21 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lepley summarizes Ovid's story of Io's transformation ("Metamorphoses" 1.583-746) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account of Argus and Mercury in CA 4.3317-61. Radically revamping Ovid's emphasis, Gower's tale is not about Io's suffering nor Jupiter's lust; instead, Gower reduces sympathy for Io and develops the minor characters of Argus and Mercury in order to demonstrate the "dangers of sleeping when one should be awake." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lepley, Douglas L Published Lepley, Douglas L. "The Tale of Argus and Mercury (CA, IV, 3317-61)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 45-49. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Argus and Mercury (CA, IV, 3317-61) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Reading Gower's tale of "Ceix and Alceone" alongside its analogue in Ovid (Metamorphoses, Book 11), Machaut ("Le Dit de la Fonteinne Amoureuse"), and Chaucer (BD), Krummel finds two key alterations. First, where the three earlier versions all have Ceix himself speak to Alceone in her dream, Gower has "Ithecus" and "Panthasas" provide her with a re-enactment of the storm and of the sinking of Ceix's ship. Krummel describes what Alceone observes in her dream as an "audible mime," and she places it in the context of the history of silent mimetic performance in the Middle Ages. Because of this performance, Rummel also asserts, Alceone is given a more active role, acting upon what she sees and less under the direct control of Ceix and his instructions, which is part of "Gower's more general subversion of the patriarchal and hegemonic script" (506) also evident in Gower's greater care to have the dream appear in response to Alceone's direct request for information about her husband. In combination, she concludes, Alceone's agency and the vision itself, which steers away from any overtly religious comment even though it is directly concerned with death, perform their own act of "silent speaking,"for they require us to read the poem "without the filtering distortions of a clerical prism"(498). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 21.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Krummel, Miriamne Ara Published Krummel, Miriamne Ara. "The Tale of Ceïx and Alceone: Alceone's Agency and Gower's 'Audible Mime'." Exemplaria 13 (2001), pp. 497-528. ISSN 1041-2573 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Ceïx and Alceone: Alceone's Agency and Gower's 'Audible Mime' Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Maney Publishing, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gaston summarizes Ovid's story of Ceyx and Alceone ("Metamorphoses" 11.410-748) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 4.2927-3123. Generally compressing plot by eliminating "unnecssary detail," Gower retains an extensive description of the house of Sleep and he "builds sympathy" for Alceone, thereby focusing on the "recipient of the vision and on the mechanism by which the dream vision is bestowed on her." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gaston, John B Published Gaston, John B. "The Tale of Ceyx and Alceone (CA, IV, 2927-3123)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 41-43. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Ceyx and Alceone (CA, IV, 2927-3123) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brown summarizes Ovid's account of "unjustified pain and sorrow" ("Metamorphoses" 9.93-133) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account of Deianira, Hercules, and Nessus in CA 2.2145-2307. Gower "moves to center stage" Nessus's abduction of Deianira and use of a love charm in order to demonstrate "Falssemblant" as a form of envy, reducing Deianira to "an innocent victim of another's hypocrisy" and deemphasizing Hercules's role in the plot while making him more human and less heroic.[MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Brown, Carole Koepke Published Brown, Carole Koepke. "The Tale of Deianira and Nessus (CA, II, 2145-2307)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 15-19. ISBN 0819115962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Deianira and Nessus (CA, II, 2145-2307) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Zipf summarizes Ovid's brief account of Echo ("Metamorphoses" 3.359-69) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 5.4583-4652. Gower expands the account and renders it moralistic by developing the character of Echo, focusing on her "crime and punishment" as an "active procurer" of lovers for Jupiter, and by the setting more familiar for his contemporary courtly audience. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zipf, Karl A., Jr Published Zipf, Karl A., Jr. "The Tale of Echo (CA, V, 4583-4652)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 59-61. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Echo (CA, V, 4583-4652) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Zipf summarizes Ovid's story of the flight of Icarus ("Metamorphoses" 8.183-235) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 4.1035-71. Gower reduces details of plot and setting, and eliminates concern with Daedalus's greatness and his grief, emphasizing instead Icarus's negligence and his ambition to rise above his station. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zipf, Karl A., Jr Published Zipf, Karl A., Jr. "The Tale of Icarus (CA, IV, 1035-71)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 37-39. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Icarus (CA, IV, 1035-71) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Stasko summarizes Ovid's story of Iphis ("Metamorphoses" 9.666-797) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 3.2145-2307. Gower changes Ligdus from a commoner to a king, making him seem crueler; he reduces the role of the goddess Isis, eliminates Iphis's lament, and renders the love of Iphis and Ianthe more innocent--in all, changing Ovid's "story about the rewards of prayer and obedience into one about the wonders wrought by enduring and uncomplaining love." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stasko, Nicolette Published Stasko, Nicolette. "The Tale of Iphis (CA, IV, 451-505)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 33-35. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Iphis (CA, IV, 451-505) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Stasko summarizes Ovid's story of Iphis's death and Araxarathen's transformation ("Metamorphoses" 14.698-761) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 4.3515-3684. Generally expanding the plot, Gower radically alters the two protagonists by reversing their "social and moral positions" and thereby converts Ovid's story "into one which criticizes men for despairing." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stasko, Nicolette Published Stasko, Nicolette. "The Tale of Iphis and Araxarathen (CA, IV, 3515-3684)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 51-54. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Iphis and Araxarathen (CA, IV, 3515-3684) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gaston summarizes Ovid's tale of the "tragic cruelty" of Leucothoe's death ("Metamorphoses" 4.190-270) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 5.6713-83. Gower reduces Venus' role in the plot, shifting blame to Phoebus for his use of stealth in pursuing Leucothoe, who is wholly innocent in Gower even though Ovid had presented her as "somewhat willing." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gaston, John B Published Gaston, John B. "The Tale of Leucothoe (CA, V, 6713-83)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 75-77. