3 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Mooney, Linne Published Mooney, Linne. "The Production of Trinity College, Cambridge MS R.3.2 Revisited." Journal of the Early Book Society 24 (2021): 1-25. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amants Review Trinity College, Cambridge, MS R.3.2 is one of the manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis" on which Ian Doyle and Malcolm Parkes based their conclusions in their foundational study, "The Production of Copies of the 'Canterbury Tales' and the 'Confessio Amantis' in the Early Fifteenth Century." Mooney's concern is to show that it and Princeton, University Library, Taylor Collection, MS 5 (olim Philipps 8192) are column-for-column copies, being produced more or less simultaneously by five scribes, the lead scribe being "D" (so designated by Doyle and Parkes), whom Estelle Stubbs has identified as John Marchaunt, Clerk of the City of London working at the Guildhall (2-3)--and "most likely . . . Marchaunt was the supervisor of the work" (16). Taylor MS 5, Mooney posits, the more deluxe of the two MS, was the exemplar for Trinity ("the second-best manuscript"), and "it looks as though Marchaunt was originally doling out . . . quires" (15) from Taylor to the other scribes (primarily A and C) even as Taylor was being copied from another exemplar by Marchaunt. These three scribes--D, A, and C--had a "common workplace," which Mooney, extrapolating from Stubbs' identification of D as Marchaunt, argues "seems likely to have been the London Guildhall" (17). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Production of Trinity College, Cambridge MS R.3.2 Revisited. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Moll shows that in London, British Library MS Lansdowne 204, containing the first version of John Hardyng's "Chronicle" (ca. 1450), "three of the rubrics to the history of Richard II make direct reference to Gower's work, and two of the rubrics quote the text at length" (154). After quoting the passages borrowed from, or dependent on, Gower's CrT, Moll concludes: "We can, therefore, expand the influence of the 'Cronica Tripertita' beyond Gower's immediate London circle to not only Hardyng's rubricator but the northern chronicler himself. In its brief borrowings from Gower's 'Cronica,' the first version of Hardyng's 'Chronicle' not only mollifies the harsh image of Richard II, it also separates Gower's text from the 'Vox Clamantis.' Hardyng does not seem to have used the 'Vox,' and all of the lines that place the 'Cronica' in relation to the 'Vox' have been omitted, thus raising the possibility that Hardyng had access to the 'Cronica' on its own" (157). Hardyng's knowledge and use of the 'Cronica' indicates that "the text continued to circulate long after Gower's circle of friends and associates had died" (157). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Moll, Richard J. Published Moll, Richard J. "Gower's Cronica Tripertita and the Latin Glosses to Hardyng's Chronicle." Journal of the Early Book Society 7 (2004): 153-58. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Croniica Tripertita Vox Clamantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's "Cronica Tripertita" and the Latin Glosses to Hardyng's "Chronicle." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Minnis contests assessments of Gower's Latin glosses to "Confessio Amantis" as dull and pedantic. He distinguishes between medieval textual glosses that merely clarify the grammar of a base text and others that comment on its sense or meaning. Some of Gower's glosses in CA "merely restate, and thereby emphasize [the poem's] lore" (60). Others, by contrast, "explain sense and sentence" (61). Gower's Latin glosses on Venus's retreat from Amans in Book VIII and on the Pygmalion story in Book IV, while typically "reductionist" (66), also complicate their vernacular narratives: concerning old age and concupiscence, in the first instance; and, in the second, the initially homosexual lovemaking of Iphis and Ianthe that is rendered heterosexual by Ianthe's transformation, during the exemplum introduced by Gower's retelling of Pygmalion. Throughout his Latin glosses to CA, Gower develops the sophisticated persona of an authority who resolves conflicting themes in his English poem, such as desire and reason.] [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Minnis, Alastair J. Published Minnis, Alastair J. "Inglorious Glosses?" In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014). Pp. 51-75. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Inglorious Glosses? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The "Gower" of this article is the character Gower in Shakespeare's "Pericles." The poet Gower receives a passing mention. As an early modern romance, Shakespeare's "Pericles" is a "hodgepodge . . . polygeneric . . . unsystemic," and that is the point! "In this system, hybridity, change, and generic instability are ordering principles, not deviations from fixed marks" (238). Mentz defines his purpose as "craft[ing] a language to describe the variety and instability of early modern romance fictions" (238), using "Pericles" as his case study. In this context, multiple authorship (including with Gower) is a feature, not a bug: "Connecting this variety to Shakespeare's relationship with co-author George Wilkins and also with the play's internal narrator John Gower creates a version of romance authorship that attenuates and pluralizes itself" (239). Mentz proceeds to review three schools of current critical theory that help to explain the "plurality" that is "Pericles": Latour's actor-network theory of systems that are "centreless" (241); Glissant's post-colonial theory of text as a "relation," not a hierarchy (242); and Caroline Levine's view of genre as "flexible," while it is also "meaningful" (242). He proceeds to review the plot of "Pericles" as a dizzying succession of transitions from era to era and genre to genre, including classical tragedy, Bible story, Machiavellian theory, medieval chivalrous romance, and Jacobean city comedy where the good prevail (245-53)--starting with the name 'Pericles,' shared by the Athenian statesman, but also the hero of Sidney's romance the "New Arcadia" (245). Through all this purposeful chaos, narrator John Gower "provides a through-line of narrative stability," a tribute to Gower the poet, given his command of the many narrative genres that comprise "Confessio Amantis" (251). His foil is Marina, who in her "rhetorical and dramatic variety," personifies the glorious disjunctions of the romance genre (251). [LBB. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mentz, Steve. Published Mentz, Steve. "'Pericles' and Polygenres." In Goran Stanivukovic, ed. Timely Voices: Romance Writing in English Literature. (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017). Pp. 238-56. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Pericles" and Polygenres. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review McShane here reflects on her success in using the Prologue of the "Confessio Amantis" as the lead text in an undergraduate course for majors on protest poetry in late-medieval England, describing how students considered Gower's text in relation to other medieval texts on the syllabus and to modern ideas of protest poetry. A significant portion of the essay reports student reflections on a performance component of the course in which they read Gower's poetry aloud, collaborate to produce a recording, and engage with features of pronunciation, style, meaning, and the nature of protest and power. Course goals and reading schedule are offered in Appendix A; Appendix B describes an oral-recitation assignment that includes staged revisions. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor McShane, Kara L Published McShane, Kara L. "John Gower as Protest Poet?" Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching 30.1 (2023): 31-43. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower as Protest Poet? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this essay McShane and Gastle--guest editors of this issue of SMART dedicated to teaching Gower's works--contextualize Gower pedagogy, describe useful Gowerian resources available online and in popular anthologies, and provide summary introductions to the four essays that the issue includes. The editors touch on recent trends in pedagogy ("topics such as gender, identity, and class"), comment on Gower's reception and on relations with Chaucer and other contemporaries, and clarify why Gower is "not taught more widely today," arguing that he should be, because "Gower's works offer a surprising amount of material to address . . . marginalized topics" (7-8), and because his multilingualism is appropriate in our current global politics and particularly useful in helping students to "deal with . . . the practices of medieval reading--which counts upon a dialogue between the text and marginal commentary" (9). This essay, and the four it introduces, address undergraduate study only and the "Confessio Amantis" almost exclusively, but McShane and Gastle make their case for presenting "new perspectives and possibilities for teaching Gower's works" (13). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor McShane, Kara L. Gastle, Brian W. Published McShane, Kara L. and Brian W. Gastle. "Introduction: Why Teach Gower's Works?" Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching 30.1 (2023): 7-16. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction: Why Teach Gower's Works? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review McCabe discusses the multiple readership that Gower cultivates: "an emergent literary public" (266) and a private aristocratic audience. Gower's poetry takes up themes of common profit, erotic love, and the complex relationships between the two. In this respect, it may be compared to the writings of Alain Chartier (c.1385-1430), who is interested in the "exchangeability" (267) of political and amatory matter. In his prose "Quadrilogue invectif," Chartier portrays "affairs of state in terms of desire" (268), generalizing civic responsibility across the three medieval estates. In "Confessio Amantis," Gower likewise assigns the blame for social chaos to everyone ("ous alle," Prol.525), directly connecting the public and the private. Similarly, in the "Traitié," Gower seems to be addressing both "one noble patron" and "an indeterminate, public readership" (275). His warnings about adultery here are not particular but general. Marriage, as Gower sees it, is a social good, the equivalent of Chartier's "l'affection publique." [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor McCabe, T. Matthew N. Published McCabe, T. Matthew N. "'Al université de tout le monde': Public Poetry, English and International." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014). Pp. 261-78. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Al université de tout le monde": Public Poetry, English and International. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor McAlpine, Monica E. Published McAlpine, Monica E. "'Cast Thy Bread Upon the Waters': A Paradigm from Ecclesiastes in Gower's 'Apollonius of Tyre'." In Bonnie Wheeler, ed. Mindful Spirit in Late Medieval Literature: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth D. Kirk. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). Pp. 225-35. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues and Literary Relations Review McAlpine suggests that Gower's "Tale of Apollonius of Tyre" may have been influenced or inspired by Ecclesiastes 11.1, leaving the suggestion unconfirmed, but using it to guide her intense, even fervent, appreciation of the character of Apollonius as a figure of "goodness and wisdom from the start" (229). She argues that the events of the tale--reinforced by the diction and imagery of gift-giving--"introduce, validate by experience, and authoritatively confirm the virtues with which the hero confronts his adventures" (225). The liberality of Apollonius's gift-giving is essential to his character, McAlpine tells is, a virtue she aligns with Bonaventure's commentary on Ecclesiastes 11.1 and with Apollonius's own agency in accepting fortune (eventually) and submitting to divine providence, concerns McAlpine also observes in Bonaventure's commentary. Fundamental to McAlpine's argument is the wheat that Apollonius gives freely to the citizens of Tharsis which she reads as the "bread" of Ecclesiastes, as its "waters" are the hero's recurrent adventures by sea. McAlpine extends the symbolic value of the gift of bread to the burial at sea of Apollonius's wife, through which his daughter, Thaise, also becomes a gift, along with "other gifts" in the tale (228). Apollonius's final gifts, his sacrificial offerings to Diana in her temple in Ephesus, McAlpine tells us, completes "the depiction of Apollonius's virtues" (232), and leads to the recognition scene between husband and wife, brought about, not only by the seas of fortune and by Apollonius's "family trait of disciplined management of one's suffering," but also by the "intervention" of his "dream of divine origin"--fortune, agency, and Providence combined. These interconnections in this final tale of the "Confessio Amantis," McAlpine concludes, respond to similar concerns in the Prologue of the poem and indicate the "many-sidedness of Gower's thinking for which "Ecclesiastes could have been a rich resource" (233). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Cast Thy Bread Upon the Waters": A Paradigm from Ecclesiastes in Gower's "Apollonius of Tyre." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fundamentally a character study of the narrator in the final stanzas of Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde," Markland's essay digresses briefly (pp. 155-57) to address the friendship between Gower and Chaucer and comment on several literary passages that pertain to it. [Because they push against general critical opinion, I quote the comments at length.] Concerning Chaucer's dedication of TC to Gower, Markland suggests that the reference to "O moral Gower," "exclaimed by the uncommonly moral narrator, has an ironic ring and might well have been the start of a jesting exchange rather than the sincere admiration of Gower's moral measure that it has usually been taken to be. It is the sort of phrase that would come from the tongue of a man with the conventional morality, the unthinking sententious morality of the narrator. To that jibe Gower might have retorted, when he had the opportunity five years later [in Venus's greeting to Chaucer in Confessio Amantis VIII, *2940-59] by charging Chaucer with lightness. Chaucer's rejoinder in the prologue to the Man of Law's Tale, if it is a rejoinder, is sharper criticism, perhaps sharp enough to offend even in bantering exchange" (156). Through Venus's comments in the first recension of CA, Markland tells us, "Gower seems to urge Chaucer to admit, as he himself has admitted, that the service of love is no longer suitable to him." A bit further on, Markland concludes his digression: "Such a reading might also help us with our identification of the 'philosophical Strode.' It will not tell us who he was; but, by suggesting what he was, it may well relieve us of the urgency to find an important and truly philosophical Strode. He may have been philosophical only in pretension or he may have been one who cultivated a humor. That is what the exclamation 'O moral Gower' on the lips of the narrator implies about Gower's morality" (156). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Markland, Murray F. Published Markland, Murray F. "'Troilus and Criseyde': The Inviolability of the Ending." Modern Language Quarterly 31.2 (1970): 147-59. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Troilus and Criseyde": The Inviolability of the Ending. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review ". . . there is no doubt that John Gower knew S[peculum] S[tultorum] directly and intimately" (cxl). Mann cites the "Tale of Adrian and Bardus" from the "Confessio Amantis" (V. 4937-5162) as taken directly from Nigel, "the only major divergence from SS [being] the omission of the lion, which may have been due to the desire for brevity, but it is also possible that Gower was (like me) puzzled by the idea of a lion climbing a rope" (cxli). In Appendix D (N.B.: not C, as cited p. cxl), Mann keys Nigel's lines borrowed into the "Vox Clamantis" to loci in what is a major edition (although some of the Book and line references in Appendix D require emendation). This will become the standard edition of "Speculum Stultorum," and is a welcome advance on Thomas Wright, ed., "Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets and Epigrammatists of the Twelfth Century," 2 vols. (Rolls Series, 1872), who gave no line numbers, and on the edition of the "Speculum" of Robert Raymo and J. H. Mozley. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mann, Jill, ed. and trans. Published Mann, Jill, ed. and trans. Nigel of Longchamp: Speculum Stultorum (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2023). Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nigel of Longchamp: Speculum Stultorum. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lowe's book is divided roughly into halves, the latter portion focusing mainly on the rise of humanism during the late fifteenth century and the reigns of the pre-Elizabethan Tudors. The medieval portion presents adherents and arguments concerned with two discourses on war that governed in the period--"jus ad bellum" and "jus in bellum," i.e., "law or right to go to war" and "ethical behavior in war" (2). John Gower, Lowe argues, whom he inexplicably deems "'a man of peace' (as opposed to …'pacifist')," which--his book title notwithstanding--he considers "anachronistic" (36), "developed the most substantial appraisals of the just war" (36), being more committed to, and more sophisticated in his understanding of, the issues--particularly economic--involved in waging war and bringing peace during the Hundred Years' War, than his contemporaries Chaucer, Langland, or Lydgate. Although, as a good Augustinian, Gower probably took no issue with the idea of some wars being just "in theory" (38), by 1369 his views of the French War were changing, so that "over the next twenty years Gower turned completely against the war and in both major works of the period, 'Vox clamantis' and 'Confessio amantis,' condemned the bloodshed on strictly moral grounds" (82). In the latter work, "Gower complained vehemently about the use of the just war by the nobility and 'greedy lords' to amass great wealth" at the expense of the common people (142). Lowe sees Gower's critique becoming "standard over the next century" (142-43) and, through the publication by Caxton and Berthelette of the CA having an impact on the "pacifism" of early humanists, like Erasmus (147-50). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lowe, Ben. Published Lowe, Ben. Imagining Peace: A History of Early English Pacifist Ideas. (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997). Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Imagining Peace: A History of Early English Pacifist Idea. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This essay examines "the private library of the kings of Spain" (33), in light of its unique manuscript of a Portuguese translation of "Confessio Amantis." Intersecting cultural interests informed assembly of the Royal Library in Madrid, by way of the private collections at its core and the "cultural, ideological, and … cognitive purposes" served by the library a symbol of monarchy in the 19th c. Unfortunately, scholars did not appreciate the value of its manuscript of CA until the early 1980s. The manuscript came to the Royal Library from the great private library of Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count of Gondomar (d. 1626), located in Valladolid. Gondomar served as ambassador to the court of James I of England in the early seventeenth century. The manuscript's binding and bookplates suggest arrival in the Royal Library "between 1807 and 1808" (43) and permit identification of a previous owner: the humanist bibliophile Luis de Castilla (c.1540-1618). [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor López-Vidriero Abelló, María Luisa. Published López-Vidriero Abelló, María Luisa. "Provenance Interlacing in Spanish Royal Book-Collecting and the Case of the Confessio Amantis (RB MS II-3088)." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2014). Pp. 33-49. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Provenance Interlacing in Spanish Royal Book-Collecting and the Case of the "Confessio Amantis" (RB MS II-3088). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lindeboom takes up the question of why Chaucer would write the prologues and tales of the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner as both confessions of personal sinfulness but "encompassing all of the Seven Deadly Sins" (1). His answer (of 460 pages) can be summarized thus: contrary to John Fisher's guess that Gower and Chaucer were friends, they were in fact rivals, and for a period of "about a year" (i.e., 1390-91) antagonists in a literary "duel," encouraged by the Ricardian court, even perhaps judged by Richard and/or Anne of Bohemia: " . . . coming and going of a brief court entertainment, whose effectuation took close to one year, during which time Chaucer used part of the 'Canterbury Tales' to put Gower in his place" (450). The intricate revisions Lindeboom describes include rewriting/redirecting tales (especially the Parson's along with the Wife's and the Pardoner's), recasting the Man of Law character, his prologue and tale--much of which takes place in CT Group II--and then, once the "court entertainment" was complete with Chaucer the clear winner, much revision was shuffled to return to "business as usual." The "debt" Chaucer owes to Gower, highlighted in the title, is essentially an important element of high seriousness enforced on the CT by the need to counter Gower on his home ground. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lindeboom B. W. Published Lindeboom B. W. Venus' Owne Clerk: Chaucer's Debt to the Confessio Amantis. (Amsterdam: Academic Publishers; Open Humanities Press; Editions Rodopi B.V., 2007). Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Venus' Owne Clerk: Chaucer's Debt to the "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Through a thorough exploration of manmade marvels in late medieval English literature, Scott Lightsey "bring[s] familiar works by Chaucer, Gower, and Langland into the conversation on marvels and wonders, often for the first time" (7). He devotes a chapter to Gower's "Confessio Amantis," which he argues "carries the traces of marvelous artifice" (7), particularly the figures of Alexander and Arion and their literature. Lightsey suggests that the first recension of the CA was inspired by the marvelous appearance of a dolphin in the Thames in 1390 (108). Describing Gower's political allegory as containing manmade mirabilia which contribute to the "symbolization of flawed kingship and the misdirection of common profit" (107), Lightsey focuses extensively on Gower's depiction of Alexander the Great, a negative exemplar who contrasts with Arion's "positive potential" (108). Lightsey identifies Gower's Alexander as the "personification of sin, misrule, marvels, and misguided progress" (113), but also claims he is crucial to the "moral program" of the CA, and links Books VI and VII. Gower establishes Alexander's marvelousness in Book VI, and proceeds to connect it with the envisioned technical marvels mentioned in Book VII, all the while highlighting the "internal division and man's position in Christian redemption history" (134). Lightsey concludes that Gower "displayed his anxieties about the relationship between technological pursuits and social ills through comparison between the measure of Arion and the chaos of the marvel-saturated Alexander legend" (159-60). [CR. