, Jack R. Published Crawford, Jack R. What to Read in English Literature. New York: Putnam, 1928, pp. 27-28, 33, 35, 109. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource What to Read in English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928