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Leucothoe (CA, V, 6713-83) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was deeply impressed by war, and with perverted justice, his continued treatment of these themes in his work is evidence of this. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lawrence, William W. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Published Lawrence, William W. "The Tale of Melibeus." Essays and Studies in Honor of Carleton Brown. New York: New York University Press, 1940, pp. 100-10. Reprinted in Helaine Newstead, ed. Chaucer and His Contemporaries: Essays on Medieval Literature and Thought. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1968, pp. 207-17, Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Melibeus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Moran summarizes Ovid's story of Midas's "irresponsible kingship . . . foolishness, and . . . wasted opportunity" (in "Metamorphoses" 11.85-145) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 5.141-332. By making Midas a "more sympathetic character" and having him recognize and repent his sin, Gower adapts the tale to his concern with avarice and makes it part of his "pervasive treatment of the responsibilities of kings." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Moran, Judith C. G Published Moran, Judith C. G. "The Tale of Midas (CA, V, 141-332)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 55-58. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Midas (CA, V, 141-332) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ruyak summarizes Ovid's tale of Neptune's attempted seduction of Cornix ("Metamorphoses" 2.569-88) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 5.6145-6217. Gower emphasizes Cornix's despair and her desire to retain her virginity, and the poet adds "functional imagery," transforming the rape in Ovid's original into a matter of theft or robbery--a kind of avarice. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ruyak, Natalie Epinger Published Ruyak, Natalie Epinger. "The Tale of Neptune and Cornix (CA, V, 6145-6217)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 71-74. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Neptune and Cornix (CA, V, 6145-6217) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ruyak summarizes Ovid's account of Phebus Apollo and Daphne ("Metamorphoses" 1.452-567) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 3.2145-2307. Gower reduces plot, imagery, and sympathy for Daphne (even as he demotes her from nymph to human being) in order to emphasize the moral concern with "passion and foolhaste." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ruyak, Natalie Epinger Published Ruyak, Natalie Epinger. "The Tale of Phebus and Daphne (CA, III, 1685-1720)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 25-27. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Phebus and Daphne (CA, III, 1685-1720) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brown summarizes Ovid's account of Pygmalion ("Metamorphoses" 10.243-97) and identifies ways that Gower alters this source in his derivative account in CA 4.371-436. Gower's Genius uses the tale to encourage Amans to avoid the sloth of speechlessness, a moral that Gower emphasizes by making Pygmalion much more verbally aggressive than his Ovidian counterpart, albeit somewhat more human. Gower "de-emphasizes Venus and the ivory maiden" to make Pygmalion's talk more important than Ovid's concern with transformation. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Brown, Carole Koepke Published Brown, Carole Koepke. "The Tale of Pygmalion (CA, IV, 371-436)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 29-32. ISBN 0819115962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Pygmalion (CA, IV, 371-436) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Moran summarizes Ovid's account of Pyramus and Thisbe ("Metamorphoses" 4.55-166) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 3.1331-1494. Gower "eliminates the mulberry tree as the generative force in the story," "pares out sentimental detail to make way for his lesson," and "makes his lovers more active in their efforts to be together," particularly in ways that clarifies Pyramus's self-centered "foolhaste." [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Moran, Judith C. G Published Moran, Judith C. G. "The Tale of Pyramus and Thisbe (CA, III, 1331-1494)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 21-24. ISBN 0819125962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Pyramus and Thisbe (CA, III, 1331-1494) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lepley summarizes Ovid's tale of Tereus and Philomela ("Metamorphoses" 6.424-674) and identifies ways that Gower alters Ovid's version in his own account in CA 5.5551-6047. Gower heightens Tereus's villainy, presents Philomela as guiltless, and blunts Procne's cruelty. He reduces Ovid's "detailed dramatizations of inhuman passions and wanton revenge," offering a moral exemplum of the just punishment for rape rather than tale of horror. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lepley, Douglas L Published Lepley, Douglas L. "The Tale of Tereus (CA, V, 5551-6048)." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 63-69. ISBN 081925962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tale of Tereus (CA, V, 5551-6048) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This is a fairly detailed examination of Gower's adaptations of two tales from Book 3 of Ovid's Metamorphoses in Book 1 of the Confessio Amantis. Gower shortens and simplifies both tales, adapts them to the fourtenth century and to his moral instruction. Gower reduces violence, plays down change (metamorphosis), and tones down the divine nature of the characters. The study finds this typical of Gower's treatment of the twenty-eight tales he uses from Ovid's Metamorphosis. [Douglas J. Macmillan. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 2.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cresswell, Julia Published Cresswell, Julia. "The Tales of Acteon and Narcissus in the Confession Amantis." Reading Medieval Studies 7 (1981), pp. 32-40. ISSN 0950-3129 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tales of Acteon and Narcissus in the Confession Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review While Gower attacks court corruption, he also has a "healthy contempt" for common people. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kinney, Thomas L Published Kinney, Thomas L. "The Temper of Fourteenth-Century English Verse of Complaint." Annuale Mediaevale 7 (1966): 74-89. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Temper of Fourteenth-Century English Verse of Complaint. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues that Chaucer know the CA and parodied it the "Canterbury Tales." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hanning, Robert W. Published Hanning, Robert W. "The Theme of Art and Life in Chaucer's Poetry." In George D. Economou, ed. Geoffrey Chaucer: A Collection of Original Articles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), p. 21. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Theme of Art and Life in Chaucer's Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses MO, VC, and CA as source materials for a presentation of fourteenth-century conservative social attitudes; sees the three poems as representing a consistent viewpoint, supportive of the status quo. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mohl, Ruth. Published Mohl, Ruth. The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. New York: Ungar, 1933, pp. 28ff., 105ff., 230ff., 278-79, 299ff., 329, 356-57. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Preliminary study for Dwyer's essay of 1951. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Dwyer, John B. Published Dwyer, John B. The Tradition of Medieval Manuals of Religious Instruction in the Poems of John Gower, with Special Reference to the Development of the "Book of Virtues. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of North Carolina, 1950. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tradition of Medieval Manuals of Religious Instruction in the Poems of John Gower, with Special Reference to the Development of the "Book of Virtues." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Martin reads the "Kingis Quair" against Gower's "Confessio" and Hoccleve's "Regiment of Princes," "La Mal Regle," and the "Series." "The concerns of Gower and Hoccleve with exemplarity, self-reformation, and good governance," she argues, "were important for James's composition of the 'Quair,' offering sophisticated instances in which personal history is used to examine broader institutional conditions" (44). Both poets' work influenced the shifting position of the "Quair"'s narrator, helped James "negotiate the Lancastrian influences on his early life, finally proposing an alternative to the dangerous unpredictability of contemporary English politics" (44). Those influences stemmed from his treatment over eighteen years of captivity by Henry IV and V, of which there are conflicting accounts, and insights gained with the coronation of the child Henry VI (45). In Martin's view, the CA "cannot have made wholly comfortable reading for the Lancastrian dynasty" (46), as Hoccleve and Gower "envisage solutions to misrule as elusive" (50). James finds means to differentiate himself from Amans and Hoccleve's several narrators, "who cannot bring their reason to their predicaments, control their desires, or envision remedies for contemporary problems" (51). Martin sees parallels with the character of Apollonius in CA VIII: "A captive in another 'countree,' James's directionless 'planctus' is reminiscent of that of Gower's tormented and exiled prince" (52). Yet James, via love for his lady, grasps Gower's lesson, that "while escaping treachery in the political macrocosm may not be possible . . . one can better equip one's self for its challenges through inward virtue" (53). This wisdom is apparent in the "Quair" narrator's encounter with Fortune, in which he like Apollonius demonstrates "fortitude and true and patient service in love" that can be applied as well to "political treachery" (57). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Martin, Joanna. Published Martin, Joanna. "The Translations of Fortune: James I's 'Kingis Quair' and the Rereading of Lancastrian Poetry." In Nicola Royan and Sally Mapstone, eds. Langage Cleir Illumynate: Scottish Poetry from Barbour to Drummond, 1375-1630 (Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers; 2007), pp. 43-60. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Translations of Fortune: James I's 'Kingis Quair' and the Rereading of Lancastrian Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Barrington writes: "Gower's Trentham manuscript allows us to think about pre-modern disabilities in three ways. First, because it encourages Henry IV to restore the body politic disabled by Richard II, we can see the manuscript as presenting itself as a prosthesis able to compensate, even cure, Henry's illegitimate claims to the throne. Here, disability is a condition that needs to be eradicated at best, repaired at least. Second, because the Trentham manuscript reports Gower's blindness, we can examine how it registers that disability. As "Henrici quarti primus" makes clear, Gower's disability allows him to assert his own legitimacy as king's advisor. Here, disability is a means by which Gower asserts his authority. Finally, because the manuscript duplicates poems found elsewhere in markedly substantially versions, we can query how editorial decisions have marked it as a deformed text. Here, apparent disability disappears when digitizing eliminates the need for editorial choices." [JGN 33.1]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Barrington, Candace Published Barrington, Candace. "The Trentham Manuscript as Broken Prosthesis: Wholeness and Disability in Lancastrian England." Accessus: A Journal of Premodern Literature and New Media 1.1 (2013), n.p. Article 4. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Trentham Manuscript as Broken Prosthesis: Wholeness and Disability in Lancastrian England Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Pearsall offers "a plea for the working man . . . professional commercial scribes who wrote for their living and were involved in the commercial production of books, particularly those of our newly emergent poets, in the first half of the fifteenth century" (1-2). He offers examples of scribal obstacles and challenges, drawing largely on manuscripts of Chaucer's work, "Piers Plowman," Hoccleve's, and the "Confessio Amantis." He observes that "the scribes of the Confessio. . .were put under the strictest supervision, the authority for which emanated from Gower himself" (15). As time went on, scribes became less experienced, and consequently encountered greater difficulty following the exacting format. A solution was column-for-column copying, but this "came to grief where there was a change of scribe, as in Cambridge, Trinity College MS R. 3. 2. and Cambridge, University Library, MS Mm. 2. 21" (16). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek. Published Pearsall, Derek. "The Tribulations of Scribes." In Simon Horobin and Aditi Nafde, eds. Pursuing Middle English Manuscripts and Their Texts: Essays in Honour of Ralph Hanna. (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2017). Pp. 1-17. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tribulations of Scribes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Scribe D was "active in the London-Westminster area between the 1390's and the 1420's, although his linguistic origins were in the southwest Midlands" (42). Apparently he knew and worked with other prominent scribes and the major poets. He has been shown to be responsible for ("in whole or in part") the two Canterbury Tales MSS that are Thaisen's focus (Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 198 [Cp] and London, British Library MS Harley 7334 [Ha4]), a "De Proprietatibus Rerum," a "Piers Plowman," and eight "Confessios": Cambridge, Trinity College, R.3.2 (quires 9, 15-19, and parts of 14); London, British Library, Egerton 1991; New York, Columbia University Library, Plimpton 265; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 294; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 902 (fols. 2r-16v); Oxford, Christ Church College 148; Oxford, Corpus Christi College, 67. Thaisen sets out to demonstrate that orthographic variation can help establish "the number of exemplars a given scribe used and in what order he copied them" (58), since a scribe's native dialectal idiosyncrasies give way to those of other scribes as he "works in" to exemplars not in his own dialect. Ultimately Thaisen's data are intriguing, despite his admission of inconclusive results. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. JGN 28.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Thaisen, Jacob Published Thaisen, Jacob. "The Trinity Gower D Scribe's Two Canterbury Tales Manuscripts Revisited." In Design and Distribution of Late Medieval Manuscripts in England. Ed. Connolly, Margaret and Mooney, Linne R. [York]: York Medieval Press, 2008, pp. 41-60. ISBN 9781903153246 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Trinity Gower D Scribe's Two Canterbury Tales Manuscripts Revisited. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available York Medieval Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Primarily a study of early Modern English, using a modified "history of ideas" approach. Topics include "Gower's Pacifism," "Gower's Politics," "Gower on Kingship," Gower on Love," always with the concern to show how these affect his use of language. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cottle, Basil. Published Cottle, Basil. The Triumph of English, 1150-1400. London: Barnes and Noble, 1969, pp. 22, 40, 43, 68-69, 120-26, 138, 258, 270, 293-97, 303. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Triumph of English, 1150-1400. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A broadly inclusive study of complaint poetry, covering poets as diverse as Marcabru and Dunbar; notes of Gower that the VC is part of the complaint genre, and contains many instances of the "world turned upside down"--Book III, Chapters 14, 15; Book VII, Chapters 3, 4, 23. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Keller, Joseph R. Published Keller, Joseph R. "The Triumph of Vice: A Formal Approach to the Medieval Complaint Against the Times." Annuale Mediaevale 10 (1969): 120-37. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Triumph of Vice: A Formal Approach to the Medieval Complaint Against the Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This article, published posthumously, primarily presents a reading of the overall structure and approach of "Fortunes Stabilnes," Charles d'Orléans' framed poetic collection in English, which Burrow generally refers to as the "English Book of Love." Burrow compares Charles' framing dream of Age to the 'Confessio Amantis,' and contrasts Amans' ultimate abandonment of love to Charles' abandonment of it, which in "Fortunes Stabilnes" he later reverses. The focus is largely on the collection's movement through its framing dreams, with some discussion of those dreams' possible use of English models. This is where Gower comes in--Burrow presents a detailed comparison of Venus' healing of Amans' love wound to Charles' presentation of himself retreating to the castle of "No Care" ("Nonchaloir") with his heart wrapped in black (25). The comparison continues with Burrow's discussion of Charles' second dream, which "like the first (and like Gower's), mysteriously heralds a change of life" (26), though unlike Gower's it involves returning to a poetic persona as a lover. Burrow notes that this dream is not paralleled in the French version of the collection, and calls it "so much wilder than the first" (26), suggesting some differences in the poet's approach when composing in English vs. French. Burrow suggests that "Charles may have conceived the first and last parts of his book as forming a kind of diptych, representing two of the main sorrows that a lover might suffer: separation from a mistress who is kind, or proximity to one who is not" (32). He concludes by speculating that Charles walked away from the English version of the collection without a strong conclusion, upon being freed from captivity (33). Overall, this article presents an interesting overview of the structure of "Fortunes Stabilnes," suggesting ways in which English models might be tied to the dream structure. While its primary focus is (and should be) Charles d'Orléans, it does provide a valuable perspective on Gower's fifteenth-century influence. [RAL. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Burrow, John. Published Burrow, John. "The Two Dreams of Charles d'Orleans and of His English Book.' In R. D. Perry and Mary-Jo Arn, eds. Charles d'Orleans' English Aesthetic: The Form, Poetics, and Style of Fortunes Stabilnes (Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 2020), pp. 22–33. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Two Dreams of Charles d'Orleans and of His English Book. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Economou notes a "strong thematic bond among works like the De planctu naturae, the Roman de la Rose, the Parlement of Foules, and the Confessio Amantis, works which share strong formal and generic elements" (23). Each of these works focuses on courtly love, and each participates in the medieval idea of the two Venuses. Gower's Venus is the "good Venus, associated with Natura (VIII. 2337-44) and identified as the planet (VIII 2942-44)" (31-32). This Venus restores Amans to his senses and allows him to recognize the folly of lechery in his old age. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Economou, George D Published Economou, George D. "The Two Venuses and Courtly Love." In Pursuit of Perfection: Courtly Love in Medieval Literature. Ed. Ferrante, Joan M and Economou, George D. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1975, pp. 17-50. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Two Venuses and Courtly Love Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kennikat, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Stanfod, W. B. Published Stanford, W. B. The Ulysses Theme: A Study in the Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. 2d ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968, pp. 182-83, 188-89, 229, 245, 268n1, 277n12, 290-92. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review Gower's presentation of Ulysses in CA, Bk, VI (as a polymath magician) is evidence of Augustinian antipathy to intellectual curiosity, here compared to Dante's presentation in "The Inferno." Yet CA (in Bks. 5 and 6) "shows wider literary scope" than Gower's "medieval predecessors" and he generally favors Ulysses, except for his "skill in the Black Art." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Ulysses Theme: A Study in the Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bychowski opens with a call for hope and healing in the present with the alarming number of anti-transgender laws that had been proposed in the early months of 2021 in the United States. She then details the potential experiences and struggles that face transgender children, asking how we can offer them prayers to uplift them. Bychowski explains how such questions have brought her back to John Gower, particularly the Confessio Amantis, in which she sees " the imagined lives (and deaths) of transgender children, Iphis and Narcissus." Referring to her other work on transgender lives in Gower, Bychowski discusses the dysphoria of hope. She asserts, "If the 'Confessio Amantis' is a confession of love, I argue, one might see it also as a speaking-together prompted by parental love, a discourse between vertical and horizontal identities, like and unlike, generation and generation, the contingently known and the yet unknown." But then she adds the dimension of "queerly slanted love" that crosses identifications and temporalities, which she seems to use as her entrance into the close readings that follow. Reading these stories, Bychowski seizes the opportunity to advocate for trans affirming laws and healthcare. She explains how Gower is "a poet-parent of transgender children" by including them in the narratives that make up the CA. He uses these characters' identities as they existed in the past of his sources, but Gower, too, modifies them to fit his own age. This brings Bychowski to speculate about what experiences Gower might have had with transgender folx and to reference Bruce Holsinger's "A Burnable Book" that includes the transgender woman, Eleanor Rykener. Bychowski then examines the different conclusions that Gower brings to his two trans children: Iphis and Narcissus. She explains how the situations differ for the trans feminine character (Narcissus) versus the trans masculine character (Iphis), noting that both are affected by patriarchal sexism. Bychowski concludes that Gower, through these characters in his tales, offers us a mirror to reflect on and to question our laws, healthcare, and society. She then ends with this beautiful line that drives home the importance of such work in our field (and others): "Again, we may find the spirit of our beloveds blossoming in yet unborn generations, in unpredictable queer times and queer worlds, in unimaginable likeness and strangeness, in work and promises unfinished." [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bychowksi, Gabrielle M. W. Published Bychowksi, Gabrielle M. W. "The Unfinished Hope of Gower's Transgender Children." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Unfinished Hope of Gower's Transgender Children. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues that--unlike Chaucer--Gower, Machaut, and Jean de Meun draw explicit morals for their readers. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ruggiers, Paul A. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Published Ruggiers, Paul A. "The Unity of Chaucer's 'House of Fame'." Studies in Philology 50 (1953): 16-29. Reprinted in Edward Wagenknecht, ed. Chaucer: Modern Essays in Criticism (London: Oxford University Pres, 1959), pp. 295-308. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Unity of Chaucer's 'House of Fame." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This book has a broad historical remit and its theoretical affiliations are likewise diverse," Blud notes in her introductory chapter (13). Essentially, the volume's title identifies her two areas of concern: by "the unspeakable" she means both a combination of the apophatic--the concept of the inexpressibility of the Divine, borrowed from Eastern Orthodox and mystical traditions--and "the suppression of same-sex eroticism" (3). The latter concern, with particular focus on women's same-sex desire, occupies most of the book, the theoretical grounding of which "crystallise[s] around the legacy of Foucault and Lacan's work on silence, language, and power" (13), punctuated throughout with appropriate ideas drawn from Giorgio Agamben, Luce Irigaray, Hélène Cixous, Julia Kristeva, Karma Lochrie, and Diane Watt. Her interest in Gower is confined to two tales in the Confessio Amantis: "Iphis and Iante" from Book IV and "Tereus" from Book V. Of the former, she says "The tale serves as an example of how female same-sex desire in medieval writing can be denied or undeclared, both in the text and by its readers. It is presented as both natural and unnatural, as both problematic and unproblematic; it is not punished, but nor [sic] is it permitted to go uncorrected" (89). Blud acknowledges that "the same-sex female couple . . . are not said to engage specifically in unspeakable acts [but] this union 'is' [emphasis hers] deemed to be untenable by the narrative and by nature (or 'kinde'). For Gower and for Cupid, it is a relation that should not be preserved and cannot be written unproblematically" (89). She cites the Latin gloss "in which Iphis is troubled by an inability to fulfil her desire" as "presenting a different story" from the English (90), apparently finding in "Set cum Yphis debitum sue coniugi unde soluere non habuit" indication of Iphis's intentions alongside her inability. She finds Ianthe's desire for Iphis provoked by the latter's presenting as male, noting that "the transformation seems to valorize the phallocentric discourse and access a missing phallus that will make the relationship intelligible" (92). For Blud, the tale is thus "a test case for Gower's (a)morality; in this framework, the 'Confessio' is particularly interested in 'transgressive' gendered identities, and not simply negative exemplars" (92). The central message of the "Tale of Tereus," Blud observes, is that "Tereus's performative bodily inscription of unspeakability on Philomela fails to silence her" (152). For much of her interpretation Blud relies on Watt's reading of Gower's version as an effort to "reinstate women as the real victims of rape, and to counter the misogyny so common in this sort of narrative" (157). She contrasts Gower's version more or less favorably with Chaucer's in the "Legend of Good Women," citing Chaucer's own suspect past as suggested by the Cecily Chaumpaigne case (157-58). Unlike Chaucer's, "Gower's account of Tereus's crime engages with its challenges to masculinity, rather than femininity. Here the narrative exposes . . . the boundary-crossing excess of rape" (158). Gower, in Blud's view, is "judicious" in his "treatment of the revenge scenario Chaucer omits [i.e., serving Itys to Tereus]" (159). Gower negotiates "infanticide, cannibalism, and metamorphosis" as well as--throughout the tale--rape and incest to present in its closing scenes the emasculation and diminution of Tereus, " . . . thus made less than natural, less than a king, less than a man . . . unceremoniously cut off by the intervention of the gods, who transform him into a bird" (164). And pointedly a silent one: for Blud (leveraging Cixous here), it is significant that Gower--again unlike Chaucer--describes the "voices" of the sisters transformed into birds, but by making Tereus a lapwing, a bird with no song, (171) he depicts a silence that speaks volumes. [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Blud, Victoria. Published Blud, Victoria. The Unspeakable, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval Literature 1000-1400. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2017. ISBN 9781843844686. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Unspeakable, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval Literature 1000-1400. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ito takes issue with the "too much stress" C. David Benson places on Gower's use of Guido delle Colonna in the Confession Amantis, and his consequent neglect of the Roman de Troie (see Benson's The History of Troy in Middle English Literature [Totowa, NJ, 1980]). Ito names passages which in his view are drawn from the Roman, and discusses thm for their contribution to the tone and structure of the CA. He adds a coda, in which he speculates as to which manuscript type Gower may have known of the Roman, conclusing that A2 is the most likely. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Masayoshi, Ito Published Masayoshi, Ito. "The Use of the Roman de Troie in the Confessio Amantis." In A Festschrift for Dr. Masuji Hasegawa on His Seventieth Birthday. Ed. UNSPECIFIED. Sendai: Kotoba no Kai, 1981, pp. 175-192. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Use of the Roman de Troie in the Confessio Amantis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kotoba no Kai, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In Japanese. The summary of this item has been provided by Professor Ito: "A comparative analysis of 'Virgil's Mirror' and 'The King and the Steward's Wife' with their French originals (the SATF text of Les Sept Sages de Rome). Remarkable is Gower's skill of adaptation. In either case, he metamorphoses the mortally neutral tale into an exemplum against 'coveitise' by a black-and-white characterization, a vivid representation of the mind and acts of evil-doers, and an emphasis on the retributive justice shown to them." [JGN 8.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi Published Ito, Masayoshi. "The Use of The Seven Sages of Rome in the Confessio Amantis." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature (Japan Society for Medieval English Studies) 3 (1988), pp. 101-12. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Use of The Seven Sages of Rome in the Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cites as unproblematic examples of both CA and VC in her discussion of the difficulties of editing and of establishing a clear chronology of revision for works that survive in more than a single version. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 12.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hudson, Anne Published Hudson, Anne. "The Variable Text." In Crux and Controversy in Middle English Textual Criticism. Ed. Minnis, A. J. and Brewer, Charlotte. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1992, pp. 49-60. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Variable Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available D. S. Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Examines the frame narrative of Confession Amantis as the confrontation of two very different aesthetics, that of the poetry of fin' amors, which provides the language with which Amans' experience is depicted, and that of the "ethical poetic" which provides the underlying structure to Gower's poem. The courtly love lyrics, the allegorical love narratives, and the dits amoureux set the extremes of love in an atemporal poetic stasis which offers an endless possibility of fulfillment, and deal evasively with any hint of change or the passing of time that might pose a threat to the endlessness of youth. Even the dits amoureux are more lyric than narrative, and when old age is invoked, as it is by both Machaut and Froissart in poems often mentioned as models for CA, it does not have the finality that it does for Amans, and does not undermine the poet's commitment to his love. There are numerous echoes of this earlier verse in the portrayal of Amans, and the same poetry allows the largely non-narrative nature of Gower's frame. Like his predecessors, moreover, Amans is allowed to ignore the logical implications of the cruelty of Fortune and of Love to his pursuit. The reader is thus encouraged to read the poem as a traditional dit amoureux, and also therefore to think of Amans as young. The revelation of Amans' old age closes the poem abruptly by revealing his unfitness for courtly love. Gower invokes here the view of old age found in two very different sources: that of classical and post-classical Latin poetry, where old age is a time of physical, particularly sexual, debility, and that of Raison in Jean de Meun's portion of RR, who argues that old age can lead the lover from the follies and instabilities of youth into virtue. The ending also places Amans directly in the world of change and time, Fortune, Nature, and Christian morality that the poetry of fin' amors seeks to deny. The collapse of the frame narrative, and of Amans' self-deception, is also a revelation of the deception that has been practiced on the reader. It makes of the frame narrative itself a figure of worldly instability and deception, and implicitly reduces all poetry of courtly love to mere delusion. Even Gower's naming of himself at the end, which would have reminded the audience of the poet's own old age, and which recalls the statement on the poet's "feigning to be a lover" in an early rubric, constitutes a comment on the fictive and delusive nature of all such narrative. Gower appropriates the aesthetic of his predecessors, therefore, in order to to subvert it, and uses the frame of his poem as another exemplum of the misleading nature of all experience in an unstable world. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zeeman, Nicolette Published Zeeman, Nicolette. "The Verse of Courtly Love in the Framing Narrative of the Confessio Amantis." Medium AEvum 60 (1991), pp. 222-240. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Verse of Courtly Love in the Framing Narrative of the Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor McKinley, Kathryn. Published McKinley, Kathryn. "The View from the Tower: Revisiting Gower, 1381, and Vox Clamantis, Book 1." Mediaevalia 29 (2008): 31-52. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Biography of Gower Review McKinley's essay includes three connected arguments: 1) Guillaume de Deguileville's "Pélerinage de vie Humaine" is a source of the tower scene in the dream-vision of Book 1 of "Vox Clamantis," sections 17-19, where the narrator, fleeing from the Rising of 1381, takes refuge in a ship (representing the Tower of London) threatened by a storm that represents the Rising; 2) in this scene, the multidimensional first-person narrator--a member of the gentry--confesses his own responsibility for the storm, representing in some way, McKinley says, aristocratic responsibility for the Rising, perhaps Richard II's own responsibility; 3) as a result, the scene reflects the earliest "beginnings of Gower's attribution of blame to the upper classes for the problems associated with the Rising" (p. 34), well before the 1390s when his accusations of such blame are usually dated. McKinley acknowledges that Gower's use of Guillaume's "Pélerinage" in the scene is only "probable" (37) and that their shared symbols are "quite common" (33), although she does not note that Eric Stockton long before connected the scene with the conventions of "The Ship of Religion," specifically Guillaume's "Pélerinage de l'Ame" ("The Major Latin Works of John Gower" 1962:366 n1 and pp. 16-17). McKinley uses Stockton's translation, but seems to miss or ignore this detail, while following Stockton's identifications of many echoes from Ovid. The penitential stance of Gower's narrator is clear, however, whether or not it derives from either of Guillaume's works or derives, more loosely, from a Ship of Religion topos, or the ubiquitous allegorical device of a narrator's lament or Confession. Whether the narrator represents Gower, the Self, a particular class, the body politic, the king, or all of these is impossible to determine, but McKinley emphasizes the king and the upper classes, maintaining that the Confession can be seen to reflect Gower's "growing disapproval of Richard's kingship" (34) as early as 1386, the date usually assigned to the composition of Book 1 of the "Vox." [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.2.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The View from the Tower: Revisiting Gower, 1381, and "Vox Clamantis," Book 1. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The CA opens with its author's pledge to: "wryte of newe som matiere essampled of these olde wyse." Expressing a commonplace among writers of vernacular literature in late medieval England, John Gower describes authorial activity as the process of translating and assimilating pre-existing narratives. This dissertation argues that such conceptualizations of authorship were embraced by illuminators of vernacular literature in their burgeoning notion of invention before the ascendance of print: as translation and compilation provided a model of creativity founded on the alteration of models, illuminators located an ideal congenial to both the restrictions and freedoms of their own profession. The centerpiece of the study is Pierpont Morgan MS M. 126, a manuscript of the CA produced c. 1472 and made for Edward IV and his Queen Consort, Elizabeth Woodville. Although it has been acclaimed as one of the most impressive extant manuscripts of Middle English literature, it has never been the subject of a major study. The aim of the dissertation is to recognize and restore to the illustrator the power of his position between the conception of a text and the consumption of a book. Part One focuses on the illustrator's interactions with the textual voices of the CA, demonstrating how the images in nineteen manuscripts of the poem, including the Morgan CA, address the identity of the author of the poem (Chapter One); and how miniatures in the Morgan CA reinterpret its Ovidian narratives (Chapter Two). Part Two shifts attention to the illustrator's confrontation with his patrons. Although their impact on the production of this manuscript appears to have been minimal, I observe how, as patrons they furnished a visual context for the Morgan CA from within their own library of illustrated historical manuscripts (Chapter Three) and books on science (Chapter Four). Produced just before Caxton printed his first book in Westminster in 1476 and standing at the threshold of standardization, this manuscript offers a complex glimpse into the variance that epitomized creative activity in illustrated vernacular manuscripts." [JGN 33.2 and 34.