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lightsey, Scott. Published Lightsey, Scott. Manmade Marvels in Medieval Culture and Literature. (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manmade Marvels in Medieval Culture and Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this brief essay, Langum sketches several rudiments common to medieval medical and pastoral thought on the interrelations between illness and sin, with discussion of the role of human passions, particularly the passions of envy and wrath--also considered to be vices or sins--as they were explained generally in various medieval sources and as they are used in Gower's "Mirour de l'Omme" and "Confessio Amantis." Such passions, Langum shows, were used both figuratively and literally, and raise questions about the "responsibility for sin" (119) insofar as passions are natural to humans (and to some animals) but need to be subdued in moral creatures: "It falls to reason to rule the passions" (121). As passions, both wrath and envy "may be unavoidable conditions of human psychology" but, left unchecked by reason, they are vicious or sinful; at times, it is even unclear "whether what is being described is the vice or the passion or a conflation of the two" (122). To illustrate details of her discussion, Langham uses Gower's works recurrently, along with other secular writers and a number of medical and pastoral authorities and encyclopedists. Admitting that Gower does not "use the word 'passion' to denote the physiological forces of emotion in the body" (126), Langum nevertheless addresses Gower's "medically specific descriptions of wrath and envy as passions" through which, she tells us rather unclearly, "Gower extends beyond the figurative to suggest a more material relationship between the body and ethics" and thereby "raises the question: do these allusions to wrath and envy as passions contradict [the poet's] argument for human responsibility and culpability?" (125). Her answer is a qualified "no": "In my view, Gower encourages the reader to recognize physiological forces at work in human choices and actions, if not ultimately excusing him for bending to these forces." The particular "physiological" force Langham cites here is Amans's advanced age, in spite of which, he "still actively desires to love against reason" (126)--a passion, therefore, that is presumably sinful by being unreasonable, although Langum leaves this unsaid. Instead, she closes her essay with a brief reading of the "Tale of Constantine" from Book II in which "Gower uses the story to reflect upon human bodily weakness" (126). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Langum, Virginia. Published Langum, Virginia. "Medicine, Passion and Sin in Gower." In Rachel Falconer and Denis Renevey, eds. Medieval and Early Modern Literature, Science and Medicine. SPELL: Swiss Papers in Language and Literature, no. 28. Tübingen: Narr, 2013. Pp. 117-30. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditatis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medicine, Passion and Sin in Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ladd uses gift exchange to analyze a range of exempla in the "Confessio Amantis." Some of the gifts in Gower's tales are "incidental" while others "cluster . . . around the concept of magnificence" (230). Societies have gradually moved, according to gift theorists, from a gift-based to a profit economy. In the CA, gifts can be monetary or not and are exchanged within and across classes: "Aristocratic gifts could be expressions of authority over their recipients" (232). In the "Tale of Antigonus and Cinichus" (Book VII), King Antigonus denies Cinichus either a small or a large gift, demonstrating his honor and the honor due to him outside a material context. Gifts also establish commercial relationships: how "creditworthy" (238) a person is can depend on withholding or giving gifts. In the "Tale of Apollonius of Tyre" (Book VIII), Apollonius generously prevents a famine by a gift of wheat, acquiring honor thereby. The essay concludes with a chart of Gower's use of the words "gift" and "give" across the CA. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ladd, Roger A. Published Ladd, Roger A. "Gower's Gifts." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 229-41. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's Gifts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Knapp argues that Gower shares with the nineteenth-century French novelist, Honoré de Balzac, a conservative political outlook, an analytical approach to economics, and a distrust of social conflict. In these concerns, he is "preeminent among the major Ricardian poets" (217). Gower focuses his satire in the "Mirour de l'Omme" and "Vox Clamantis" on mercantilism and on distinguishing between good and bad merchants. Merchants are a powerful "structuring force" (221) in society, influencing both the circulation of money and the circulation of narrative. In VC, Gower uses the trope of metamorphosis to suggest the chaos is caused by the peasantry, when it refuses its "proper role in the market relations between city and country" (224). But mercantile structures, while necessary, can be corrupted. In the CA's "Tale of Vergil's Mirror," a Book V exemplum of avarice, the philosophers who use a hidden store of gold to manipulate Emperor Crassus are fraudulent. They represent a "perverse danger underlying the world of exchange" (227). This danger has its analogue in mercantilism. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Knapp, Ethan. Published Knapp, Ethan. "John Gower: Balzac of the Fourteenth Century." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014). Pp. 215-27. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower: Balzac of the Fourteenth Century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The obscure work "Chaucer's Ghoast" (full title: "Chaucer's Ghoast. Or, A Piece of Antiquity. Containing twelve pleasant Fables of Ovid penn'd after the ancient manner of writing in England Which makes them prove Mock-Poems to the present Poetry. With the History of Prince Corniger, and his Champion Sir Crucifrag that run a tilt likewise at the present Historiographers. By a Lover of Antiquity"), printed in 1672, contains twelve poems: eleven free-standing and the twelfth in a short prose piece. Of these, none are by Ovid nor by Chaucer, although all are rewritten to resemble Chaucer's style. In fact, eleven are by taken from the "Confessio Amantis," Prologue-Book V. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Joshua, Essaka. Published Joshua, Essaka. "'Chaucer's Ghoast' and Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.'" Notes and Queries 44 [242] (1997): 458-59. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Chaucer's Ghoast"' and Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Irvin's explication of Gower's Latin verse that opens "Confessio Amantis" (Prologue i, 1-6) discloses a great deal about the poet's attitude toward English (versus Latin in particular) and his use of the language in the poem at large. Irvin opens by clarifying that "Gower was a man interested in memory" (251), citing his gifts to St. Mary Overie and discussing in some detail his memorial tomb which, Irvin argues, Gower "expected to be 'read' by multilingual readers, both the 'public' and the canons [of St. Mary], the coterie of remembrancers" (253). But the Latin verse that opens CA is Irvin's real target here, and it is perhaps best to quote his thesis in full: "By examining one of Gower's Latin verses from the "Confessio Amantis," a verse that deals, through a riddle, with the relationship between English and Latin, I shall argue that the difference in tongues articulates differences between memory and history and stands in a central place in Gower's understanding of poetic form and intention. Moreover, I suggest that Gower's use of English in the 'CA' is itself a linguistic riddle to be solved, one hidden by how we remember Gower in the history of specifically 'English' letters" (254). The Latin verse includes references to Hengist, Brutus, and Carmentis before echoing one of the apocryphal Proverbs of Alfred (concerning the boneless tongue), all of which Irvin examines carefully in the process of answering a question that he poses: "How does one remember (in) English?" (254). Negotiating a rich congeries of contexts and critical and theoretical perspectives--most extensively Ovid's "Fasti" 1 as the source of Gower's reference to Carmentis; Aristotelian and nominalist understandings of interpretation; the perceived stability of Latin grammar versus English variability; Walter Benjamin on translation; Geoffrey of Monmouth and Wace on Hengist's English language and treachery; differences between "translatio studii" and "causal" history; and proverbs as "translatable knowledge" (265)--Irvin concludes that, for Gower, "the English of the 'Confessio' always exists between Latin and French: it tears the French music from love poetry, and it deprives Latin of its grammar. It is not a language to be remembered but a language in which the memory of the 'original' languages always lurk[s], a literary language that 'comes after' in history. While English is a language in which 'fewe men endite' [few men write] (CA Prol.22), that is, few use English for 'literary' purposes, it is for that reason a perfect language for a critical approach to law and love: it involves the game of remembering source texts, the strenuous lexical exercise of considering what Latin and French terms certain English words represent--and it is for a coterie: not Latinate monks, like those at St. Mary's, but a specifically English readership, the 'fewe' who can use the craft of English to interpret the discourses of erotics and politics" (275). N.B.: Irvin emphasizes via italics that, in Gower's Latin verse, Hengist's tongue sings ("canit") "in the present tense" (265), a notable correction to translations that use the past tense in this instance. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Irvin, Matthew W. Published Irvin, Matthew W. "Hengist's Tongue: Remembering (Old) English in John Gower's Confessio Amantis." In Sharon M. Rowley, ed. Writers, Editors and Exemplars in Medieval English Texts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Pp. 251-79. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Minor Latin Poetry Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hengist's Tongue: Remembering (Old) English in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Drawing particularly on, but not confining herself to, "Neighbor Theory" as advanced by Kenneth Reinhard and George Edmondson, and grounded by the ontology of Emmanuel Levinas, Houlik-Ritchey sets out to sketch the "imaginations of Iberia within romance" (23). She arranges her book into three "clusters," one devoted to versions of Fierabras, one to Floire and Blancheflor, and the third, to "De-Networking Iberia and England in the Constance story" (167-208). Gower's version of the last figures as the centerpiece of the third cluster, which should be read keeping in mind Houlik-Ritchey's goal, to bring together "disparate texts to foreground attention to the contrapuntal or uneven dimensions of their relationality, analyzing the dissonance that emerges within their affinities" (29-30). The "Tale of Constance" interests her not only because it was translated into Portuguese and Castilian, but also because it "is the most illuminating in terms of Iberia's comparability with Northumbrian England" (169). Following Edmondson, she sees the two places as "neighbor[ing] one another" (174): that is, they reflect each other even in their differences, which are extreme--but also in their similarities. Gower's Northumbria begins as "a place of fellowship" (176) while Iberia (where Constance is almost raped) exemplifies "qualities of solitary, self-serving interest, taken at the expense of others" (177). Yet Houlik-Ritchey finds resemblances one to the other: there is a near-rape in Northumberland, there is murder, and once again Constance is set adrift by her mother-in-law, in the boat that took her from Syria, and this time to Spain. Ultimately Houlik-Ritchey offers "a rigorous interrogation of the religious and geopolitical logic that ushers in both English-Roman alliance [i.e., through Moris] and Christian hegemony throughout the Mediterranean and North Atlantic" (178), which she sees as the fulcrum of Gower's endeavor. For her the changes brought to Gower's text in the Portuguese and Castilian translations, which "reimagine" (195) both Northumbria and Iberia, bears this out. She rightly makes much of the marriages of John of Gaunt's daughters to the kings of Portugal and Castile (180-87, with attention to the "Man of Law's Tale') as defining the world of the fifteenth-century translators as different "geopolitically" from Gower's. Theirs reflects Iberian cultural centrality, recognizing Islamic communalities and the Portuguese and Castilian courts as power centers, Houlik-Ritchey argues via a keen analysis of both translations. This in her view diminishes the Anglo-Roman, Christian "Weltanschauung" Gower's version projects. "In spite, then, of the tale's [i.e., Gower's] resounding resolution of alliance and empire, Iberia elucidates what routes and alliances do not result, precisely because others were being forged instead" (208). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Houlik-Ritchey, Emily. Published Houlik-Ritchey, Emily. Imagining Iberia in English and Castilian Medieval Romance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2023. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Imagining Iberia in English and Castilian Medieval Romance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Herrero, Pérez-Fernández, and Gutiérrez discuss the scribal hands and selected codicological features of the unique manuscript copy of a Portuguese translation of "Confessio Amantis" (c.1430) and of the unique manuscript of a Castilian translation of the poem (late 15th c.), made from the Portuguese text. The Portuguese manuscript, copied in a bastard Gothic script by a named scribe, Joham Barroso, is an unprepossessing paper volume, its execution "a bit rough" (21). The Castilian manuscript, copied in a Gothic court hand and likewise on paper, by an anonymous scribe, is even more modest. Moreover, the second has an idiosyncratic structure: it is in two parts, each one written by the same scribe but only brought together in the 16th c. This "artificial codex" (27) suggests, therefore, a wider circulation for the Castilian translation than has previously been supposed. Both manuscripts were probably prepared for aristocratic use by private readers. Contains numerous plates illustrating the hands. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Herrero Jiménez, Mauricio. Pérez-Fernández, Tamara. María Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Marta Maria. Published Herrero Jiménez, Mauricio, with Tamara Pérez-Fernández and Marta María Gutiérrez Rodríguez. "Castilian Script in the Iberian Manuscripts of the Confessio Amantis." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014). Pp. 17-31. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Castilian Script in the Iberian Manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As part of her ranging study of depictions of the Orient and its peoples in medieval western romances--reflecting cultural contact through trade, pilgrimage, and crusading--Heffernan comments briefly on Gower's tales of Constance and Apollonius of Tyre, mentioning in passing only the incest motif in the latter (93-94) and dilating in somewhat greater detail on the presence and function of merchants and commerce in the former while comparing Gower's Constance tale with Chaucer's Man of Law's Prologue and Tale and Boccaccio's "Decameron" 5.2. In this discussion Heffernan attends to "curious intersections of mercantilism and faith which reflect the historical reality of the Eastern Mediterranean the Middle Ages" in Chaucer's tale and "less pervasive" ones in Gower's and Boccaccio's analogous accounts, even though those in Boccaccio do reveal "a greater intertextual connection" with MLT "than has been previously recognized" (23). All but ignoring their ultimate source in Trivet's "Chronicles" (mentioned only on p. 27), Heffernan takes for granted similarities between Gower's and Chaucer's versions, and observes several details of emphasis that distinguish Gower's: Constance's father is "[p]erhaps a crusader" and Constance herself a "religious crusader" who "seems worldly" in managing "to achieve conversions while actually trading with merchants" (41)--and when she confronts sexual assault with "ready pluck," more of a "take charge' heroine" (42) than Chaucer's Custance. For Gower, perhaps, it may be that "there was nothing inappropriate about a saintly woman converting merchants while doing business with them" (43)--a characterization, Heffernan surmises, shaped to justify the "clos Envie" of the Sultan's mother and thereby fitted to Gower's book of envy. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Heffernan, Carol F. Published Heffernan, Carol F. The Orient in Chaucer and Medieval Romance. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 2003. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Orient in Chaucer and Medieval Romance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In varying levels of detail, Harris discusses six manuscripts that she terms "bad texts," that is, "texts appearing in the form of extracts," where "the intrusions of the medieval manuscript compiler or the editor (or both) are most obvious" (27-28): Princeton University Library Garrett 136 (early fifteenth century), Manchester, Chetham's Library A.7.38 (6696) (early sixteenth century), London, British Library Harley 7333, Oxford, Balliol College 354, New Haven, Beinecke Library Takamiya 32 (Richard Hill's commonplace book), and Cambridge, University Library Ee. ii. 15. She mentions incidentally Oxford, Bodleian Library Rawlinson D 82, Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College 176/97, Oxford, Trinity College D 29, and San Marino, Huntington Library HM 144 (the latter two she traces to the Augustinian priory at Bisham). In most of these, but not all, the tales have been cut free of the frame narrative, and in many cases retold in prose (32-33). The Balliol, Takamiya, and Cambridge Ee. ii. 15 manuscripts show many similarities, suggesting some form of common origin, "probably a series of extracts rather than a complete copy of Gower's poem" (34). The texts of those delivered in rhyme have been heavily edited, broadly reflecting, Harris opines, changes over time in preferred forms of rhyme (35-39). She concludes: "In so far as the intrusions of the medieval editors in Gower's poetry are made on purely aesthetic grounds they can be said to provide the earliest true criticism of the 'Confessio.' In this lies the chief virtue of bad texts. That they should also provide information on the history of poetics was a virtue hardly to be expected" (40). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Harris, Kate. Published Harris, Kate. "John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis': The Virtues of Bad Texts." In Derek Pearsall, ed. Manuscripts and Readers in Fifteenth-Century England (York: York Medieval Press, 1983). Pp. 27-40. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower's "Confessio Amantis": The Virtues of Bad Texts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Richard Hill was a merchant active in London in the early years of the Reformation. His book is Oxford, Balliol College MS 354, "an extensive and varied collection of texts, relating to medicine, household management, business interests, and the practices of Christian religion" along with fourteen tales from the "Confessio Amantis" (32). In four of these--what Harper calls "The Poor Leper" (i.e., "Dives and Pauper"), "Adrian and Bardus," "Constantine and Sylvester," and "King Midas"--Harper identifies "an ongoing discussion regarding the precise value of charity for religious purposes," a virtue she associates with Catholicism (32). Hill purposely altered what he excerpted in various ways (e.g., removing the framing conversation of Genius and Amans) with the intent, Harper argues, "of using these texts for spiritual guidance" (33). Specifically, Hill was a rich man seeking to secure a heavenly afterlife through acts of charity, the theme Harper finds running throughout Gower's tales, suggesting their interest to Hill. However, "during the time that Hill's book was written, charity and other 'good works' were starting to become disassociated from salvation." Thus, "while the majority" of the CA tales here "suggest that he saw the value of using charity as a means of preparing for death, they do not present an unambiguously orthodox Catholic position, but rather an idiosyncratic take on a centuries-old problem that was a mainstay of traditional Catholicism" (43). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Harper, Alison. Published Harper, Alison. "The Merchant Richard Hill and His Book: Using 'Confessio Amantis' Tales to Negotiate the Spiritual Marketplace in Henrician London." In Kristin M.S. Bezio and Scott Oldenburg, eds. Religion and the Early Modern British Marketplace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2021). Pp. 32-49. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Merchant Richard Hill and His Book: Using "Confessio Amantis" Tales to Negotiate the Spiritual Marketplace in Henrician London Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gastle's very practical essay describes how to align classroom study of the "Tale of Florent" (in comparison with Chaucer's "Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale") with a specific learning outcome of general education goals: awareness of other cultures. The essay will be helpful to instructors interested in serving academic accreditation requirements while including medieval literature in undergraduate general education courses. Particularly useful is Gastle's appendix which includes instructions and a rubric for students' final examination essays tailored to "the study of literature in a historical context in today's world" (28). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gastle, Brian W. Published Gastle, Brian W. "Teaching Gower's 'Tale of Florent' and Leveraging General Education Student Learning Outcomes." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching 30.1 (2023): 17 -30. Gower Subject Backlgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Teaching Gower's "Tale of Florent" and Leveraging General Education Student Learning Outcomes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galván analyzes the "historical, political, and dynastic conditions that linked England to Iberia during the fourteenth-century" (103-4). He reviews England's unsuccessful pursuit of an alliance with Castile during the Hundred Years' War; France's alliance with Aragón; the Black Prince's service alongside Pedro the Cruel and others at the Battle of Nájera; Chaucer's treatment of these matters in the "Monk's Tale;" John of Gaunt's marriage to Constanza of Castile; and the deterioration of relations between Castile and France due to Gaunt's success. He discusses the Castilian chronicler, López de Ayala, who served as a diplomat. López fought at the Battle of Nájera, initially on the side of Pedro the Cruel, and was held prisoner briefly by the Black Prince. One of López's works may have influenced Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" and, like Philippa of Lancaster's possible involvement with the Portuguese and Castilian translations of the "Confessio Amantis," suggests lively English and Iberian cultural connections. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galván, Fernando. Published Galván, Fernando. "At the Nájera Crossroads (1367): Anglo-Iberian Encounters in the Late Fourteenth Century." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 103-17. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource At the Nájera Crossroads (1367): Anglo-Iberian Encounters in the Late Fourteenth Century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galloway here examines the "idea" of "the literary" (or "literariness") in medieval English writings. The bulk of his essay is a lengthy and lucid survey of critical attempts to clarify "the literary" in general terms and specifically in Old and Middle English writing--addressing in impressive fashion key points of classical poetics, linguistic structuralism, and Renaissance humanism; modern theoretical attention to modes, genres, and aesthetics; and individual critics' attention to allegory, metaphor, the "accessus" tradition, oral delivery, prologues, dream visions, recreation, authorial self-consciousness, Lollard thought, and more. Galloway frames this survey with his own assessment of the literary/aesthetic qualities of the brief Towneley/Wakefield play, "The Salutation of Elizabeth," and he attends recurrently to Chaucer and to relations between medieval English "literariness" and that of classical and Continental traditions. In his very brief comments on Gower, Galloway treats, not the "moral didacticism and political sycophancy" attributed to the poet in traditional criticism, but how Gower is "most innovative"--and presumably most "literary"--in adapting classical conventions, especially Ovidian ones. He offers a single, sharp example of Gower's response to Ovid's hint toward a "possible lament for the coming of dawn by the goddess of dawn herself, Aurora" in "Amores" 1.1.339-40. Quoting the "Confessio Amantis" Book IV, 3232-27, Galloway observes that Gower "elaborates just how Cephalus would pray for the sun to come slowly, when he is in bed with Aurora" so that "Ovid's passing counterfactual becomes Gower's entire independent aubade" (226-27). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew. Published Galloway, Andrew. "Imagining the Literary in Medieval English." In Tim William Machan, ed. Imagining Medieval English: Language Structures and Theories, 500-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. 210-37. Gower Subject Backgrounds aand General Criticism Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Imagining the Literary in Medieval English. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galloway begins with a discussion of the circumstances surrounding Gower's acquisition of a foreign "chest" ("kiste") and documents associated with the acquisition. These suggest the importance of mercantilism to Gower's life and poetry and may be applied to the puzzle of how "Confessio Amantis" traveled to Iberia, physically and by translation. The prevailing view cites the role of John of Gaunt's daughters in the travels of the CA, through their marriages to the princes of Portugal and Castile. The intersection of 14th-c. mercantile and "noble culture" (197), however, provides an alternative avenue. In the CA, chests have their traditional iconographic association with covetousness. They also signify, however, "the creation and circulation of . . . human political commodities," such as "the voice and words of people of high value" (204), and a poet's "political self-commodification" (210). Gower develops this theme in Book V of the CA, on avarice, where the "Tale of Two Coffers" functions as an exemplum of the allure and risk of venture mercantilism. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew. Published Galloway, Andrew. "Gower's Kiste." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 193-214. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's Kiste. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Jamie C. Fumo investigates the "Cleanness" poet's treatment of salt, arguing "the poet capitalizes on salt's status as a vexed and unstable signifier in medieval cultural discourse" (142). Fumo begins her article by first tracing the "predominantly favorable cultural coding of salt in the Bible" before engaging "Cleanness." She uses Derrida's concept of "hostipitality"--a portmanteau of hostility and hospitality--to analyze the tension present in Lot's Wife's domestic tasks. Fumo claims, "Lot's wife . . . not only 'sins in salt' by ignoring her husband's stipulation about their guests' dietary requirements, but she also upends the episode's one absolute culinary requirement deriving from Genesis 19: neither she nor anyone makes any bread at all, at least as far as we are told" (146). Fumo effectively demonstrates the poem's reappropriation of salt's significance; she calls this a "queering of salt," adding that such queering challenges 'the moral coherence of Lot's wife herself as exemplum" (147). Fumo continues to explain the cultural and historical significance of salt from culinary uses to social markers in order to situate Lot's wife and her eventual transformation. Of special interest to Gowerians, Fumo offers some comments on Gower's "Tale of Lichaon" from Book VII of the "Confessio Amantis." She claims Gower's version of this tale (in comparison to Ovid's) focuses "on hospitality, as befits a lesson on proper governance, while also intensifying his source's cannibalistic theme" (154). This discussion then leads Fumo to address commensality within hospitality. From this perspective, she offers explanations for why indeed Lot's Wife is turned into salt--what potential culinary/hospitality transgressions named in the poem might suggest. Fumo concludes Lot's Wife in "Cleanness" shows the need for, "radical humility of acknowledging one's capacity to be tested, tasted, and perhaps devoured. To partake of such wisdom not only nourishes the body social in the here and now but maximizes one's chances of being a diner, not a dish, at the final, most exclusive feast" (157). [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fumo, Jamie C. Published Fumo, Jamie C. "Eating Well/Well Eaten: Lot's Wife's Folly and the Wisdom of Salt in 'Cleanness.'" Exemplaria 30.2 (2023): 141-62. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eating Well/Well Eaten: Lot's Wife's Folly and the Wisdom of Salt in "Cleanness." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ensley's essay is a very useful addition to Gower-reception studies, drawing together analyses of paratextual features of Berthelette's editions of the "Confessio Amantis" (and Caxton's, more briefly), Gower's place in commonplace books of the sixteenth century (particularly that of Richard Hill), and readers' marks in thirty-one copies of Caxton's and Berthelette's editions of CA. She focuses on how sixteenth-century readers "extracted" (a word she uses throughout) proverbs, sententiae, and other commonplace materials from the CA, and how Berthelette's prefatory letter, lay-out, and table of contents encouraged such extraction by emphasizing Gower's role as a "conduit for the poets, historians and philosophers of the past" while deemphasizing the poet's "own voice" and the dialogic frame narrative of the CA (211). Ensley aligns this emphasis with Renaissance humanism, situating her study appropriately among those by Daniel Wakelin on late-medieval and early modern humanism, Siân Echard on Gower's pre-texts and proverbs, Joseph Stadolnik on excerpting Gower, R. F. Yeager on Ben Jonson's uses of Gower in his "Grammar" and on Gower and the cento tradition, and others. Ensley's discussions of sixteenth-century habits of commonplace extraction are similarly situated and supported via authoritative studies by Mary Thomas Crane, Adam Smyth, and others on the motivations and practices of keeping commonplace books; her data, in turn, corroborate aspects of these studies by showing how--an extended example here--Richard Hill extracted portions of the CA for his commonplace book (Oxford, Balliol College, MS 354) and modified them (inserting new lines with new rhymes) to deemphasize or eliminate Gower's dialogic frame, perhaps responding to Berthelette's presentation or perhaps following an impulse similar to that of Jonson when in his "Grammar" he draws extracts from Gower in order to free "the medieval poet's language" (214) from history and the negative associations of pre-Reformation baggage. When she turns to her detailed commentary on readers' marks (marginal comments, underscoring, manicules, etc., reproducing three illustrative facsimile pages) in her corpus of printed copies, Ensley does not explain how she selected them, whether by ease of access or by density of marginalia--if the latter, it would thin her argument somewhat--but she clearly aligns the marginalia with extraction and commonplacing, helping us to see how readers' jottings connect with humanism, how they are characteristic of sixteenth-century reading, and how they reflect early modern attitudes towards medieval texts, including the CA--maybe even especially the CA. It may be a step too far, although an enticing one, when Ensley suggests in her conclusion that Gower's "works may have been so ripe for . . . extractive commonplacing strategies, because Gower himself used them in his own writing" (225, citing Yeager on Gower and the cento tradition). Given the care with which Ensley situates her argument and uses her data, the point is provocative and plausible, but comparative analysis of Renaissance readers' extractive uses of other medieval writers would be helpful if we are to agree that Gower was especially "ripe" for extraction because he was an extractor himself. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ensley, Mimi. Published Ensley, Mimi. "'Profitable' Gower: Commonplacing and the Early Modern Confessio Amantis." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 121 (2022): 202-26; 3 illus. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Facsimles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Profitable" Gower: Commonplacing and the Early Modern "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The essay discusses Gower's poetic career in the context of the Vergilian "cursus honorum"--"the sequence of works progressing from lower to higher genres" (144). Venus's dismissal of Gower at the end of the CA concludes his career as lover and poet and might echo the retreat into "philosophical contemplation" (145) that Suetonius describes in his biography of Vergil. Gower, unlike Vergil, continued writing poems, such as "In Praise of Peace," the "Traitié," and the "Cinkante Balades": a second cursus. This second canon, in one sense, is minor when compared with the magisterial achievement of Gower's three major works: the "Mirour de l'Omme," "Vox Clamantis," and "Confessio Amantis." At the same time, it is reflexive. For instance, "In Praise of Peace" reconsiders themes of anger and good government already taken up in the CA. Likewise, the CB "renegotiate and reimagine aspects of his major works" (150), such as his "dual roles as moralist and public poet" (151). [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Edwards, Robert R. Published Edwards, Robert R. "Gower's Second Cursus." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 141-52. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism In Praise of Peace Cinkante Balades Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's Second Cursus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Edwards considers modern sale prices of manuscripts and Caxton's 1483 edition of "Confessio Amantis" as evidence for "the acumen of individual collectors or book dealers" and "the relationship . . . between commercial value and cultural and/or academic significance" (281) of the CA. Of fifty-odd manuscripts, fifteen have been sold or offered since the late nineteenth century. Huntington Library MS EL 26. A. 17 and Folger Shakespeare Library MS SM 1 were purchased en bloc and had no specified prices. Only one is in a British Library: Bodleian Library MS Lyell 31. Pierpont Morgan Library MS M 126, one of two that "include a full cycle of miniatures" (282), now lacking nine, was purchased in 1902 for £1,727. The rarity of Caxton's edition--only seven complete copies survive--and his "mystique … as the father of English printing" (285), enhanced its sale prices: an imperfect copy sold in 1981 for £22,000. The essay concludes with two appendices, listing sales of CA manuscripts and of Caxton's "Gower" since c.1900. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Edwards, A. S. G. Published Edwards, A. S. G. "Buying Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' in Modern Times." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 279-90. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buying Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' in Modern Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Echard questions the continuing critical focus on Gower's long poems and consequent "dismissal of [his] talents" (246) by many scholars; she draws attention to Gower's variety of forms and inclusion of "moments of short within the long" (247), such as prayers, letters, and other self-contained verbal episodes in "Confessio Amantis." She analyzes in detail some of Gower's shorter Latin verse, such as "O Deus immense" and "Ad mundum mitto," noting in these Gower's "self-reflexive exploration of voice" (258). "O Deus immense" returns to themes of kingship, and especially the king's responsibility to uphold the law, that Gower treats at much greater length in his long Anglo-French poem, "Mirour de l'Omme." "Ad mundum mitto" refers to the poet's vast corpus as a "mirror" and associates it with his Gower's self, by a "sequence of strong stresses and 'm' sounds" around the Latin word "mea." This "turning the mirror on the poet himself" (259) thus recalls the mirror that Venus holds up to Amans at the end of the CA: another interplay of short and long forms. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Echard, Siân. Published Echard, Siân. "The Long and the Short of It: On Gower's Forms." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 245-60. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Minor Latin Lyrics Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditatntis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Long and the Short of It: On Gower's Forms. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Duffell is a metricist, seemingly a very good one, but not a student of Gower, and thus a bit out of touch with scholarship more recent than John Fisher's. He is also given to heavy dependence on "technical jargon," e.g., "four-ictic dolnik": which is to say, "a line with a fixed number of beats, and with offbeats containing between 0 and 2 syllables, with four beats" (289); one is grateful for the glossary (287-98). He sees Gower and Chaucer collaborating to reform English poetics, with Chaucer probably contributing more to Gower's development than vice-versa: "Collaboration must be expected because the directions in which each was taking versifying were remarkably similar: they regulated both AN and ME octosyllables, and they both experimented with deviant decasyllables, lines such as no French nor English had ever composed, and lines that deviated from the existing norms in parallel ways" (100). The weight Duffell places on "personalities," exacerbated by the outdatedness of relevant bibliography, (e.g.: MS Additional 59495 [olim Trentham] was given to Henry IV, the balades of the "Traitié" were "for the bride of his old age" [101]) sometimes gets in the way of his sharper analyses, but his major points--that "C[onfessio] A[mantis] qualifies as the first poem 'in strict iambic tetrameter' [Duffell's emphasis] in the English language" (111); that "it is just possible that Gower's example influenced Chaucer to make more sparing use of headless lines in S[ir[ T[hopas] and to be more tolerant of a regular iambic rhythm" (113); "it was John Gower and not Geoffrey Chaucer, who transformed the duple-time four-beat dolnik into the iambic tetrameter. Gower did this in two languages: in AN by making his octosyllables iambic, and in ME by eschewing headless lines and epic caesura" (135)--are significant, and should be noted. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Duffell, Martin J. Published Duffell, Martin J. Chaucer's Verse Art in its European Context. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2018). Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's Verse Art in its European Context. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this study Doob aims to provide a "representative late medieval view of madness and its conventions," describing classical and biblical roots, and the emphases found in later commentaries and representations. She identifies moral, medical, and psychological aspects of late-medieval literary madness, and a fundamental alignment of madness with sin. In the taxonomy that structures the book, Doob offers a set of three general character types--conventions" as she calls them throughout--separating the Mad Sinner (madness as punishment) from the Unholy Wild Man (madness as purgation) and the Holy Wild Man (madness as test or proving) and using them to classify and discuss a wide variety of literary characters--Lucifer and Herod to Sir Gowther and Sir Orfeo--drawn from various literary genres: saints' lives, romance, drama, etc. She concludes with an anomalous (as she admits) discussion of Thomas Hoccleve as a poet unusually concerned with madness, perhaps because he experienced madness himself--a possibility that Doob raises but leaves unresolved. The biblical Nebuchadnezzar merits his place in the title of this study by being, Doob tells us, the "prototype of literary madness" (58) in all its medieval forms. In a section that examines various adaptations of the story of Nebuchadnezzar's madness, anchored in the Book of Daniel, Doob assesses Gower's version from "Confessio Amantis" 1.2785-3042, admiring its "pathos" (86) and other romance elements that make it "one of the most moving" tales in CA. She clearly prefers it to the version of Chaucer's Monk ("pardonable only if . . . seen as an attempt to fit tale to teller" [p.81]) and pairs it with the version found in "Cleanness" as two effective treatments of the bestialized mad king as a moral exemplar. In this study Doob addresses neither Gower's retelling of Nebuchadnezzar's dream in CA, nor other renderings of madness not affiliated with Nebuchadnezzar in his works, such as the bestialization of the peasants in VC, the madness of love (CA, Book 1,130), the grief-stricken madness of Apollonius (CA VIII, 1687), and others. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Doob, Penelope B. R. Published Doob, Penelope B. R. Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Donavin's efficient essay describes the "groundwork" (p. 56) she laid for her students as essential preparation for a month-long unit on tales of sexual abuse from the "Confessio Amantis" (Lucrece, Philomena, Cornix, and Calistona) in an upper-division undergraduate course for English majors and Gender Studies students. Sensitive to the #MeToo movement and Take Back the Night activities, this groundwork includes trigger warnings, rules for student discussions, and a rich and nuanced set of perspectives on medieval gender issues drawn from recent critical scholarship and serving as a guide or index of parameters for such a unit. Donavin's summary of student responses indicates that the unit was very successful. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Donavin, Georgiana Published Donavin, Georgiana. "Gower and #MeToo." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching 30.1 (2023): 53-61. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower and #MeToo. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Diller, Hans-Jürgen. Published Diller, Hans-Jürgen. "'For Engelondes sake': Richard II and Henry of Lancaster as Intended Readers of Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.'" In Ulrich Broich, Theo Stemmler, and Gerd Stratmann, eds. Functions of Literature: Essays Presented to Erwin Wolff on His Sixtieth Birthday. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1984. Pp. 39-53. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Biography of Gower Review Diller here discusses the literary "functions" of the Ricardian and Lancastrian recensions of Gower's "Confessio Amantis." His discussion is complicated--framed by a brief, weighty theorization of literary functions, both overt and covert--but after a close reading of the altered lines Diller briskly summarizes what he believes to be the impact of the changes Gower made to the Prologue of his poem: "The revision of only 69 lines (out of a total of 33,444) has brought about an astonishing change in the explicit functions of CA: amusement has been replaced by instruction and exhortation; praise of the monarch, by a criticism of society and the hope for one who may reform it; the desire for personal advancement, by a concern for common good. In short, a 'bok for king Richardes sake' (Pr. 24*) has been really turned into a 'bok for Engelondes sake' (Pr. 24)" (45). Turning to Gower's replacement of Book VIII, 2941*-3114* with 2941-3172, Diller asserts that "Gower felt that he could not alter the frame [of CA] without altering the ending" (46) and, again closely reading changes in details, says that, if we can hazard "[r]educing Gower to a simplifying formula [in the revised version], we may say that the king has to be virtuous, while the nobles have to be virtuous and strong," (48), with Henry as an apt "representative" of the latter. Further, Gower changed the "position of earthly love," Diller tells us: "toleration" of happy love . . ."--a complimentary reference to Richard and his queen" in the first version--has been eliminated and such love "is now only a force that drives men into error" (49), an "inconsistency" with the status of love throughout the poem, Diller suggests, that Gower "accepted . . . [as] necessary on account of the new Epilogue." Somewhat more tentatively, Diller accounts for the elimination of Venus's reference to Chaucer in the revision, not because of any "estrangement" (50) between Gower and Chaucer, but because Gower "may have hoped to earn favours which so far had been reserved for the younger poet" but did not wish to "hint at a possible reward . . . from Henry [though he soon received one] as openly as he had done in his dedication to the king." "Mere lucre," Diller maintains, "had little attraction" for the prosperous Gower, and an "outward sign of recognition" would probably have been sufficient for Gower since his "subsequent attitude to Henry indicates as much" (51). Much of this is inferential, as Diller acknowledges when he observes that it is "safer" for him attend to the "values articulated in [Gower's] poetry" than to his "personal ambition" (52)--two different levels of function in Diller's theoretical scheme. With this shift in focus, and a nod to the Merciless Parliament, Diller rather swiftly concludes his essay by suggesting that Richard may not have approved of Gower's views on constraint of royal power, and that it was a "skilful move" for Gower to turn to Henry as "another high-ranking member of the royal family" who might well be willing to sanction these views as a "legitimation of political practices which have become current without being accepted as legitimate" (53). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "For Engelondes sake": Richard II and Henry of Lancaster as Intended Readers of Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Coleman opens the conclusion of her essay with the "sneaking suspicion that some medievalists . . . would think 'Well, of course, it's obvious that English illumination would be influenced by "Roman de la Rose" iconography'" (192) and, in a way, she's right--but only in a way. In a crisp discussion of the influence of RR miniatures on three images from English illuminated manuscripts, she makes the influence obvious, contributes to audience or reception studies, and, one hopes, provides grounds for further investigations. The three images, treated in "chronological order by manuscript date" are "the confession scene in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Fairfax 3), the dreamer scene in 'Pearl' (London, British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x), and the 'sermon' scene in the frontispiece to Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 61)" (177). The essay reproduces all three in color, accompanied by images from RR that are either their sources or strong analogues in one way or another. In the case of the Gower image (Fairfax 3, folio 8r), Coleman shows that the miniature of Amans confessing to Genius combines features of RR miniatures of Nature confessing to Genius and of Amant approaching the Garden of Love, and asks "How might a sophisticated late fourteenth-century English viewer of the Fairfax 3 confession miniature have read the image's recombinant iconography?" In its simplest form, Coleman's answer is that the image would have signaled to the viewer that "if Amans could learn from Genius the proper way to pursue love, access would be granted to the joys it brings" (181). This answer is made more intriguing by Coleman's attention to ways in which it engages "Gower's mixed literary goals" and "mingles political issues . . . with the courtly and the ludic" (183). She sidesteps the question of whether or not Gower was himself the "designer" of the image (but see note 11), commenting on gender issues in the image (no Dame Nature or Lady Idleness), the collar of SS worn by Amans, his apparent age (treated with due caution due to manuscript damage), and the similar miniature of the confession scene found in Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 294.The influences of the French scenes are clear and the implications of the Fairfax designer's treatment for viewer response, complex. Coleman's discussions of the influence of RR illuminations on images from "Pearl" and the "Troilus" manuscripts are similarly convincing and, like her treatment of the Gower image, rich in implication for how English miniature designers used RR iconography, and for how viewers are likely to have responded to their designs. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coleman, Joyce. Published Coleman, Joyce. "Translating Iconography in Gower, 'Pearl,' Chaucer, and the 'Rose.'" In Susanna Fein and David Raybin, eds. Chaucer: Visual Approaches. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016. Pp. 177-94. Gower Subject Confessio Amantic Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translating Iconography in Gower, "Pearl," Chaucer, and the "Rose." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Carlson discusses accounts of the English invasion of Castile in 1367 that, like Gower's pro-Lancastrian "Cronica tripertita" (1400), may be analyzed as examples of state propaganda. These include: a French letter presumably written by Edward the Black Prince, who headed the invasion, to his wife Joan, presenting information on battlefield casualties and prisoners; a more detailed account of the same, included in a French verse biography of Edward; a Latin panegyric on John of Gaunt's heroism during the battle, by a Cistercian poet, Walter Peterborough; and another Latin panegyric, this one on the Black Prince himself, entitled "Gloria cunctorum." This last account of the siege of Nájera "is notably short on information" (95), but should be better known to scholars. An appendix presents a critical edition of the account based on three manuscripts and the text printed in Thomas Wright's "Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History" (1859). [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Carlson, David R. Published Carlson, David R. "The English Literature of Nájera (1367) from Battlefield Dispatch to the Poets." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 89-101. Gower Subject Cronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English Literature of Nájera (1367) from Battlefield Dispatch to the Poets. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The "John Gower" discussed by Burrow is not the medieval poet, but the seventeenth-century translator of Ovid's "Festivalls, or Romane calendar, translated into English verse equinumerally" (published 1640). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Burrow, Colin Published Burrow, Colin. "'That Arch-Poet of the Faerie Lond': A New Spenser Allusion." Notes and Queries 47 [245].1 (2000): 37. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "That Arch-Poet of the Faerie Lond": A New Spenser Allusion Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Pease's abstract: ". . . the first evaluative section of this study (Chapter II) is devoted to a comparative analysis between 'Pericles' and the known sources of the play. The resultant conclusion is that Pericles is based primarily upon Book VIII of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' with additional detail from Laurence Twine's 'The Patterne of Painefull Adventures' and the Latin 'Historia Apollonii Regis Tyrii.' More importantly, this section reveals that the story was adapted for the stage and structured by only one author, a craftsman of considerable dramatic skill. Evidence examined in Chapter III demonstrates that the first printed quarto of 1609 (Q1), upon which all other copies are based, is corrupt, for it abounds in mislineations, lost phrases, and jumbled verse. While this corruption accounts for many of the stylistic inconsistencies between Acts I-II and Acts III-V, differences in style . . . indicate two levels of workmanship. . . . Chapter IV [evaluates] those writers . . . suggested as possible originators of at least a portion of Pericles. . . . George Wilkins apparently used a report of the play along with . . . verbatim copying from Twine to produce a novel, 'The Painfull Adventures of Pericles Prince of Tyre' (1608). An investigation of the works which carry Wilkins' name as sole author indicates that Wilkins' unfamiliarity with the Apollonius story precludes the possibility of his having originated the play. . . . The arguments for the other two writers, Thomas Heywood and John Day, are based on verbal correspondences too conjectural to be considered as proof of authorship. The last section of the study is devoted to an examination of the extent of Shakespeare's language, techniques, and theme contained in 'Pericles.' It was determined that Shakespeare was familiar with the Apollonius story as early as 1592-93, that 'Pericles' reflects Shakespeare's known techniques of utilizing source material, that the metrical changes within the play correspond exactly to similar changes in Shakespeare's writing style, and that Shakespearean imagery and thematic ideas are contained throughout all five acts of the play. The concluding hypothesis of this study is that early in his career, Shakespeare began a play based on the Apollonius legend only to lay it aside in order to concentrate on the more popular comedies and chronicle histories. Sometime between 1605 and 1608, Shakespeare, tiring of the heavy psychological demands of the major tragedies and aware of increasing audience interest in the sensationalism of romantic drama . . . [transformed] . . . the . . . Apollonius narrative into a tightly compressed, highly imaginative morality tale . . . later to be expressed more fully in 'The Tempest.'" [RFY. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pease, Ralph William III. Published Pease, Ralph William III. The Genesis and Authorship of Pericles. Ph. D. Dissertation Texas A & M University, 1972. DAI 33 (1973): 4358A. Available online https://www.proquest.com/openview/4eabc22a721f9d492209f47bf7fda6a0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Genesis and Authorship of "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This dissertation analyses the political, confessional, and psychological frames of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (c. 1390-93). This dissertation proposes an integrated understanding of the poem's frames, in which both the confessional and psychological frames respond to the political one that Gower presents in the poem's Prologue. By moving the discussion of politics to a setting of unrequited courtly love and then establishing a need for the failed lover to confess (his sins against love), Gower creates complex layers of meaning. Each of this dissertation's chapters examines Gower and the 'Confessio' in a different context. The first two chapters provide a broader perspective on the external factors that influence Gower's writing. Chapter 1 examines Gower's self-establishment as a figure of authority writing in the vernacular to lay a foundation for the meticulous production of his texts. Chapter 2 examines the English political situation that led Gower to write the 'Confessio,' in particular politics of 1380s and how they are represented in the poem, as well as Gower's position as a public poet. The 'Confessio' is a response to the division Gower sees corrupting both the nation and its people; this chapter thus sheds light on how the poet moves from the body politic to the individual. Chapter 3 includes an overview of confession as a practice in the late Middle Ages and compares medieval manuals for penitents and theological treatises on confession to the portrayal of the lover's confession in the poem. This chapter establishes that confession is not just a listing of sins but an examination of the penitent's conscience and that both the penitent and the priest learn from the confessional process. Chapter 4 studies the frame characters, the lover and the priest (i.e., Amans and Genius), and how they represent the mental faculties of Will and Wit in Gower's scheme of the psyche. Highlighting their development as the confession progresses, the chapter shows how these characters come to represent the model of the readers' education. Finally, Chapter 5 delves into the perceived 'incongruities' of the poem, particularly those in Book VIII, and suggests a reading that reconciles its seeming disparate frames under one unified voice." [eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Castilho Ribeiro Santos, Paulo Eduardo. Published Castilho Ribeiro Santos, Paulo Eduardo. "Public Poetry and the Psychology of Confession in John Gower's Confessio Amantis." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Ottawa, 2024. Fully accessible via https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/13093764-63a8-4da8-8dce-3461f50409e8. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Poetry and the Psychology of Confession in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Poverty, Bullón-Fernández points out, is not a major theme in "Confessio Amantis." Gower does, however, explore "the relation between subjects and objects" (187)--that is, between the self and possessions--in Book V of the poem, devoted to avarice. This exploration depends on the meaning of two words, "properte" and "astat." The tale of Midas depicts the discordant effects of avarice by presenting the boundary between the animate self and inanimate things as "excessively porous" (188). Midas's power to turn anything he likes into gold transforms his "astat" in two senses: the things around him and himself. For Bullón-Fernández, the story and its moral qualify Genius's discussion of "gentilesse" in Book IV. This discourse notes that the self and possessions are alike in being transient, whereas virtue endures as an outgrowth of the soul. Nevertheless, Genius's use of the terms "good" and "goods" remains ambivalent. On the one hand, he uses the terms to refer to moral realities; on the other hand, to material ones as well. [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bullón-Fernández, María. Published Bullón-Fernández, María. Goods and the Good in "Confessio Amantis." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 183-92. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Goods and the Good in "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brown identifies the topic of his essay as "the way in which the use of literary images in secular writing becomes embroiled in the [late-medieval] controversy over religious images," particularly how the "radical ideas promoted by the Lollard followers of . . . John Wyclif" (308) are reflected or refracted in Gower's 'Vox Clamantis' and in the portrait of Chaucer found in manuscripts of Thomas Hoccleve's "Regiment of Princes." Brown finds engagements with the controversy by each author to be "contradictory" (312): both "ostensibly adopt and articulate one position (different in each case), [while] their literary practice points in another direction" (318). Gower's contradiction, Brown argues, lies in the clash between the poet's stated, though restrained, opposition to religious images in VC II.10--at points, "remarkably similar" in attitude to the Lollard "A tretyse of ymagis" in London, British Library, MS Additional 24202--and his depictions in Book I of the rebels of 1381 where "where images of his own sprout and flourish in abundance as if from some 'Vox clematis'" (311). Brown acknowledges that the "customary explanation" for the vehement imagery in Book I is that it was written after the 1381 Uprising--Books II-VII, written before--but he goes on to suggest that the "sharper and fuller perceptiveness" (311) inherent in the dream-vision genre evokes a kind of reflective interiority in Book I--not inconsistent with contemplative meditation--by which Gower "abrogated to himself the creation and control of elaborate, awe-inspiring, vivid representations of a world turned upside-down" that both is, and is not, consistent with his "Lollard-leaning view on the functions of images" later in the work (312). The image of the Cross, Brown argues, complicates Gower's treatment of images, as does the dedication of VC to Archbishop Thomas Arundel, enemy of the Lollards. Similar intricate contradictions, Brown shows, haunt Hoccleve's use of the Chaucer portrait as an "image designed to stir reading (or listening) memories" (313), "analogous to the use of images in religious meditation" (314). Neither writer is a "crypto-Lollard" (312) in Brown's analysis, but each rejected images while deploying them, struggling "to reconcile the imperatives of their social existence (as producers of literature within a network of patron, audience and political faction) with the often contradictory and uncomfortable priorities that develop as a consequence of reflective writing" (318). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Brown, Peter. Published Brown, Peter. "Images." In Peter Brown, ed. A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture, c. 1350-c. 1500. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Pp. 307-21. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Style, Rhetoric, and Veersification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Images. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Benson, C. David. Published Benson, C. David. "Some Poets' Tours of Medieval London: Varieties of Literary Urban Experience." Essays in Medieval Studies 24 (2007): 1-20. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Review Benson's set of late-medieval poetic "tours" through London consists of appreciative commentary about William FitzStephen's Latin "Description of London," Gower's "Visio" (Book 1) of "Vox Clamantis," Chaucer's "Cook's Tale," Hoccleve's "Regiment of Princes" and "La Male Regle, Lydgate's "King Henry VI's Triumphal Entry," and the anonymous "London Lickpenny." Accompanied by various maps and details of maps from modern reconstructions of the medieval city (and Gower's tomb in color), Benson's essay reads something like the voice-over for a documentary about medieval London, helping to bring the city to life, as it were. Comments about the lives and London experiences of the authors juxtapose details from their works that depict medieval London's topography and sociology, although Gower's allegory in the "Visio" gives "little sense of the city's geography," and the countryside around London is only a "frightening bolt-hole into which the narrator flees in terror" (7) rather than an opportunity, as it is for FitzStephen, to describe various forms of recreation. When Gower compares the Tower of London to a ship riding out a storm it is "[p]erhaps as part of a hallucination" (7), while, for example, Chaucer's reference to Newgate in the "Cook's Tale" recalls "the London practice of parading with mocking music to and from prison and the pillory those guilty of civic misbehavior" (10). These and other contrasting examples--and there are many more--seem to privilege realism over representationalism, although Benson does emphasize the discursive variety that the "theme of London" generates among medieval English writers, closing with a call for "more scholarly attention" to the theme "than it has yet received." [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Some Poets' Tours of Medieval London: Varieties of Literary Urban Experience. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In large part, Bakalian's essay is an extension of her 1998 dissertation and 2004 book-length study, "Aspects of Love in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'," reprising many of her useful generalizations about reason, nature, and female responsibility for their own rational love, and echoing her discussion of the Tale of Alceone in the CA, in which Gower "illustrates a woman who enjoys a marriage of passionate love moderated by reason" (83). Much of what is new here pertains to the "Tale of Rosiphelee" in which the protagonist "uses her reason to turn towards love" (82) and becomes like Alceone, Bakalian claims, insofar as both characters use reason to "change their worlds and achieve their desires" (83). Bakalian's technique is impressionistic appreciation of the "deftness that is Gower's hallmark" (92), underpinned by interpretative commentary and connections with analogous accounts. The "sources for Gower's Rosiphelee tale are various," Bakalian observes, "but Rosiphelee herself is Gower's own creation" (85); she then goes on to find similarities between Gower's protagonist and Chaucer's Man in Black from "Book of the Duchess," his Criseyde (discussed twice), Gower's own Amans, his Rosemund, and the fairy interlocutor of Rosiphelee's tale. Thoughtful solitude characterizes Rosiphelee for Bakalian, and the tale is made "so special" because Rosiphelee "manages to stay focused" and self-aware even when the fairy disappears suddenly, leaving the protagonist to choose to love in a "powerful ending to a romantic tale" (93). Turning to Alceone's tale, Bakalian observes that the protagonist does not speak at all, "yet she speaks through her actions which support Gower's message of truth in marriage." When Alceone's husband departs, "Gower conveys emotion brilliantly in this realistic and intelligible farewell scene" (96) through tears rather than through speech, while Alceone's later "traditional speech actions" are those of a "doting and dutiful wife . . . even in her new shape as a seabird" (97). Such claims--and there are more like it--will raise many pro-feminist eyebrows, but commenting further on several other female characters in CA, Bakalian insists that "Gower eliminates all anti-feminist and anti-matrimonial rhetoric" from the CA and "promotes women and marriage consistently in the poem" (99). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bakalian, Ellen S. Published Bakalian, Ellen S. "Using Reason to Change Their Worlds: The Tale of Rosiphelee and the Tale of Alceone in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.'" In Kathleen A. Bishop, ed. Standing in the Shadow of the Master? Chaucerian Influences and Interpretations. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010. Pp. 82-112. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Using Reason to Change Their Worlds: The Tale of Rosiphelee and the Tale of Alceone in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gail Ashton examines in this article three tales that share the motif of the exiled daughter, Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale," Gower's Tale of Constance, and "Emaré," in order "to explore the centrality of the family within society and the problematical role of 'daughter' itself" (416). On the surface, Ashton argues, these daughters are presented as passive "unsignified" (418) figures to be traded among men. Their role in their father's house is only temporary, as they wait to be married off. Ashton identifies a patriarchal ambivalence toward this temporary role. In trading his daughter, the father exerts power and, simultaneously, experiences the loss of power over his daughter, a loss that is also an emotional loss. Looking under this surface we can also see that the daughters are not merely passive but manage to have some control over their own identity and fate after leaving the father's house. Ashton notes that all three daughters choose the men they finally marry (Chaucer's and Gower's Constance do not marry the sultan, the man chosen by their father, but a king they meet on their own after they are set adrift following the sultan's murder; Emaré meets the man she marries after fleeing from her father). In addition, in all three stories, the daughters use silence in strategic moments to hide their identity and, in the cases of Gower's Constance and Emaré, they even change their names slightly at one point in their story. Constance, Custance, and Emaré also carefully stage their stories' final encounter scene, a reencounter of the daughters with both their fathers and husbands through the mediation of their sons. Ashton argues that through their sons the daughters return to their fathers, thus healing the breach signified by marriage and restoring the patriarchal structures, but they do so on their own terms, in effect critiquing marriage and patriarchal laws through a "re-positioning and rearticulation of 'daughter'"(420). [MB-F. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ashton, Gail. Published Ashton, Gail. "Her Father's Daughter: The Re-Alignment of Father-Daughter Kinship in Three Romance Tales." Chaucer Review 34.4 (2000): 416-27. Gower Subject Confessio Amantic Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Her Father's Daughter: The Re-Alignment of Father-Daughter Kinship in Three Romance Tales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Nicholason, Peter, ed. and trans. Published John Gower Society website: https://johngower.org/john-gowers-traitie/ Accessed 22 February 2024 Gower Subject Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Facsimiles, Editions and Translations Review Provides an edition of "Traitié Selonc Les Auctours Pour Essampler Les Amantz Marietz," with line-by-line English translation, an Introduction, and Notes, available as a downloadable PDF. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Title A name given to the resource John Gower's Traitié. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Provides an edition of "Cinkante Balades," with line-by-line English translation, an Introduction, and Notes, available as a downloadable PDF. Author/Editor Author/Editor Nicholson, Peter, ed. and trans. Published John Gower Society website:<br />https://johngower.org/john-gowers-cinkante-balades/<br />Accessed 22 February 2024 Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Title A name given to the resource John Gower's Cinkante Balades. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Offers a "a computer-generated listing of all the rhymes in Gower's 'Confessio Amantis,'" based on Macaulay's edition and available as a downloadable PDF, with instructions for use. Author/Editor Author/Editor Werthmüller, Gyöngyi. Published John Gower Society website: https://johngower.org/596-2/ Accessed 22 February 2024 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Bibliographies, Reports, and Reference Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Title A name given to the resource A Listing of the Rhymes in Gower's Confessio Amantis. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Coleman, Joyce. Published John Gower Society website:<br />https://johngower.org/coleman-miniatures/<br />Accessed 22 February 2024 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Maanuscripts and Textual Studies Review Coleman's "chart and accompanying excel file reflects a compilation of known Dream of Nebuchadnezzar and Confession miniatures in extant copies of Gower's Confessio Amantis. For a fuller discussion of these miniatures, and of illuminations in Gower manuscripts generally, see "Illuminations in Gower Manuscripts," in The Routledge Research Companion to John Gower, edited by Ana Saez-Hidalgo, Brian Gastle, and R.F. Yeager, Routledge, 2017, pp. 117-131. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Title A name given to the resource Dream of Nebuchadnezzar and Confession Miniatures in Gower's Confessio Amantis. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Campbell, John. Published Biographia Britannica, Or, the Lives of the Most eminent Persons Who Have flourished in Great Britain and Ireland From the earliest Ages, Down to the present Time: Collected from the best Authorities, both Printed and Manuscript, And digested in the Manner of Mr Bayle's Historical and Critical Dictionary. London: Printed for W. Innys, W. Meadows, J. Walthoe, T. Cox, A. Ward, J. and P. Knapton, T. Osborne, S. Birt, D. Browne, T. Longman and T. Shewell, H. Whitridge, R. Hett, C. Hitch, T. Astley, S. Austen, C. Davis, R. Manby and H.S. Cox, C. Bathurst, J. and R. Tonson and S. Draper, J. Robinson, J. Hinton, J. and J. Rivington, and M. Cooper, 1747-1766. 6 vols. in 7, continuously paginated. Volume 4: 2242-51. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Backgrounds and General Criticism Review This biography of Gower--signed only "E," but see N.B. below--digests, substantially extends, and at times critiques or corrects information and opinions found in works by John Leland, John Bale, John Stow, John Pits, Thomas Fuller, and others, acknowledging, quoting from, and responding to them in side-bar citations, augmented by lengthy footnotes that supply social, literary, and bibliographical background and context. It is a remarkable achievement, not easily absorbed or summarized, but well worth attention as a valuable snapshot of eighteenth-century knowledge and opinions of Gower. The main entry, for example, considers the question of Gower's presumed change of allegiance from Richard to Henry, summarizing comments of some who "blame [Gower] exceedingly for his conduct in this respect," and asserting instead that it "may be, and indeed is, much more like to be the truth, that our author was ever averse to King Richard's administration, in consequence of his [Gower's] steady attachment to Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester" (2244-45). Many of Gower's shorter works--his "little discourses on religious and moral subjects," we are told--need to be "drawn out of the dust and cobwebs" and "ensured against oblivion by the press" for their historical value and their moral sentiment (2247-48). Together, the "joint endeavors" of Gower and Chaucer made it possible that "there came to be such a thing as English poetry" (2250). Individual notes offer perspectives on heraldry and Gower's putative status as a knight (Note A); extensive information about his tomb and its inscriptions, including quotations (H); and several conjectural possibilities concerning the poet's ancestry, progeny, and the implications of his Lancastrian collar "of SS" and connections with Henry IV (I). Note B describes aspects of Gower-Chaucer relations and quotes the poets' references to each other--Chaucer's reference to "moral Gower" in Troilus and Criseyde 5.1856-59 and Venus's greeting to Chaucer in CA 8.*2941-57, each with modern translation. Note D dilates further on Gower's possible opinions of Richard II and historical assessments of those opinions. Notes E and G include extensive lists of Gower's minor works, with manuscript references and commentary on Gower's political views; E prints a full version of "In Praise of Peace" from John Urry's 1721 edition of Chaucer's works. In note C, which pertains to Gower's major works, discussion of the Speculum Meditantis (i.e., Mirour de l'Omme) is misleading: "two copies" are "in the Bodleian Library . . . written in French, in ten books," with citation of manuscripts "NE. F.8,9" and of "Fairfax 3." I have been unable to identify the first shelfmark (although it suggests shelving by geography), and Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Fairfax 3, does not include the poem, although its colophon (f. 194r) describes the work as being in French and in ten parts, information also found in other Gowerian colophons. Note C quotes the headnote and opening line of Gower's Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz, erroneously, as the "title at large" of MO, conflating the two works. Continuing, note C describes Vox Clamantis as "a kind of chronicle or history of the insurrection . . . in the reign of Richard II," with references to several manuscripts in Oxford libraries, and others "more frequent in private hands." The note prints VC Book I, chapter xi, 783-830 (no source-manuscript given)--to my knowledge, the first printing of any portion of the poem. The passage is given in Latin only, we are told apologetically, because translation "would be very difficult if not impossible." Note C also quotes, with translation, the "title at large" of VC as found in Tiberius A.IV.1 of the Cotton collection ("a very correct manuscript"), then goes on to describe one of the Oxford manuscripts--All Souls MS 98, here cited as "MS. Oxon. in Coll. Omn. Animarum, 26"--as a "fairer and more beautiful manuscript," from which the epistle to Archbishop Arundel is quoted as evidence that this version is a "kind of second edition when [Gower] joined to it some other historical pieces, and being written as himself says, when he was old and blind, might very probably be one of the last things he ever penned, or rather dictated" (p. 2244). Note C continues with brief comments on the Caxton edition of the Confessio Amantis and Thomas Berthelette's editions of the poem, with no accompanying discussion of manuscripts. A side-bar reference to a "curious account" in the William Caxton entry earlier in the Biographia [see volume 2, pp. 1240-4, note O] leads us to a discussion of Caxton's title-page to CA and the CA Prologues in Caxton and in Berthelette that explores historical and textual aspects of the Prologues and dedications of these printed editions--preceded by commentary that corrects or at least addresses several emphases in earlier biographical accounts of Gower. Returning to note C of the main Gower entry, we find CA described as a "kind of poetical system of Morality, interspersed with weighty sentences, excellent maxims, and shrewd sayings; but far the greatest part [is] composed of pleasant stories happily introduced as instances or examples in support of the virtuous doctrine delivered." In support of the main-entry assertion that Gower's works reflect deep learning and probity as "monuments of the progress of good sense thro' former ages" (p. 2246), note F prints CA, Book VII, 3945-60 in Middle English, and translates into modern poetry the entire Tale of the Courtiers and the Fool (VII, 3945-4026), offering it as an example of Gower's sensible advice to Richard II and evidence that Gower "knew the force of example and commonly illustrated his precepts by having recourse to antient or modern history" (2248). Note K comprises quotations that illustrate Gower's early modern reception: selections from Berthelette, George Puttenham, Sir Philip Sidney, and Henry Peacham. The main entry concludes by explaining that "it was a point of duty to render so much justice to John Gower, whose memory has been too much neglected by some and too hastily injured by others . . . . And it is from a consciousness of this, that we have not spared either industry or labour, to set, as we hope we have done, this article in a proper light." N.B. In the Preface to the second volume of the second edition of the Biographia Britannica (5 vols., 1778-93), p. viii, Andrew Kippis explains that entries in the Biographia signed "E" (as is the one about Gower and the one about Chaucer) were contributed by "Dr. Campbell," whom Kippis later identifies (p. 423, note B) as the author of The Political Survey of Britain (1774), i.e., Dr. John Campbell (1708-1775). Kippis also says that entries signed "G" (as is the Caxton entry mentioned above) were contributed by William Oldys. [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower [John]. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1747-1766 1778-1793, 2d ed. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Peacham's major entry in its entirety (pp. 94-95): "Gower being very gracious with King Henrie the 4. in his time carried the name of the onely Poet, but his verses to say truth, were poore and plaine, yet full of good and graue Moralitie: but while he affected altogether the French phrase and words, made himself too obscure to his Reader; beside his invention commeth farre shorte of the promise of his Titles. He published onely (that I know of) three bookes, which at S. Marie Oueries in Southwark vpon his monument lately repaired by some Benefactor, lie under his head; which are Vox clamantis, Speculum Meditantis, and Confessio Amantis. He was a Knight, as also was Chaucer." Peacham also mentions that, as Chaucer was dear to Richard the second, so was "Gower to Henry the fourth" (p. 81). [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Peacham, Henry. Published London 1622. New York: De Capo Press; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968. Facsimile reprint of STC No. 19502. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Compleat Gentleman. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1622 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Rather than focusing upon merely the subject matter Gower derived from Ovid, Mish addresses how Gower's poetry in the "Vox Clamantis" is influenced by Ovid's poetic art. Mish posits that certain poetic aspects as well as elements of Ovid's life account for the fact that Ovid's "example is at work in the poem in so many direct and indirect ways that his is, quite simply, the most pervasive and significant poetic influence" on the VC (18.). Apart from analyzing "the function of the Ovidian borrowings in the poem," Mish addressed "the ways, both direct and indirect, in which Ovid's example affected the poetry which Gower himself composed in this work: indirectly, in the shaping of Gower's conception of his role as a poet; directly, in the development of his metrical technique, his sense of structure, and his style" (18) Mish includes an appendix with 217 lines from Ovid which Mish argues Gower incorporated or adapted in the VC (primarily in Book 1, which is the focus of much of Mish's study) not accounted for in Macaulay's edition or Stockton's translation. [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mish, Frederick Crittenden. Published Mish, Frederick Crittenden. "The Influence of Ovid on John Gower's 'Vox clamantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Minnesota, 1973. Dissertation Abstracts International 34.11: 7198A. Full text available at ProQuest. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Influence of Ovid on John Gower's "Vox clamantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Comtois begins by briefly surveying the medieval rhetorical tradition with which Gower was familiar before turning to a discussion of how Gower's work fits within the medieval "speculum" tradition finding innovation in Gower's use of French for the work, given the predominance of Latin in the "speculum" tradition. The remainder of the dissertation focuses upon Gower's use of the rhetorical tropes in the poem, especially amplification and abbreviation and other stylistic decisions indebted to rhetorical techniques. Comtois includes three appendices: one (supplementing Chapter 3) listing all lines where she sees examples of amplification and abbreviation, a second (supplementing Chapter 4) containing a list of "figures of words", and a third (also supplementing Chapter 4) listing indications in the poem of examples of "figures of thought." [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Comtois, Cecile de la Providence. Published Comtois, Cecile de la Providence. "Rhetoric in John Gower's 'Speculum Meditantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation. Fordham University, 1953. Dissertation Abstracts International 80.2. Full text available at ProQuest. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rhetoric in John Gower's "Speculum Meditantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Byrd's dissertation presents a complete prose translation of the "Confessio Amantis" into Modern English, using Macaulay's edition as its base text. In doing so, it does not include translations of the earlier, Ricardian, versions of the poem, except for the dedication to Richard in the Prologue (which is covered in the introduction). The introduction gives no indication of the intended purpose or audience for the translation, though it would clearly serve well in the classroom. While each book is translated in its own chapter, and section headings generally follow Macaulay, no line numbers are given within each book, making it difficult to cross-reference with the ME original. The translation itself is quite readable, and literal, though it cannot therefore reflect much of Gower's complexity of diction. For example, In Book 1, the narrator states "loves lawe is out of reule" (1.18). Byrd translates as "love's law is beyond regulation," which, while it certainly reflects the valence of authority in the original, it nevertheless lacks the implication that love cannot also be measured, which reflects the initial invocation of the world's ever shifting scales, or balances. As Byrd points out in the Introduction, the "Middle English Dictionary" had only been completed partially through G at the time of writing, and some choices would have benefitted from that resource. In the Prologue, for example, during the narrator's discussion of the ills of the world being caused my humanity, he states "Therwhile himself stant out of here / The remenant wol noght acorde" (Prol.962-3). Byrd translates as "for while man himself remains out of joint, other things will not be in harmony" (17). While "out of joint" reflects the general notion here, the MED suggests "out of order," or "unhinged," as more literal. The Introduction and explanatory notes are minimal, running eight pages and 17-30 notes per book, respectively. [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Byrd, David Gatlin, trans. Published Byrd, David Gatlin, trans. "'Confessio Amantis': A Modern Prose Translation." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of South Carolina, 1965. Dissertation Abstracts International 28.2. Full text available at ProQuest. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Language and Word Studie Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Confessio Amantis": A Modern Prose Translation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this essay, Yeager gauges the degree to which Gower "might . . . have been influenced by the ideas" of Robert Grosseteste (140), concluding that various "scraps" of evidence "taken together, argue for a noteworthy familiarity on Gower's part with Grosseteste's works" (156). Yeager is persuasive even though these "scraps" are indeed few on the ground: one overt reference (to the "gret clerc Grossteste" and the failure or destruction of a prophetic brazen head in the ten-line exemplum against "Lachesse," the first branch of Sloth, in CA Book IV, 234ff.) and more subtle echoes of Grosseteste's "Hexaëmeron" underlying Gower's "De lucis scrutinio," a complaint/prayer in Yeager's discussion. The scarcity encourages Yeager to clarify Grosseteste's importance in late-medieval English anti-clerical polemics as well as in philosophy and science, helping the critic to explain why Gower may not have referred to Grosseteste more often or more clearly. Yeager's argument--in over-simplified form--is that Gower's recurrent complaints against the clergy share much with Grosseteste's writing but that Grosseteste's (inaccurate) reputation as an excommunicate deterred Gower from closer identification or more frequent references. This may be why, Yeager suggests, Gower presents Grosseteste as a scientist only ("Astrologus") in his Latin gloss to the exemplum against sloth, and, along with some early modern analogues to the brass-head, helps Yeager to explain the juxtaposition of the exemplum and the similarly brief exemplum of "The Five Foolish Virgins" that follows it--the two "reflect and inform each other" (144) insofar as they both center on a crucial choice to follow the light, as it were, with the success of wise virgins in lighting their lamps left pointedly unmentioned as is Grosseteste's choice of pastoral care over science. More subtly, Yeager argues, when Gower labels "De lucis" a "tractatus" he "seems to echo incipits and/or explicits in the majority of extant manuscripts of Grosseteste's own 'De luce'" (156, and see 152), and, more importantly, there are deep similarities to Grosseteste's "metaphysics of light" (155) in Gower's short poem, as well as several other points of thematic and structural similarity with Grosseteste's "Hexaëmeron." Yeager's discussions of these resonances are too complex to summarize briefly here--this is very much not the kind of source-hunting that seeks only to locate verbal parallels which Yeager recently criticized elsewhere (see "John Gower's Use of the 'Ovide moralisé': A Reconsideration," 2022, p. 61). He ranges widely in late-medieval English understanding of Grosseteste, (pseudo)science, and, especially, ecclesiastical polemics to scaffold and reinforce much of his argument, referring recurrently to the Lollards and to Wyclif. Indeed, observing parallels among Grosseteste, Wyclif, and Gower, Yeager seems to promise a companion piece to the one under review, stating that the "degree to which Gower knew Wyclif's writings in general is a subject for another essay" (148). If such another essay is planned (or in progress), it will likely reinforce Yeager's successful representation here of Gower as a deeply informed, subtle, but cautious reader (and writer) of matters that pertain to the ecclesiastical polemics of his age. One note--a quibble: Yeager says that in "De lucis" Gower "hints . . . at a particular alternative form of the mass" (152), without offering any support that I can find. Perhaps this will find its way into an essay on Gower and Wyclif. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yeager, R. F. Published Yeager, R. F. "Gower, Grosseteste, and 'De lucis scrutinio'." In Richard Firth Green and R. F. Yeager, eds. "Of latine and of othire lare": Essays in Honour of David R. Carlson (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2022). Pp. 139-56. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Minor Latin Poetry Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower, Grosseteste, and "De lucis scrutinio." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The stated purpose of Wickert's "Studies in John Gower" is to understand the spirit of Gower's poetry through analyses of: The development of the "Vox Clamantis" and its vision of the Great Uprising (Chapters 1 and 2); The poem's connection to sermon and devotional literature (Chapter 3); Gower's political ideas as expressed in the VC (Chapters 4 and 5); and Gower's narrative technique in the "Confessio Amantis" (Chapter 6). Her book makes three major contributions to Gower studies. Chapter 1, "The Text and Development of the Vox Clamantis," is Wickert's greatest contribution to the study of the VC. Her patient sorting out of the available sources relevant to the problem of dating the poem is essential to understanding both its genesis and purpose. Wickert presented the evidence not only for separating the "Visio" (as she termed Book 1) from the rest of the poem but also for understanding the stages by which the poem evolved. The poem clearly has three beginnings and Wickert shows that three phases of composition can therefore be postulated: Books 3-6 (the core poem, begun 1377, occasioned by the death of Edward III and the accession of Richard II, for whom, as the Mirror for a Prince in Book 6 suggests, it is intended); Books 2-7 (the core poem framed by preliminary [Book 2] and concluding considerations [Book 7]); Books 1-7 (the final assemblage: the core plus the frame plus a prequel intended to certify the poem's conclusions, completed late 1381 or early 1382 depending on how long it took Gower to write Book 1). Revisions at several points containing judgments of Richard II reveal that there are in places two versions of the poem, which Wickert characterizes as A- and B-Texts. The different versions of the colophon listing Gower's works found in various manuscripts of the VC and the CA show by their contents that 1390 must be the "terminus post quem" for the B-Text and that during the decade 1390-1400 Gower altered the political tendency of the VC to fault the king for England's troubles and make the VC appear to be aligned with the judgments of the "Cronica Tripertita," written soon after Richard's deposition in 1399 (p. 7). Wickert's second substantial contribution to our understanding of the Vox is her recognition that Gower adopts the posture of a poetic preacher and delivers an extensive Johannine homily showing "the firm outlines of a system, the essence of which is popular theology, that gives the class critique sense and significance" (p. 53). In the guise of his namesake John the Baptist, the preacher who made ready the way of the Lord, Gower shoots at the world missives that are designed to correct it through exhortation, invective, and the threat of punishment. Seen this way, Book 2 is "exhortatio," Books 3-6 "increpatio," and Book 7 'comminatio," the whole constituting an extensive versified literary sermon. Book 1 was then prefixed to this assemblage as its historical proof and thereby gave the VC its claim to a place among the most important works of English literature. "From a princely 'vade mecum' . . . [the VC] became a substantial work of edificational literature that differs from similar efforts only in that it undertakes to explain a concrete historical situation, the Peasants' Rebellion, in its metaphysical bases and earthly consequences" (p. 164). Wickert's third concern, Gower's political views, focuses on the person of the king as the embodiment of the state and largely ignores the poet's views on the judicial and legislative components of government. She concludes that Gower's aim in the Mirror of a Prince is to show Richard how the "rex iustus" guarantees "iusticia" in the realm by his own ethical conduct. Gower has "no conception of the historical character and true nature of the state" and the "responsibility of individuals as well as of classes is not to the state but directly to God" (p. 133). Thus his class critique, calling for political regeneration, necessarily develops into a homily because its goal is the restoration of the proper relationship between the individual and God. Man's responsibility for this task is clarified by the renunciation of Fortune in Book 2 and the consequences for him are made clear in Book 7, the two books that form the frame of the class critique. Wickert's final topic concerns Gower's narrative technique in the CA, concluding that he employs a plain style, direct and taut, that is largely concerned with the tempo of storytelling in order to drive narratives to moments of moral choice upon which the outcome for the protagonists depends. [RJM. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wickert, Maria. Meindl, Robert J., trans. Published Wickert, Maria. Studien zu John Gower. Köln: Kölner Universitäts Verlag, 1953. Trans. Robert J. Meindl, Studies in John Gower, 2nd. ed. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 2016. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Cronica Tripertita Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confession Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Studien zu John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott argues that six late, quatrain-length Latin poems--"Ad mundum mitto" (the "Archer poem"), "Quam cinxere freta" (linked to "Eneados, bucolis," about which he asks "Can this poem . . . possibly be serious?" [780]), "Explicit iste liber," "H. aquile pullus," "Armigeri scutum" (for his tomb), "Quam bonitas, pietas" (for his wife's tomb, recorded as Gower's by Bale, but not found elsewhere)--are all definitely Gower's and should be read as a group: "They all form a set. They are in Latin, either hexameters or hexameters + pentameter ('elegiac couplets') or two hexameters followed by an elegiac couplet. All employ internal rhyme ('leonine' lines)" (777) and they are all "jingly poems" (777). They show Gower mastering the craft of the quatrain, and "comment on the vastness of his life in poetry" (778). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "Gower's Quatrains: Language, Rhyme, Occasion." English Studies 103 (2022): 777-86. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower's Quatrains: Language, Rhyme, Occasion. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott looks at revisions made to Gower's brief poem through two lenses (or three, if one accepts lived history as a viewing point): Deluze and Guattari's concept of the rhizome and Julie Singer's of lyric prosthesis. The poem has three versions, identified by their incipits: "Henrici quarti primus," "Henrici regis annis," and "Quicquid homo scribat," which Weiskott prefers to use. David R. Carlson ("Rhyme Distribution") observed what he called "cumulative revision" at work in these versions, i.e., lines from the first and second turn up in the third, while others from both are excluded. (The order of composition is established by noted regnal years 1 [1399-1400] and 2 [1400-1401] of Henry IV for the first two, and no notation on--presumably--the third and latest.) The practice "bespeaks a rhizomatic approach to revision, an ability to hold three texts in the mind at one time (if we are not to imagine Gower consulting his own manuscripts), and a multidirectional understanding of the literary work" (548). Weiskott finds an image of "Gower's self-organization" in this approach (549), and applying Singer's notion of "lyric prosthesis" argues that "Quicquid" "explicitly offers to compensate for its author's deficient body" (549). There follows a careful, detailed analysis of how--and why--Gower assembled his three versions (549-52). Most interesting are Weiskott's speculations that the three revisions show Gower coming to terms with his disability: "Gower's prosthetic poem . . . overwrites Nature's imposition of closure, reframing the "end ('finem')" . . . of sight and a writing career as a starting point for writing" (551). Extrapolating from this view of rhizomatic composition, Weiskott identifies a phrase ("curua senectus") as common to "Quicquid," the "Epistola to Arundel," "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia," and uses a description of Gower as a rhizomatical writer as further evidence in support of R. F. Yeager's theory that "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia" was the text offered to Thomas Arundel by Gower in 1397 (553). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "Cumulative Revision in John Gower's 'Quicquid Homo Scribat'." English Studies 103 (2022): 547-54. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cumulative Revision in John Gower's "Quicquid Homo Scribat." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott pegs the date of "Ecce patet tensus" at "c. 1400," envisioning "with our 'heart's eye' an aged Gower receding none too comfortably into the penumbra of advancing blindness" (281). He thus strikes a cautious middle ground between those viewing the poem as earlier work (Fisher, Rigg, Carlson--though the latter also finds a later date acceptable) and those preferring late composition (Yeager, Sobecki). Dating a poem lacking any historical reference is tricky work, yielding at best speculative results. Significantly, Weiskott separates "Ecce patet tensus" from "Est amor in glosa," with which it appears in London, British Library MS Additional 59495 (olim Trentham)--a decision putting him again in good company, but one that also further complicates his endeavor. In order to arrive at "some slight incentive to regard 'Ecce patet tensus' as a poem of c. 1400" (281), Weiskott contextualizes it with more readily datable manuscripts (for Add. 59495 is itself not fixedly dated), Oxford, All Souls College MS 98, British Library Cotton Tiberius A.iv, and works: "Henrici quarti primus," the "Epistle to Arundel," "Quicquid homo scribat," and the "Vox Clamantis," which shares many lines with "Ecce patet tensus." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "The Date and Style of John Gower's 'Ecce patet tensus'." Notes and Queries 69 (2022): 277-81. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Date and Style of John Gower's "Ecce patet tensus." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott is among Gower's most careful modern readers, and one of a still smaller number who pay attention to the poet's metrics, no less in Latin than in Middle English. His consideration of Gower's oxymora in "Est amor in glosa" harnesses both capabilities for a clear, and fructive, purpose. By plotting (275) precisely what and where Gower borrowed from the "Vox Clamantis" (as is generally recognized), and also from "De planctu Naturae" (not so often), Weiskott illuminates Gower's originality, the difficult challenge he set himself in this expression of late Latin poetic stylistics (As Weiskott observes, "'Est amor in glosa' tries out three different varieties of Latin love poetry and excels at all three" [277]), and in the process arrives at both an explanation of the poem's machinery, that subtly comments "on literary language itself" (276), and a sensitive appreciation of its "distinctive mouthfeel or sensation on the tongue": "lovely and formidable" (276) . . . its juxtaposition of love and death also forms a poignant comment on Gower's self-presentation . . . as 'old in years' ['vetus annorum'] (277)." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "On the Oxymora in John Gower's 'Est amor in glosa'." Notes and Queries 69 (2022): 273-77. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the Oxymora in John Gower's "Est amor in glosa." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Compared to Shakespeare's other plays, "Pericles" displays "[an especially close] adherence to its sources," thus "making evaluation of tradition and innovation one of its central themes." Per Velez, the audience of "Pericles" is called upon "to reevaluate assumptions about their own world, especially regarding the distribution of prestige and power," and to favorably consider innovation (142). When Shakespeare does deviate from his source, he does so strategically, changing the name of the hero from Gower's Apollonius to Pericles as Plutarch's Pericles engaged with the lower classes of ancient Athens (143). Personifying literary "auctoritas," the character Gower sets an example by modernizing the style of his verse from the archaic diction of his opening Chorus to "the loose pentameter common to Shakespeare's other characters" in the Epilogue that closes the play (145). Social hierarchy is subtly interrogated throughout. Pericles owes his life to the fisher folk who provide him with the suit of armor that enables him to win his bride, even as the fishermen are heard to "complain about the rich" in terms that echo a Jacobean peasant uprising (146). Pericles promises to reward them for their service, but he never does, calling into question the "hegemonic ideologies" that support his high position (146). Deviating from his source in "Confessio Amantis," Shakespeare has Pericles stay home after his family is reunited, allowing "a mob of commoners" to mete out justice to his daughter's foster parents, thus indirectly supporting a popular check on the divine right of kings. Per Velez, "the theatre is a place where those silenced by convention are heard," albeit with a distancing designed to elude the Jacobean censors (148-49). Even the traditional figure of "moral Gower" "serves to . . . reexamine assumptions, let go of the past, and adopt new conventions to meet the future" (149). [LBB. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Velez, Megan. Published Velez, Megan. "Adherence and Deviation: Pericles's Slow Progress toward Social Change." The Journal of the Wooden O 20 (2020): 142-50. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adherence and Deviation: Pericles's Slow Progress toward Social Change. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Offers pedagogical strategies for confronting "literary representations of sexual violence" in a range of medieval romances and novelle within story collections, including Chaucer's "Knight's Tale" and "Franklin's Tale," and works by Malory, Bocaccio, Gower, and Marguerite de Navarre. Provides "reading approaches, discussion prompts, assignments, and critical contexts" intended to "to position students as critical co-investigators." Gower receives the slightest attention--less than a full paragraph on Thaise in "Apollonius" (pp. 42-43). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Torres, Sara V. McNamara, Roberta F. Published Torres, Sara V., and Rebecca F. McNamara. "Female Consent and Affective Resistance in Romance: Medieval Pedagogy and #MeToo." New Chaucer Studies: Pedagogy and Profession 2.1 (2021): 34-49. Open access at https://escholarship.org/uc/ncs_pedagogyandprofession. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Female Consent and Affective Resistance in Romance: Medieval Pedagogy and #MeToo. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A wide-ranging work tracing the maritime influence on English literary identity from Gildas to Churchill with especial focus on the development of several topoi of the Sea during the Middle Ages. Sobecki centrally "argue[s] that the literary history of the sea in English literature becomes a part of the vernacular discourse of Englishness" (4). The introduction situates Churchill's propaganda speeches of the Second World War as the culmination of "a latent, residual understanding of British identity as insular" (2) from which Sobecki works backward to identify the roots of this relationship in Early and Middle English texts. Chapter 1 begins with a brief history of the Sea in Biblical, Classical, Anglo-Saxon and (to a lesser extent) Celtic traditions. Chapter 2 compares the related topoi of Sea-as-Desert and Sea-as-Forest within the context of the British Isles. Chapter 3 explores the medieval sense of Britain's geographical isolation at the edge of the Sea/known world. Chapter 4 deals with unwanted encounters of sea and shore including shipwreck and invasion. Chapter 5 focuses on English traditions of Jonah, Leviathans, and Christ-figures at sea. Chapter 6 follows the politicization of the Sea and the burgeoning concept of "territorial waters" (140). The epilogue deploys Shakespeare's "Tempest" as an example of the synthesis of these various maritime literary traditions and topoi in its expression of English identity. Of greatest interest to the field of Gower studies will be chapters 2 and 4 in which the author discusses the "Tale of Constance" and "Apollonius of Tyre" of the CA at some length. Sobecki not only captures Gower's engagement with existing English literary traditions of the sea (such as in the topos of the rudderless craft), but also identifies Gower's own innovations, specifically Gower's departure from his sources in his characterization of the sea as a personification of Fortune in CA's treatment of the Apollonius narrative (114-16) and in the poet's insistence on the materiality of the sea (117). Sobecki goes on to argue that even "The Tempest" reveals a Gowerian influence in its storms and seascapes (163). The connection between Gower and the sea was first identified by Macaulay, who noted that Gower's description of seascapes and storms were so "vivid and true" they demanded "more than a mere literary acquaintance with such things." Though not primarily about John Gower, "The Sea and Medieval English Literature" goes some way to contextualize Gower's particular genius within the indigenous maritime literary traditions of the British Isles and provides a necessary foundation for future research into the poet's vision of the sea. [CJK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sobecki, Sebastian I. Published Sobecki, Sebastian I. The Sea and Medieval English Literature. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2008. xii, 205 pp. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Sea and Medieval English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The book argues," Jeremy Smith says at the outset, "that correlations between textual form and textual function are of very considerable interest not only to scholars working within the paradigm of historical pragmatics but also, more generally, to literary scholars, would-be editors, book historians and indeed those interested in issues of cultural change more generally" (29). For the "Confessio Amantis," he focuses on differences between the language of the important manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Fairfax 3 and the language of M. L. Samuels's "Type III" that pervades late-fourteenth-century manuscripts. Some of the language idiosyncrasies, which may well be Gower's own, appear in later manuscripts but are muted in Berthelette's early prints. These also embody an evolving punctuation practice (between the 1532 and 1554 editions) that "would seem to reflect a more directive approach to the text, guiding readers in pragmatic terms more insistently towards the interpretation of Gower's verse" (150). [TWM. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smith, Jeremy J. Published Smith, Jeremy J. Transforming Early English: The Reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Manuscripts and Textual Studies Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transforming Early English: The Reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This interesting early article on Gower's "In Praise of Peace" begins by summarizing the poem's origins and form, and then moves on to examine the place of the poem in the Gower's evolving reflections on the nature of war and peace. Schlauch asserts that Gower's association of good kingship with a desire for personal and political peace "speaks to us moderns eloquently across the centuries," for "Historical conditions may change, but the desire for peace remains fundamental" (163). Nevertheless, Schlauch points out that Gower's praise of peace has limits, and she cites both the "Vox Clamantis" and the "Confessio Amantis" to point out that Gower identifies but fails to define a just war (165), and that while Book III of the CA appears to condemn wars "in the name of religion" (166), the VC appears to encourage them. The article therefore ends by raising the question of whether Gower's admiration for Henry IV leads to this ambiguity in spite of his recognition of the "fundamental importance of peace for mankind as a whole" (167). [NG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schlauch, Margaret. Published Schlauch, Margaret. "On John Gower's Poem in Praise of Peace." Acta Philologica 9 (1979): 161-67. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On John Gower's Poem in Praise of Peace. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Scase "investigates the question of whether and in what ways visible language contributed to identity formation in the past by making a case study of visible English c. 700-1500, when literate practice was predominantly in Latin and all texts were--save for the final few decades--produced individually by hand" (3-4). By "visible language" she means writing, and her conclusion is that indeed writing helped shape English identities, albeit not uniformly. Gower enters by way of manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis," which provide important instances of a discernible and unique scribal practice--literatim copying. As Scase notes, "I have dealt with the so-called literatim scribes of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' elsewhere, and I will therefore simply summarise that work here" (314). [For the discussion she mentions, see "John Gower's Scribes and Literatim Copying," In Martha Driver, Derek Pearsall, and R. F. Yeager, eds. John Gower in Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Publications of the John Gower Society, no. 14. Rochester, NY: Brewer, 2020. Pp. 13-31.] "The so-called literatim scribes of the 'Confessio'," she contends, "modified the practice of the scribes of accentual verse in order to maintain the strict syllable count and iambic metre of Gower's lines rather than out of respect for Gower's idiosyncratic dialect as has been previously suggested" (314). This group of scribes included "Scribe Delta," who worked on Trevisa's translation of Higden's "Polychronicon," the so-called "Trevisa-Gower scribe" who copied Tokyo, Senshu UL, 1, (and whose hand is also discernible in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 902 [347]), and Scribe D, "now thought by many to be John Marchaunt" (346), of the London Guildhall, which may have been "a centre for this activity" (347). Scribes Delta and D have very similar hands, and were perhaps in competition, the former specializing in "Polychronicon" MSS and the latter in "Confessio"s (347). Possibly as well these scribes "facilitated exchange and cross-fertilisation between these projects" (348). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Scase, Wendy. Published Scase, Wendy. Visible English: Graphic Culture, Scribal Practice, and Identity, c. 700-1550. Turnhout: Brepols, 2022. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Visible English: Graphic Culture, Scribal Practice, and Identity, c. 700-1550. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In effect, Scala's answer to her titular question is, "yes, through Gower." As she points out, critics have been divided on whether or not Chaucer knew Livy directly, or only came to Livy through later, medieval sources. Focusing upon the role of Virginia's mother (Virginius's wife) and upon the false charges about Virginia's legal status in "The Physician's Tale," Scala argues that Chaucer follows Gower's precedent (in his "Tale of Virginia" CA 7.5131-5306) of focusing upon Virginia's legitimacy. Following Livy far more closely than other medieval retellings (such as the "Roman de la Rose" or Boccaccio's "De mulieribus claris"), Chaucer's version reflects Gower's focus upon assuring the reader that Virginia is Virginius' legitimate child, and "in making such assurances in nearly the same terms Gower used in his earlier 'Confessio Amantis,' Chaucer reveals how he knew his Livy through this contemporary English source" (258). [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Scala, Elizabeth Published Scala, Elizabeth. "Did Chaucer Know Livy?" Notes and Queries 68 [266] (2021): 255-58. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusions Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Did Chaucer Know Livy? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A CD ROM featuring readings by Brian W. Gastle, Clara Pascual-Argente, and Tiago Viúla de Faria of the "Confessio Amantis" 2888-*3114 in (respectively) Middle English, Castilian, and Portuguese. The accompanying book includes an introduction detailing Gower's life and work by Sáez-Hidalgo and Yeager in contemporary English, with translations into modern Spanish and Portuguese. The readings are accompanied by the selected CA text, presented in Middle English from the edition of G. C. Macaulay, the Castilian ("Confesión de amante") from that of Carlos Alvar, and the Portuguese ("Confisyon de Amante") from the edition of Antonio Cortijo Ocaña. Luis Delgado, perhaps Spain's foremost performing expert on medieval music, provides appropriate musical accompaniment, playing a variety of period instruments in arrangements both original and historic. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sáez-Hidalgo, Ana, ed, Yeager, R. F., ed. Published Sáez-Hidalgo, Ana, and R. F. Yeager, eds. Royal Entertainments: The Poetry of John Gower in the Fifteenth Century (English, Portuguese, and Castilian Courts). Valladolid: International John Gower Society, 2012. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Royal Entertainments: The Poetry of John Gower in the Fifteenth Century (English, Portuguese, and Castilian Courts). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Runstedler's book addresses at length five samples "of the moral uses of alchemy in Middle English poetry" (4), focusing on the "exemplarity" of these samples: the alchemical passage in Gower's "Confessio Amantis," Book IV, 2457-2632; Chaucer's "Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale"; an alchemical version of John Lydgate's poem "The Churl and the Bird" in British Library, Harley MS 2407; and two anonymous fifteenth-century alchemical "dialogues/recipes between Merlin and Morienus and between Albertus Magnus and the Queen of Elves" (5). To provide context and to narrow his field of inquiry, he uses later English alchemical texts by George Ripley, Thomas Norton, and Elias Ashmole to shape his readings of his focal texts. He also briefly surveys philosophical and scientific backgrounds to alchemy in Greek, Arabic, and Latin texts, with even briefer comments on alchemy in "The Roman de la Rose" and Dante's "Inferno." This is a wide panorama with alchemy firmly in its center. But the focus is on the five sample works and how--or, more accurately, that--each of their authors "used alchemical examples for moral reflection or as cautionary tales against covetousness and unethical practice," "revealing," Runstedler tells us, the "interconnectedness" of the five, and the "exemplary role" (14) of alchemy, which was "used in different exemplary ways within diverse literary contexts"; "more importantly, such exemplary readings present complex treatments of the subject" (195). Runstedler gives Gower's "alchemical exegesis," as he labels it recurrently, pride of place among the works he discusses: it "launches," he tells us, "the literary pattern of alchemy being appropriated within an exemplary framework" in late medieval vernacular English literature (6 and 65), which helps "to establish the notion of alchemical narratives as exemplary in Middle English poetry" (83). N.B. The volume is a somewhat revised and reformatted version of Runstedler's 2018 Durham University dissertation; some readers may find the .pdf format of the dissertation (available at http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12593/; accessed 4/1/2023) easier to use than the Palgrave e-book. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Runstedler, Curtis Published Runstedler, Curtis. Alchemy and Exemplary Poetry in Middle English Literature. The New Middle Ages. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. xii, 205 pp. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alchemy and Exemplary Poetry in Middle English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In chapter 27 of Paul Strohm's "Middle English," Kellie Robertson discusses the role of authorship and the labor of writing in the fourteenth century, specifically with regard to Chaucer, and what Robertson calls the "paradigmatic social space of non-work" (457) of pilgrimage in the "Canterbury Tales." In contrast to this space, Robertson argues that John Gower creates a "third space" (448) outside of the space of labor for the poet, a space represented by the well-known image of the author as archer aiming his arrows at the world in the "Vox Clamantis." According to Robertson, "the space of writing for Gower is a disembodied and hence unregulatable one" which is also "precarious" (448). This positioning of the concept of the work of the poet in Gower is notably different from the usual positioning of his poetic voice as either prophet or scold, and while the focus of the chapter is Chaucer, the liminal space Robertson claims for Gower is intriguing and provocative. [NG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Robertson, Kellie. Published Robertson, Kellie. "Authorial Work." In Paul Strohm, ed. Middle English. Oxford Twenty-First Century Approaches to Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Pp. 441-58. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Authorial Work. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article examines the inflectional system of adjectives in Chaucer, Gower, and Hoccleve, all of them careful metrists. Focusing in particular on the adjectives "high" and "sly," the essay argues that while Chaucer and Gower generally observe the inflection of weak adjectives, a presumptively regular and even rigid system in general was breaking down for these words in particular. The essay posits a phonological explanation--i. e., that a schwa in the adjectival inflection was more likely to disappear after a high front /i/. [TWM. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Putter, Ad. Published Putter, Ad. "Linguistic Change and Metre: The Demise of Adjectival Inflections and the Scansion of 'High' and 'Sly' in Chaucer, Gower and Hoccleve." English Language and Linguistics 26 (2022): 471-85. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Linguistic Change and Metre: The Demise of Adjectival Inflections and the Scansion of 'High' and 'Sly' in Chaucer, Gower and Hoccleve. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article deals with five late medieval English poets, focusing on their choice to "present themselves to us in the speaking voice of . . . a framing persona" (250). Payne begins with a warning against our post-Romantic expectation that the author-persona's voice will disclose the personal feelings of the author himself (249). For Payne, the question to ask is how the poets used their author-persona to propose their own "alternative models of the poetic process," with "significantly different models . . . seen." In general, both Chaucer and Gower preferred the model whereby "readers of poems . . . listen to other fallible men speaking" rather taking in ideas from an unquestioned voice of authority (250). Both Chaucer and Gower used their persona-voices to communicate--or so they tell their readers--the wisdom of ancient sources, never acknowledging a recent or an English source (252). Both use humility topoi--e.g. the befuddled "Geffrey" in the "Hous of Fame," doddering old Gower in the "Vox" and the "Confessio"--to humanize their voice, yet still convey wisdom (253). There are differences. Per Payne, Chaucer changes his persona from poem to poem to fit his purposes, while "Gower" is one character throughout, and unlike Chaucer, Gower is "never comic" (253). There is no acknowledgment of the way that Gower himself used the term "persona" as he switched personas to speak as the ludicrous Amans. Despite his frailties, the Gower-persona has wisdom to impart--from his "auctores . . . [like himself] a succession of good old boys" (254). In his discussion of the three later poets, Payne describes the persistence of the "speaking" voice in their use of the persona, while noting a watershed difference--all three poets present themselves as legatees of a great English tradition, mainly personified by Chaucer (255-60). [LBB. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Payne, Robert O. Published Payne, Robert O. "Late Medieval Images and Self-Images of the Poet: Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, Henryson, Dunbar." In Lois Ebin, ed. Vernacular Poetics in the Middle Ages (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 1984). Pp. 249-61. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric , and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Medieval Images and Self-Images of the Poet: Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, Henryson, Dunbar. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This wide-ranging study of the figure of Fortuna in medieval literature is based upon Patch's 1915 Harvard dissertation. As Patch states in the preface, given the ubiquitousness of the subject, it would be close-to-impossible to be exhaustive in its coverage. Instead, Patch will "meander through the subject, avoiding the systematic, and taking up each bit of material for what it is worth." Since Fortuna as a literary figure, or trope, is so dependent upon its philosophical and theological contexts, Patch begins by exploring the transformation of Fortuna from antiquity into the Middle Ages, which came to construct Fortuna as both a pagan and Christian figure, one which allowed medieval thinkers to interrogate how a world ruled by a unified and constant deity could itself be so mutable and inconstant. Patch's second chapter, "Traditional Themes of Fortune in Medieval Literature," addresses both the physical descriptions of and themes associated with Fortuna in literary texts. Chapter three, "Functions and Cults," describes the duties associated with the goddess Fortuna, and chapter four, "The Dwelling-Place of Fortune," describes the locales in which Fortune appears in texts. The final chapter focuses upon the image of Fortune's Wheel. Patch's descriptions and discussions do indeed range far and wide in the literary milieux, from Abelard and Heloise to William of Malmesbury. Gower figures prominently (possibly more prominently than any other author) as an example throughout the study, and Patch draws liberally from Gower's entire trilingual oeuvre. Gower's CB XX, for example, provides an example of Fortune turning someone so far down under the wheel that it is impossible for that person to rise again (157). The MO provides an example of Fortune dealing in "aventures" (40). Fortune's weapons are exemplified in the VC 122 (85). And of course the CA provides a wealth of descriptive examples of Fortune's role, appearance, and use, from Fortune bringing enemies together to fight in CA VII.892 (108) to the belief that "Fortune's gifts, after all, come from the stars" in CA VII.639 (77). As a descriptive work, this study does not provide extended analyses or discussions on any one text or author; instead, as the prior examples demonstrate, it uses copious references to provide examples Fortune's appearances and how that figure is used in the texts. As such it would be an extremely useful reference work for any study focusing on this widely deployed figure. [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard. Published Patch, Howard. The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1927. Rpt. New York: Octagon Books, 1967. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Cinkante Balades Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Oliveira provides a semantic analysis of the verb "muse" in Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and the various ways in which it has been translated in the Iberian versions of the poem. A comparative examination of the source text with the rendering of this term in diverse contexts shows how the translators were capable of understanding and conveying all the nuances of the original, despite the fact that the word was of recent coinage in its usage as a verb in the Middle English lexicon. [AS-H. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Oliveira, Maria do Carmo Correia de. Published Oliveira, Maria do Carmo Correia de. "Sobre muse e a Musa: (Com)textos de sabedoria em 'Confessio' de John Gower e Sua Tradução Ibérica." eHumanista: Journal of Iberian Studies 3 (2003): 1-18. ISSN 1540-5877 (electronic). → pdf Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sobre "muse" e a Musa: (Com)textos de sabedoria em 'Confessio' de John Gower e Sua Tradução Ibérica. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Knox, Poole, and Griffith's carefully written article asserts that the commendatory verses appended to Francis Kynaston's seventeenth-century Latin translation of Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" reveal an academic circle of scholars associated with New College, Oxford, who had a passion for Middle English literature in general and the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, in particular. Examination of the verses proceeds from those which praise Kynaston for rendering Chaucer's presumably rustic poetry into the international language of Latin and therefore both improving it and making it widely available before moving on to several verses which "exonerate" Chaucer of his primitive language, while still praising Kynaston's adaptation (49). The authors conclude that Kynaston's "Troilus" is "an important record of a moment in English literary history when language change was rendering Chaucer's work ever more remote even as the idea of his originary status remained strong" so that "Chaucer's English could be more intelligible to the English when rendered in a language other than English" (50). Of particular interest to Gower scholars are several notes about the language of Francis James, whose verses are written in an imitation of Middle English. James describes Chaucer as an "orpyd knight" (l. 8, p. 46) which Knox et al. identify as a phrase not from Chaucer, but from Book III of the "Confessio Amantis" which also contains the "co-occurrence of the rhyme-words 'lond' and 'hond'" (46). Additionally, James uses the "form -end of 'clepend'" (48) in his verse, which also appears to be a borrowing from Gower. Since Knox identifies James as the author of another imitation of Middle English verse in a commendatory poem for an English translation of "Leucippe and Clitophon," which reveals that "Middle English literature was imaginatively associated with the exotic prose romances of the ancient world" (45) for James, just as it was for Shakespeare in "Pericles," it seems possible that this particular member of the academic circle around Kynaston had an enthusiasm for Gower's Middle English, even if mediated through Spenser and Shakespeare. Further exploration the "narrow but rich seam of evidence" (34) of these verses might offer hints about early modern Oxford readers' engagements with Gower as well as Chaucer. [NG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Knox, Philip Poole, William Griffith, Mark Published Knox, Philip, William Poole, and Mark Griffith. "Reading Chaucer in New College, Oxford, in the 1630s: The Commendatory Verses of Francis Kynaston's ' Troili et Creseidæ'." Medium Aevum 85.1 (2016): 33-58. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reading Chaucer in New College, Oxford, in the 1630s: The Commendatory Verses of Francis Kynaston's :Troili et Creseidæ." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ito's is a prose translation of the complete "Confessio Amantis," using Macaulay's edition. It is extensively annotated: approximately a third of the volume is devoted to explanatory notes, paying special attention to the needs of those Japanese readers and scholars whose knowledge of the history and socio-cultural norms of the European Middle Ages might require furbishing. It also contains a bibliography of relevant primary and secondary sources.[ RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi, trans. Published Ito, Masayoshi, trans. John Gower: "Confessio Amantis," A Translation into Modern Japanese. (Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin, 1978); 2nd ed. (Tokyo, 1988). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Confessio Amantis," A Translation into Modern Japanese. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 1988 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Irvin subjects Gower's discussion of lollardy which, along with sections on Pride, Lust, and Avarice, comprises one of the four parts of the "Carmen," to intense and careful scrutiny. He takes as his point of departure the many lines "imported" into the "Carmen" from the "Vox Clamantis." While ticking off the several ways Gower's critiques of the church correspond to Wyclif's, Irvin also dismisses the similarities as essentially superficial (121-22). Unlike Wyclif, Gower assigns importance to the rituals and instruction of the church as a form of praxis (135), or "cultus," in Irvin's terms (126-27). For Gower, Irvin argues, unwavering faith--"the seeking of Christ not in knowledge but in prayer" (132)--ranks well above theological understanding, as God's "intentio" is beyond the reach of men (134-36). The essay is unusually rich in its uncovering and application of biblical passages that undergird Gower's polemic. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Irvin, Matthew W. Published Irvin, Matthew W. "The Vox Revoiced in Gower's 'Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia'." In Richard Firth Green and R. F. Yeager, eds. "Of latine and of othire lare": Essays in Honour of David R. Carlson (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2022). Pp. 120-38. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Vox Revoiced in Gower's "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This is primarily a codicological argument about Cambridge, University Library, MS Ff.I.6. Some "Confessio Amantis" extracts are part of the larger argument about whether the "Findern Miscellany" was designed to be a coherent whole or to circulate as separate fascicles or pamphlets; hence Hanna's views have some relevance for Gower research. In large part Hanna is responding to Kate Harris' 1983 analysis of the manuscript, "an elaborate discussion which lays out in full the evidence of quiring, of the watermarks of the papers used, and of scribal stints" (62). He notes that while many earlier studies interpreted this manuscript as largely fascicular, Harris concluded that it was a single (albeit group) production. Hanna accepts nearly all of her evidence, but he argues that it instead supports the fascicular theory. Taking this approach requires Hanna to rehearse most of her evidence, and then to lay out his own logic of how that evidence fits the fascicular model. Gower comes into the discussion in Hanna's detailed explanation of the CA extracts (64)--the stints of the five copyists are highly variable in length and placement, so that he notes that "one is forced to assume highly unstructured procedures--either copying as a sort of social game, where the archetype and in-production codex were passed about in a gathering for successive additions; or copying by leaving archetype and in-production codex out (on a table, say) for chance additions by any interested members of the household" (64). Hanna thus raises some intriguing questions about Gowerian reception and the production or consumption of household miscellanies. [RAL. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hanna, Ralph. Published Hanna, Ralph. "The Production of Cambridge University Library MS Ff.I.6." Studies in Bibliography 40 (1987): 62-70. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Production of Cambridge University Library MS Ff.I.6. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Green offers a fresh take on an old chestnut, the "quarrel" between Chaucer and Gower, seeing their interaction not as a "battle of the books," but rather as Chaucer's "way of establishing a rival claim to the use of Ovidian material" (98). Green probes "a group of tales in the 'Confessio' ["Geta and Amphitrion," "Vulcan, Mars, and Venus," "Babio and Croceus," "Hercules and Faunus"] that have been taken to represent Gower's own attempts at treating fabliauesque material to see what they can tell us about his attitude to the genre, and how it might diverge from Chaucer's" (83). In the process he examines two fabliau-like schoolroom Latin plays, Vitalis of Blois' "Geta and the Comedia Babionis," that Gower must have read as a boy and re-worked into the CA as moral exempla. Gower, he concludes, "could never have brought himself to render either of them straight;" he "thoroughly disapproved of the schoolboy humor of these Latin comedies" (89)--and hence, Green posits, also of Chaucer's tales of the Miller and the Reeve, each of which Gower parodied in, respectively, his "Babio and Croceus" and "Hercules and Faunus"--"the influence having flowed from Chaucer to Gower" (95). Gower's response shows him turning to Ovid, "sanitizing" away (97) the disreputable bits, and offering these fabliau-like exempla as a better model for Chaucer to follow. Chaucer's response is the "Man of Law's Prologue," and the "Manciple's Tale," which latter "perhaps we should read . . . as Chaucer's answer to the "Tale of Hercules and Faunus" (99). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Green, Richard Firth. Published Green, Richard Firth. "John Gower and Chaucer's Fabliau." In Richard Firth Green and R. F. Yeager, eds. "Of latine and of othire lare": Essays in Honour of David R. Carlson (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2022). Pp. 82-100. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gower and Chaucer's Fabliaux. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fredell seeks a new approach to what he terms "a longstanding puzzle"--the Henrician and Ricardian forms of the poem. He calls for a reconsideration of Macaulay's three recensions, proposing a notion of multiple competing approaches presenting Gower's work in a relatively short period of time at the turn of the fifteenth century, and he offers instead of recensions what he terms a "late state" model as a way to explain, and date, the variations in manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis." Crucial to his argument is New York, Morgan Library MS M.690, "associated with Ricardian 'Confessio's" (200), which he considers possibly the first "Confessio" (220). However, because crucial folios are missing from its beginning and end (loci of tell-tale dedications, etc.) Fredell judges the question ultimately "insoluable"--while suggesting, nonetheless, the possibility that the excision of the front and read folios, where sections complimentary to Richard might have been found, was intentional (220-21). In support of his argument for an early date for Morgan M. 690, Fredell provides a thoughtful and exacting discussion of London styles for decorative borders after 1400, and argues for strong similarities between Morgan M. 690 and the group of manuscripts containing the work of "Scribe D" (so named by Doyle and Parkes 1978), recently claimed by Linne Mooney and Estelle Stubbs to be John Marchaunt of the Guildhall. Fredell is careful not to argue past his evidence, refraining from stating categorically that Morgan M. 690 was the earliest surviving Ricardian "Confessio." His argument does considerably complicate our thinking around the recension model by replacing a multi-decade chronology over the presumed time of completion of the "Confessio," drawing it into the Lancastrian usurpation and Henry IV's early reign. [RAL. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fredell, Joel. Published Fredell, Joel. "The First Emergence of the Ricardian 'Confessio': Morgan M. 690." In Margaret Connolly, Holly James-Maddocks, and Derek Pearsall, eds. Scribal Cultures in Late Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Linne R. Mooney (Woodbridge, Suff.: Boydell Press for York Medieval Press, 2022). Pp. 200-21. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The First Emergence of the Ricardian "Confessio": Morgan M. 690. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article is not primarily focused on Gower, but as it addresses the Digby Mary Magedalene play largely in terms of the trope of "the woman cast adrift" (25), it may well be of interest to Gower scholars working on the "Tale of Constance" (Confessio Amantis, II.587-1612). Findon contextualizes the play as an East Anglian work--not necessarily relevant for Gower's work. Still, the recurring story of Constance (or Custance for Chaucer) was certainly widely known, and helps ground a useful contrast between the saint in the play and other women "cast adrift." Findon finds the incorporation of this trope (or motif) useful in that that it provides a context for variations on the Mary Magdalene story that appear in the Digby play--the playwright's "alterations to Mary's story seem deliberately to enhance her status as a female hero through her connections with Chaucer's Custance, with Trivet and Gower's Constance, and with Emaré--virtuous but largely passive romance women who are 'cast adrift'" (29). She contrasts Gower's and the other versions of this sort of heroine primarily with Mary in an analysis of the play, noting that women in this trope are generally "cast adrift by evil forces beyond [their] control" (32). Mary's travels in the play are planned by her enemies, as are those of Constance or the more secular romance heroine Emaré. Findon provides a useful analysis of the drifting woman tradition, noting that "in medieval literature in general, a woman traveling alone in a ship is often in the midst of a deep personal crisis" (31), for example, and often the voyage is meant to be fatal to the woman (32). She also points out that "in both classical and medieval literature, female protagonists who undertake such journeys are rare, and those who are active during the course of their journeys are even more rare: this is what male heroes do" (34). Thus, as the Digby playwright adapts this trope to Mary Magdalene's story: "Mary Magdalene recalls the Constance figures yet does not share their lack of personal power" (36). Overall, Gower here provides a counterpoint for Findon's insightful reading of the Digby play. This article is most likely to be useful to Gower scholars working with this particular literary trope or with Constance; its comparison of the different analogues, though focused around the Digby play, is thorough and detailed, and many of Findon's insights may inflect how one looks at the Constance narrative, also, in implicit contrast, the Apollonius of Tyre story (42). [RAL. Copyrigtht. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Findon, Joanne. Published Findon, Joanne. "Mary Magdalene as New Custance?: 'The Woman Cast Adrift' in the Digby Mary Magdalene." English Studies in Canada 32.4 (2006): 25-50. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Magdalene as New Custance?: 'The Woman Cast Adrift' in the Digby Mary Magdalene. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article is not exclusively about Gower, but it asks important questions about how the shifting role of women in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century England is reflected in the work of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and Thomas Malory. Elmes argues that there was "a profound cultural shift in women's visibility and significance" (136), and that these authors now had to address a female audience that could affect their literary reputation. She associates this need to address female readers primarily with a secular audience with an increasing interest in social rather than religious status (136), and notes that with this changing audience, poets engaging in translation or adaption would have had good reason to alter their often misogynist sources (137). In particular, the inclusion of sequences featuring female friendships represents for Elmes a significant way for these authors to update their adapted stories for this growing new audience, and break from a misogynist tradition. She looks closely at a number of adapted narratives by all three of her target authors. Elmes provides a detailed reading of the "Tale of Albinus and Rosemund" (Confessio Amantis I.2459-2680), adapted from Paul the Deacon's eighth-century "Historia Langobardorum." Her primary focus is the introduction of the character Glodeside, expanded from the source, where she appears merely as "dressing maid" (146). Elmes notes that Gower's version is vague about Glodeside's identity (a maid, not necessarily Rosemund's personal servant), thus emphasizing Rosemund's great trust in Glodeside, and their less hierarchal relationship. She suggests that their relationship is implied to be "long-term and close" (147). She also notes that because of Gower's contextualization of this story around Albinus' pride, the culpability for the women involved in his murder is reduced: "Gower does not comment on the women's actions being treacherous" (148), as does his source. (One might question, however, whether he really needs to, as nearly every character in the story meets their doom through their pride.) For Elmes, Gower like Chaucer or Malory adapted these stories in a way that would be less troubling to a female audience; she also notes that since none of these authors was actually writing for female patrons (148), these choices indicate a genuine cultural shift, and not just an obsequious author trying to please a patron. Her conclusions about how audiences had apparently changed by the late fourteenth century to expect to see women interact with each other and receive authorial sympathy are well-supported and open up important questions about the role of women in the literary audiences of the later Middle Ages. [RAL. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Elmes, Melissa Ridley. Published Elmes, Melissa Ridley. "Female Friendship in Late Medieval English Literature: Cultural Translation in Chaucer, Gower, and Malory." In Karma Lochrie and Usha Vishnuvajjala, eds. Women's Friendship in Medieval Literature (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2022). Pp. 135–54. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Female Friendship in Late Medieval English Literature: Cultural Translation in Chaucer, Gower, and Malory. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The discovery of the only manuscript with the Portuguese translation of the "Confessio Amantis," Cortijo notes, has helped clarify some questions that scholars had been posing about the reception of the poem in Iberia. The discovery of the manuscript shows, in Cortijo's view, that Gower's work had a wider diffusion and dissemination than previously envisioned. Equally consequential for evaluating the impact of the Gowerian text is the dating of the Portuguese manuscript, which confirms an early distribution in the CA in Iberia. For Cortijo, the relevance of this early date cannot be emphasized enough, as it coincides with the expansion of the sentimental novel, a genre that bears significant resemblances and points in common from a formal and thematic point of view. [AS-H. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cortijo Ocaña, Antonio. Published Cortijo Ocaña, Antonio. "'La Confessio Amantis' en el debate del origen del sentimentalismo ibérico: un posible contexto de recepción." In Margarita Freixas, et al., eds. Actas del VIII Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval (Santander 22–26 septiembre, 1999) (Santander: Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval, 2000). Pp. 583-601. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "La Confessio Amantis" en el debate del origen del sentimentalismo ibérico: un posible contexto de recepción. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The argument of this essay," Cooper states (50), "is that repetition should be included among the family resemblances that trigger the imaginative response that signals 'romance,' even for works that might otherwise fall outside its boundaries, or at least to push those boundaries beyond what one might think available; and that one of the most striking of those repetitions is multiple sea voyages." In "The Voyage of St. Brendan," Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale," and Gower's Tale of Apollonius (with a glance at Shakespeare's "Pericles" in the closing pages), Cooper assembles three texts to argue that, although they are not universally accepted as romances, they share features that ought indeed so classify them. She looks carefully at the sea journeys of Brendan and his monks, Chaucer's Custance, and Gower's Constance, along with both poets' source in Nicholas Trevet's "Chronicle," finding in them all a "sense of divine control behind the sea voyages of the various saints' lives and romances" (54) that for her marks these narratives as of a type. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cooper, Helen. Published Cooper, Helen. "Romance Repetitions and the Sea: Brendan, Constance, Apollonius." In A. S. G. Edwards, ed., Medieval Romance, Arthurian Literature: Essays in Honour of Elizabeth Archibald (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2021). Pp. 46-60. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Romance Repetitions and the Sea: Brendan, Constance, Apollonius. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review David Carlson presents the first full-length study of Gower as a Latin poet, and more importantly, as the greatest of Anglo-Latin poets of the fourteenth century. This accomplished and wide-ranging volume offers studies of Gower's Latin poetry and its formal properties. It also offers new editions and translations of five short poems outside the Latin verses of "Confessio Amantis." The book is a substantive and authoritative contribution to literary history, both the history of Anglo-Latin verse and of the cultural contexts through which Latin poets reflected on their practice. To read and assimilate this book is thus to encounter a wider sense of fourteenth-century literary consciousness than what might be afforded by a standard history of vernacular English poetry. While the book is founded on enormous learning, it is by no means a survey: it is rather a re-exploration of a well-known period from a decisively different (and equally valid) perspective. Carlson advances an important argument about Gower's Latin poetry: it was "fundamentally not classical" (11) nor archaizing, but rather placed itself in a contemporary cultural and literary environment. His Latin poetry was "informed by and indebted to contemporary Anglo-Latin poetry for the metrical fabric of his writing" (12). Gower's formal choices make better sense from a synchronic perspective. Most significant is Gower's search for a metrical plain style, neither demotic nor hyper-sophisticated, that was suitable to public poetry. The chapters cover Gower's earliest Latin poetry, the "invention of Anglo-Latin public poetry," his contribution to estates satire, his historiography of 1381 and his prosody, and his late Latin style. The poems newly edited and translated are "Epitaphium Edwardi tercii" (1377), the John Ball verses (c. 1395), the Blackfriars Council verses (c. 1382), "Ecce dolet Anglia" (c. 1360-75), and "Epilogus Apocalipsium" (c. 1376-8). There are two appendices on versification. [RC. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Carlson, David R. Published Carlson, David R. Gower and Anglo-Latin Verse. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2021. xi, 345 pp. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Cronica Tripertita Minor Latin Poetry Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower and Anglo-Latin Verse. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Burke's essay offers a comparative analysis of Gower's "Cinkante balades" and Spenser's "Amoretti" in order to show the extent to which they share similar narrative arcs which "engage the reader with a dramatic fiction of a man and a woman progressing over time, through verbal interplay, to a joyful commitment by both partners, a 'lien/bond' of love that is equally shared between them" (461). This essay is an ambitious undertaking, given its consideration of the entire "Amoretti" and the marriage poems in the CB (Balades 1-5 and 44-51). Burke argues that the poets' similar approaches to their lyric sequences stem from similar marital experiences and foreground the role of communication between partners in a relationship rather than the more traditional introspective voice and focus of other lyrics on the same topic, an issue that also speaks to their interest in their respective political contexts and communities. Burke begins by addressing the inspiration for and possible source of the narrative unity of Gower's sequence in Christine de Pizan's "Cent balades" and in the Song of Songs. Burke then turns to careful close readings of courtship and betrothal in Gower's and Spenser's respective lyric sequences. The essay closes by arguing such a comparison suggests "the late medieval ideal of marriage was carried over with little change to become the English Protestant ideal of a chaste and Christlike married love that did not exclude the joys of intimacy" (588) and that these poets both "explicitly embrace their sovereign and their nation within the bond of mutual love that is celebrated in the sequence" (489). [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Burke, Linda. Published Burke, Linda. "A Bond of True Love: Performing Courtship and Betrothal in Gower's 'Cinkante Balades' and Spenser's 'Amoretti,' in Light of Christine de Pizan's 'Cent Balades'." In Albrecht Classen, ed., Communication, Translation, and Community in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period: New Cultural-Historical and Literary Perspectives (Berlin, de Gruyter, 2022). Pp. 461–90. Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Bond of True Love: Performing Courtship and Betrothal in Gower's "Cinkante Balades" and Spenser's "Amoretti," in Light of Christine de Pizan's "Cent Balades." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bennett's essay deals, per its title, with Gower's "social contexts"--that is, "Gower and his milieu at a key stage in his life and literary career, namely between the late 1360s and the early 1380s, when he assumed a position in landed society" (101). The essay has two parts. In the first, Bennett focuses particularly on two sets of documents: those related to the land transaction known as "the Septvauns affair," which ultimately brought the manor at Aldington into Gower's hands, but not before significant legal embroilment, and an embarrassing forced appearance before parliament for judgment; and a descriptive, primarily genealogical roll written in the 1380s ("possibly" by Gower [111]), which describes in some detail the fortunes of the Northwood family, close neighbors of Gower's at Aldington. Following the roll, Bennett traces the well-connected Northwoods through the generations, showing that Gower crossed paths with several members at different points, most significantly perhaps in 1366, when rents from Horton manor, near Canterbury, and properties in Southwark, were granted to Gower by a Northwood heir (107)--suggesting a family connection of some sort, though the roll provides no evidence for this (110). Bennett captures the interrelations of Kentish landed families, turning up names of importance at various points in Gower's life: Sir Arnold Savage, Sir John Cobham, third Lord Cobham, the Grandison family, and a "cousin from Savoy, Sir Otho de Graunson," the poet (112), well known to Chaucer and probably Gower as well. In the latter portion, Bennett discusses conditions in Kent in the 1360s, when the county served Edward III as a launching point for his army into France--an army in which, Bennett speculates, Gower may have participated "in some capacity" (114). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bennett, Michael. Published Bennett, Michael. "Shades of Gower: Latin Texts and Social Contexts." In Richard Firth Green and R. F. Yeager, eds. "Of latine and of othire lare": Essays in Honour of David R. Carlson (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2022). Pp. 101-19. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shades of Gower: Latin Texts and Social Contexts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This essay could be read profitably as a companion-piece to Bennett's earlier work on the latter years of Richard II's kingship ("John Gower, Squire of Kent, the Peasants' Revolt, and the 'Visio Anglie'," Chaucer Review 2018; "Gower, Richard II, and Henry IV," "Historians on Gower" 2019), with his monograph "Richard II and the Revolution of 1399" (1999) as general background; and see Bennett, "Shades of Gower: Latin Texts and Social Contexts" (2022). Here, using chronicle accounts extensively, Bennett develops a positive portrait of Cobham's role from the advent of the crisis, arguing for the latter's justified distrust of Richard, and attributes to a warm relationship with Cobham Gower's detailed knowledge of events that subsequently produced his negative views of the king. Perhaps most significant for Gower scholars is Bennett's reading of the "Cronica Tripertita" as initially three separate poems later combined into one, each section reflecting a different stage in Gower's evolving attitude toward Richard. The first poem was composed "almost certainly . . . close to the events it described"--i.e., 1387-88 (44); the second later in 1388-89 (44-45); and the third in September 1397, when "Gower took up his 'weeping pen' to "report Gloucester's murder, Arundel's execution, and Warwick's banishment" (50). These, variously revised, became the CrT as we know it after the accession of Henry IV, in 1399. Bennett also reads as parallel these shifts in the CrT and the development of the Ricardian/Henrician versions of the "Confessio Amantis" (48-49). N.B.: p. 49, fn. 79, read: "BL, Cotton Ch. IV.27," not "Harl." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bennett, Michael. Published Bennett, Michael. "'Defenders of truth': Lord Cobham, John Gower, and the Political Crisis of 1387-88." In Jessica A. Lutkin and J.S. Hamilton, eds. Creativity, Contradictions, and Commemoration in the Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of Nigel Saul. Woodbridge, Suff.: Boydell Press, 2022. Pp. 35-52. Gower Subject Cronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Defenders of truth": Lord Cobham, John Gower, and the Political Crisis of 1387-88. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Only two of Shakespeare's plays refer to a source by its author's name: John Gower in "Pericles" (co-authored perhaps with George Wilkins), and Geoffrey Chaucer in "The Two Noble Kinsmen" (with John Fletcher). Both of these tributes are "exceptional" and much remarked on. Bauer and Zirker believe "it makes sense to go a step further" and call these poets Shakespeare's "medieval co-authors" (218). Per Bauer and Zirker, co-authorship could be "diachronic" as well as "contemporaneous," with a long-dead "creative partner[] in the present" shedding light on the "poetics of co-authorship" in these (probably) both co-authored plays (218-19). In the first section, "'Our imagination': Gower and the Audience as Co-Authors of Pericles," the authors explain how Gower as a choric character moves his theater audience through "a process from [hearing] the monologic 'song'[1.0.1] . . . to [co-creating] 'our play' at the end (Epilogue 18)," by calling on the help of "our imagination" (4.4.3), per editor Gossett an "inclusive plural" that should not be emended to "your" (219-220). The playwright(s) participates as "the anonymous agent" who makes the ancient story "for itself perform" (3.0.53) in the minds of the audience (221). By choosing a co-author so distant in time, Shakespeare was able to "de-present" as well as to present the "monstrous lust" of the incest theme, much as Gower's Genius does by explaining the practice as necessary in the time of Adam and Eve, but not in the time of Christ (p. 226; Epilogue 2). By contrast, Chaucer is addressed in the Prologue of "The Two Noble Kinsmen" as the father of the play, but in a spirit of rivalry and fear (229). In parallel fashion, the imprisoned Arcite and Palamon descend from harmonious flights of imagination, to deadly competition for Emelye, who viewed from afar, becomes their mutual brainchild (233). [LBB. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bauer, Matthias. Zirker, Angelika. Published Bauer, Matthias, and Angelika Zirker. "Shakespeare's Medieval Co-Authors."In Lukas Rösli and Stefanie Gropper, ed. In Search of the Culprit: Aspects of Medieval Authorship. Berlin and Boston: de Gruyter, 2021. Pp. 217-38. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shakespeare's Medieval Co-Authors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article has two foci: first, Balestrini reviews the circumstances in which late fourteenth-century English poetry developed and how authors like Chaucer and Gower would, within the next two centuries, become canonized and recognized as founders of English literature. Second, she examines the ways these authors contributed to make this period distinctive, not only through their usage of the vernacular but also with the construction of a public voice and the erection of literature as vehicle to create a sense of belonging to a cultural community. [AS-H. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Balestrini, María Cristina. Published Balestrini, María Cristina. "Los escritores ricardianos y la consolidación de la literatura en inglés medio." De Medio Aevo 10.1, 15 (2021): 169-79. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Los escritores ricardianos y la consolidación de la literatura en inglés medio. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Zuraikat's abstract: "[Because] the anti-crusade voice of Gower and Langland has been discussed by many other scholars, this study focuses on Chaucer's poems and their implicit opposition of crusading. I argue that despite Chaucer's apparent neutrality to crusading as well as other sociopolitical and cultural matters of England, his poetry can hardly be read but as an indirect critique of war in general and crusading in particular . . . ." Before dedicating four chapters to Chaucer and his works, Zuraikat "discusses the dominance as well as nature of crusading in fourteenth-century England" in his first chapter and, in his second, "reads Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' and Langland's 'Piers Plowman' as anti-crusade poems." After discussing selected passages from books IV and VII of CA (pp. 57-65), Zuraikat concludes that "read as a romance of courtly love or as a pilgrimage poem, the anti-crusade voice of Genius, Amans, and Gower is prominent enough not to ignore" (65). [MA. eJGN 42.2] ] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zuraikat, Malek Jamal. Published Zuraikat, Malek Jamal. "The Anti-Crusade Voice of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2015. Open access at https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/9 (accessed January 28, 2023). Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Anti-Crusade Voice of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this M.A. thesis Whisman addresses similarities between aspects of Milton's characterizations of Sin and Death in "Paradise Lost" and parallel characterizations in Gower's MO. He describes "common threads" (34) among several classical and Christian precedents, and explores possibilities that Milton may have known Gower's French poem, despite the fact that it was generally unknown (unacknowledged?) until G. C. Macaulay (re)discovered the only surviving manuscript of the poem in 1895, publishing his edition of it in 1899. Delight in his topic--and a touch of exuberance--is evident in Whisman's title and recurs throughout his study. He deals in many "possibilities" as he steers quickly through his secondary research, commenting on the biographies and literary status of his two poets, Milton's knowledge of CA, Spenser's possible use of CA in his "Faerie Queene" (for the Deadly Sins), the possibility that Milton could read French, Macaulay's discovery, J. S. P. Tatlock's 1906 discussion of parallels between the characterizations in MO and "Paradise Lost," John's Fisher's speculations about the physical location(s) of the MO manuscript, John Steadman's possibility that Basil's "Sixth Homily on the Hexaemeron" was a common source, and ongoing scholarly hesitancy about claiming any direct influence. Whisman adds several possible--but strained--verbal echoes between the texts and, wisely, refrains from asserting influence, direct or mediated. He does assert, however, that if direct influence were ever established, or even if a common source (beyond their "primary source," the Bible) were to be found, it would demand that we "rethink the composition" of PL (47) and "help to return Gower to a prominent place in English studies" (48). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Whisman, Derek K. Published Whisman, Derek K. "A Devil of a Coincidence: Study on Milton and Gower." M.A. Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2010. Open access at http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42655 (accessed January 22, 2023). Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Devil of a Coincidence: Study on Milton and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Torres, Sara Victoria. Published Torres, Sara Victoria. "Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and Iberia." Ph. D. Dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 2014. Open access at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/25n6t2gq (accessed January 28, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Review From Torres's abstract: "my dissertation tracks an understudied aspect of the legacy of Lancastrian kingship: its claims to the throne of Castile and the multiple Iberian marriages that materialize those claims as they shape late medieval and early modern international historiography." The first of six chapters "argues that Gower positions himself within a legacy of poetic genealogy and political counsel that is synchronous with the imperial lineages of the poem's exemplary narratives. The poem conceives of lineage in ethical terms, and thus the interplay between Gower's evocations of 'translatio studii' and 'translatio imperii' is fundamental to his narrated mechanisms of political descent. Under the patronage of Philippa of Lancaster, the 'Confessio Amantis' is translated into both Portuguese and Castilian, and within these material conditions of book production the political discourse of counsel is linked closely to the performance of queenship. In its Portuguese rendering, then, queen and poet are linked to the practice of just rule in a imagined textual community at once focused on the spiritual, intellectual, and physical regulation of the king and also on the wider readership of those encompassed within the bounds of 'common weal'." Later chapters engage Lancastrian-related texts of several sorts: Margaret of Anjou's Shrewsbury Book, the Burghley Polychronicon, Luís Vaz de Camões's Os Lusíadas, "a manuscript created by the exiled Syon nuns in Lisbon for the Habsburg monarchs, and "the journalistic relaciones of Andrés Almansa y Mendoza, which record [Charles Stuart's] visit to Madrid in the language of a chivalric romance." [MA. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and Iberia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Sierra, Juan David. Published Sierra, Juan David. "Voice and Meaning: Writing Authority in Late Medieval England and Iberia." Ph. D. Dissertation. Cornell University, 2011. Open access at https://hdl.handle.net/1813/30761 (accessed January 28, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Review From Sierra's abstract: "My dissertation tells the story of how the separation of voice and meaning in discursive structures became bound up with legitimating the fifteenth-century conquest of non-Christian lands. This is because the possibility of extending secular dominion into lands outside traditional legitimating practices necessitated a new rethinking of the use and discourse of authority. At the center of this change in meaning and voice were the Iberian translations of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' that joined two different modalities of questioning the presentation of authority through writing: a Castilian approach, which disassociated the experience of reading from the verisimilitude of narration, and an English one, which undermined the possibility of speech to communicate truth. This synthesis justified colonialism because it gave sovereigns the means to speak with authority in a place outside universal language and law. The Iberian and English traditions which influenced Gower's translation into Portuguese, therefore, support the idea that there was a growing disconnect between the power of their ideas and the ways in which they were conveyed . . . . They made . . . spaces which proved that signs could divorce their social uses from their ability to signify while still retaining their ability to change the world. These spaces, in being taken up by the Portuguese translations of Gower's 'Confessio,' helped Europe fashion a concept of sovereignty applicable outside the boundaries of Western discourse." [MA. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Voice and Meaning: Writing Authority in Late Medieval England and Iberia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Sharp, Joseph Ethan Blaine. Published Sharp, Joseph Ethan Blaine. "Definitions and Depictions of Rhetorical Practice in Medieval English Fürstenspiegel." PhD. Dissertation. University of Louisville, 2022. Open access at https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/3849 (accessed January 28, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Vox Claamantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Review From Sharp's abstract: "After establishing the relevance of the "Fürstenspiegel" as a rhetorical genre in Chapter One, the dissertation provides three cases studies on John of Salisbury, John Gower, and John Lydgate that demonstrate how the rhetorical theories communicated in their "Fürstenspiegel" were responsive to particular cultural moments and resonated with contemporary political practices. Chapter Two analyzes how John of Salisbury positions rhetorical knowledge as necessary for the development of higher-order learning in the individual and compares the interpretive and inventive practices that John advocates in the "Metalogicon" and "Policraticus" with emerging methodologies for determining the truth of testimony and contingent situations in contemporary English jurisprudence. Chapter Three explores how John Gower's elevation of rhetoric to an epistemological category [especially in CA, Book VII, and VC Book I) establishes a political paradigm in which a sovereign's rhetorical efficacy is measured against his habituation to virtue, a paradigm that is challenged by Richard II's attempt to canonize Edward II. Finally, Chapter Four traces the development of rhetoric as a legitimated discipline within the king's household and details how John Lydgate leverages the professionalization of rhetoric to create a political system in which rhetorical intervention is achieved through rhetorical stylistics. In Chapter Five, the dissertation concludes by explaining how these case studies affect the field of medieval rhetorical historiography." [MA. eJGN 42.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Definitions and Depictions of Rhetorical Practice in Medieval English "Fürstenspiegel." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Behrend's abstract: "This dissertation examines the pervasive presence of Latin in later medieval English literature: the Latin glosses and quotations, the Latinate vocabulary, the code-switching between Latin and vernacular languages, and the translations between them that make up many Middle English literary works. I argue that, whereas the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries are usually understood to mark a great surge in English-language literary production, this literature in fact imagines itself to be formed in relation to Latin rather than in place of or as distinct from it . . . . I show that Latin and vernacular fundamentally co-constitute several of the Middle English works most circulated by medieval readers and most studied by modern scholars, including John Gower's Confessio Amantis, William Langland's Piers Plowman, Nicholas Love's Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ, and John Lydgate's Life of Our Lady. . . . I argue that Gower, Langland, Love, and Lydgate turn to the form of translation because it promises ethical solutions to the animating problems of their respective projects. Following an opening consideration of Geoffrey Chaucer's fictional framing of Troilus and Criseyde as translatio studii, chapter one explores how the simultaneity of Latin and English 'versions' in Gower's Confessio contributes to a bilingual historiography that comprehends the contingency of historical change." Subsequent chapters treat works by Langland, Love, and Lydgate, identifying in them and in CA a "shared ambivalence toward institutional and purportedly unmediated languages alike--a bilingual ethics and aesthetics as relevant today, in view of anglophone hegemony and monolingual nationalism, as in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries." [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Behrend, Megan. Published Behrend, Megan. "The Latinity of Middle English Literature: Form, Translation, and Vernacularization." Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Michigan, 2022. Restricted access; abstract available at https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/174649 (accessed January 27, 2023). Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Latinity of Middle English Literature: Form, Translation, and Vernacularization. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Dédéyan published a series of essays on Dante in England in Les Lettres Romanes, volumes 12-15 (1958-1961), with the section on Gower being very brief. In it, Dédéyan repeats a pair of connections between Gower and Dante identified by Paget Toynbee (1909), agreeing that they may have been mediated by Petrarch and/or Chaucer. Gower's contribution to Dante's literary fortune in England, he concludes, is slim ("mince"; p. 179). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dédéyan, Charles. Published Dédéyan, Charles. "Dante en Angleterre: John Gower." Les Lettres Romanes 13 (1959): 177-79. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dante en Angleterre: John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Abstract supplied by author: "The study of friendship in the West often occludes any serious consideration of late medieval discourses of friendship, particularly in the English tradition. Privileging either a classical tradition rooted in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero or a modern liberal republican model, the study of friendship makes little room for medieval literature's go-betweens, sworn brothers, counselors, or allegorical friends. Medieval scholars have long recognized the ubiquity of friendship but commonly judge medieval friends to be forlorn, foresworn, and foredone. Taking my cue from emerging trends in affect theory and new formalism, I offer a reassessment of medieval friendship as it emerges in a body of literature close to the heart of the English literary cannon. [sic] The texts in each chapter are gathered according to a shared formal feature--dialogue, proverbial wisdom, the jealousy plot, and elegy--wherein I examine the affordances of the particular form. Throughout, I suggest that friendship in the Chaucer tradition operates in close proximity to a Boethian understanding of humanity's place in the universe, its subjection to the whims of Fortune, and its attempts to navigate a sublunary world of uncertainty. I argue that the oscillation between acknowledging friendship's ideals and accepting friendship's circumstances produces an uncertain ethics of friendship that simultaneously holds the friend up as an important and necessary intercessory figure while also holding the friend at distance lest the friendship fail or be found fraudulent." [John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Neel, Travis E. Published Neel, Travis E. "Fortune's Friends: Forms and Figures of Friendship in the Chaucer Tradition." Ph.D. Ohio State University, 2017. Fully accessible at http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/viewacc_num=osu1492705588117003 (accessed April 20, 2023). Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fortune's Friends: Forms and Figures of Friendship in the Chaucer Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017