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Drimmer, Sonja Published Drimmer, Sonja. "The Visual Language of Vernacular Manuscript Illumination: John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (Pierpont Morgan MS M.126." PhD thesis, Columbia University, 2011. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Visual Language of Vernacular Manuscript Illumination: John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (Pierpont Morgan MS M.126. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Machan begins by describing differences between oral and literary code-switching, including comments on the "pragmatic strategies" (306) and bibliographical codes available to authors and scribes for representing code-switching in late-medieval England. He distinguishes "intersentential" and "intrasentential" switching (between and within sentences), and comments on a full range of scribal possibilities, from "non-recognition" (310) of switching to "consistent graphic design that visually emphasizes moments where a text changes languages" (310), using the Trentham manuscript as one example of the latter. He then examines in greater detail the practices evident in psalters and in manuscripts of Langland's "Piers Plowman" and of Gower's "Confessio Amantis," using them to show that "code-switching constitutes a particularly elusive feature in the meaning of medieval manuscripts and their texts" (312). When discussing manuscripts of CA, Machan observes a general rarity of intrasentential switching (relative to that found in Langland), but he documents the "variety of ways" scribes used to "correlate the visual, rhetorical, and linguistic significances of code-switching" (323) that is found in trilingual Gower. BL MS Additional 12403 "offers no graphic distinction among languages or rhetorical functions" (323) while more lavish manuscripts offer several kinds of indications, from the red underscoring and glosses of Latin in BL MS Stowe 950 which represent a "slightly more complex design," marked by a "changing or even confused sensibility" (323), to the rich "panoply of bibliographical codes" (324) that align with language switching in BL MSS Egerton 1991 and Royal 18.C.XXII, the latter a manuscript that uses switching "to shape [its] 'mise en page'" (326). Machan closes by cautioning against the perils of generalizing in such a discussion and offering three generalizations nevertheless, commenting on 1) the fluidity of code-switching in medieval England, 2) the need to conceptualize code-switching as rhetorical rather than lexical, and 3) the literary productivity of code-switching. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 37.1]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Machan, Tim William Published Machan, Tim William. "The Visual Pragmatics of Code-Switching in Late Middle English Literature." In Herbert Schendl and Laura Wright, eds. Code-Switching in Early English (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011), pp. 303-34. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Visual Pragmatics of Code-Switching in Late Middle English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Kobayashi, Yoshiko Published Kobayashi, Yoshiko. "The Voice of an Exile: From Ovidan Lament to Prophecy in Book I of John Gower's Vox Clamantis." In Through a Classical Eye: Transcultural and Transhistorical Visions in Medieval English, Italian and Latin Literature in Honour of Winthrop Wetherbee. Ed. Galloway, Andrew and Yeager, R.F. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009, pp. 363-80. ISBN 9780802099174 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Review It is difficult to do justice in a short summary to this closely-argued, entirely persuasive essay. Those with any interest either in the Vox Clamantis or Gower's centonic Latin strategies are therefore urged to read it themselves. Essentially Kobayashi demonstrates, by a carefully supported examination of Ovid's exilic poetry--"Tristia," "Heroides," and the Evander section of the "Fasti," added during revisions made in Tomis--along with the Philomela and Procne narrative from the "Metamorphoses," that Gower selectively borrows and incorporates Ovidian lines and passages into the Visio section of the VC in order to invoke the isolated, muted and feminized experience Ovid projects in his works composed in exile. Gower' s skillful choices permit him to triangulate the fate and sentiments of Hecuba at Troy's fall with the city of London ravaged (raped) by the 1381 rebels and with his own persona/poetic voice, hiding alone in the woods, emasculated, fearful of discovery and violation. The narrator/Gower's experience begins to turn, however, when the fearsome bestiary transforms into the dream of the voyaging ship (VC I.1600 ff.). Unlike Ovid, who decries his friends' abandonment of him in his hour of need, on the dream ship the narrator/Gower "is accompanied by 'many others of the noble class' ("[i]ngentui sexus alios . . . plures" [VC I.1603-04] (353), who join him in "a penitential sorrow" and "an admission of sin" (354). This facilitates a move away from Ovid to the Bible, specifically the Book of Lamentations, credited to the prophet Jeremiah. Kobayashi shows that the movement here is at once backwards--Jeremiah's early experience as an observer of Jerusalem's fall to Nebuchadnezzar recalls Troy's sacking and the narrator/Gower's fear of violation by the mob--and forwards, through Jeremiah's empowerment by the voice of the Lord, and consequent reinvention as the prophet and leader of his people in repenting their transgressions, the direct means to their ultimate deliverance. The obvious parallel with Jeremiah thus at the end of the Visio enables the narrator/Gower to restore his courage--and his masculinity--and speak powerfully in the ensuing books. [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 29.2]. Reprinted in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, ed. Lawrence J. Trudeau, vol. 264 (Detroit: Gale, 2017), pp. 228-39. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Voice of an Exile: From Ovidan Lament to Prophecy in Book I of John Gower's Vox Clamantis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Toronto Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biography and assessment of works; sees Gower as a "decline" from Chaucer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Osgood, Charles G. Published Osgood, Charles G. The Voice of England: A History of English Literature. New York: Harper, 1935, pp. 79, 103, 118-20, 124, 136. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Voice of England: A History of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1935 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Masciandaro, Nicola Published Masciandaro, Nicola. "The voice of the hammer: Work in medieval English literature (John Gower, Geoffrey Chaucer)." PhD thesis, Yale University, 2002. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review "This dissertation investigates Middle English representations of work. Most previous scholarship has approached medieval work through autonomous disciplinary channels. I examine several kinds of evidence for late medieval attitudes toward work in the context of both socioeconomic conditions and intellectual traditions. . . . Chapter 2 examines three accounts of the history of work--the history of masonry contained in the Cooke MS (British Museum, Add. MS. 23198), John Gower's history of work in Book 4 of the Confessio Amantis, and Chaucer's Former Age--in order to show how the history of work was a site of ideological contest." [JGN 23.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The voice of the hammer: Work in medieval English literature (John Gower, Geoffrey Chaucer) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Irvin subjects Gower's discussion of lollardy which, along with sections on Pride, Lust, and Avarice, comprises one of the four parts of the "Carmen," to intense and careful scrutiny. He takes as his point of departure the many lines "imported" into the "Carmen" from the "Vox Clamantis." While ticking off the several ways Gower's critiques of the church correspond to Wyclif's, Irvin also dismisses the similarities as essentially superficial (121-22). Unlike Wyclif, Gower assigns importance to the rituals and instruction of the church as a form of praxis (135), or "cultus," in Irvin's terms (126-27). For Gower, Irvin argues, unwavering faith--"the seeking of Christ not in knowledge but in prayer" (132)--ranks well above theological understanding, as God's "intentio" is beyond the reach of men (134-36). The essay is unusually rich in its uncovering and application of biblical passages that undergird Gower's polemic. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Irvin, Matthew W. Published Irvin, Matthew W. "The Vox Revoiced in Gower's 'Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia'." In Richard Firth Green and R. F. Yeager, eds. "Of latine and of othire lare": Essays in Honour of David R. Carlson (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2022). Pp. 120-38. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Vox Revoiced in Gower's "Carmen super multiplici viciorum pestilencia." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Unexamined. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Neville, Marie E. Published Neville, Marie E. The Vulgate and Gower's Confessio Amantis. Ph.D. Dissertation. Ohio State University, 1950. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Vulgate and Gower's Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Anderson's subject is the so-called "Visio Anglie," Book I of the "Vox Clamantis" in most known manuscripts. He closes his essay this way: "For his dreamer, the presence of the moment is visceral and physical. In spite of its profoundly dark tone, Gower still sees the 'Vox' as a source of light . . . . The ideal reader is one who can use the work as a mirror for deep meditation and self-reflection. Gower's greatest fear seems to be the person who absorbs nothing, remembers nothing, and projects his desires and will onto the world" (43). Drawn together here are the several strands of a complex argument in which Anderson portrays Gower as a shocked witness of the revolt who in the "Visio" "speaks as a moralist who wants to explicate, advise, and teach . . . to elucidate what the events signified" (24). For Gower, this meant an appeal to "sensory perception and its manifold claims to experience" (25) as an entry to understanding, and interpreting, the events as "signa." Anderson cites medieval theories of sense perception that merge visual and tactile experience, along with contemporary understanding of memory to argue that Gower's pastiche of Latin quotation in the "Visio" is a careful assertion through literary form of historical consciousness for his intended audience ("literate nobles searching for interpretive models to give meaning to their own perceptions and experiences of the revolt" [26])--a technique that comes with a moral edge. On the one hand, a knowledge of the past enacted by recognizing and comprehending the Latin demands remembrance, reflection, and moral assessment. This Gower hopes for his target readers, as a tool to enable "the learned and literate political elites whose own sins and moral lapses had, in the poet's eyes, helped to precipitate the revolt" (42). For these, some form of penitence, modelled by the dreamer, is in order. On the other side, in contrast, are the transformed peasants, who, as Anderson's examinations of their inhuman sounds and blind obedience to the Jackdaw's commands are to show, "are monstrous on account of their inability to properly absorb, and relate to, past and present experience . . . to weigh the ramifications of their actions" (36). Anderson's essay is ambitious in its wide-reaching multifocality, but in the main convincing, and offers several fresh approaches to Gower's "Visio." [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 41.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Anderson, Joel D. Published Anderson, Joel D. "The Weight of Experience: John Gower and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381." In Vernacular Aesthetics in the Later Middle Ages: Politics, Performativity and Reception from Literature to Music, ed. Katherine W. Jager (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). Pp. 23-47. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Weight of Experience: John Gower and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review For Coley, "representing the spoken word within a poetic text was always an act charged with political potential" (5). Following this line of thought, and after dispensing with Macaulay's three recensions in favor of a poem of two versions, one Ricardian, the other Lancastrian, he makes three main points, about the "Confessio Amantis" in his fifth chapter, and sketches a fourth: 1) "Whereas the Ricardian version balances its references to speech and writing in a manner consonant with the remainder of the poem, the Lancastrian version emphasizes the written word to the exclusion of spoken language, suggesting a conscious and rather startling deemphasis of speech" (156). 2) The reason for this, Coley argues, appears especially in Book 7, in the discussion of Rhetorique, which Gower wrote ca. 1389 in order to model what a commanding king ought to sound like for a Richard struggling with public and private doubts about his masculinity and precarious authority (esp. 163-80). 3) With the usurpation, the anxiety of the new king changes to overcoming his illegitimacy. The Lancastrian strategy being to claim that Henry IV "recovered" the kingdom from the near-disaster of Richard's reign, Gower in his post-1399 version emphasizes the memorious nature of writing and of books, which function to recover the past for the present and future (180-89). The sketched fourth point is the suggestion, indirectly offered by way of concluding the chapter, that Gower made his Lancastrian changes during and shortly following Henry's coup (190). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coley, David K. Published Coley, David K. The Wheel of Language: Representing Speech in Middle English Poetry, 1377-1422 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2012). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Language and Word Studies Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wheel of Language: Representing Speech in Middle English Poetry, 1377-1422 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2012). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Miller argues that the figure of the loathly lady present in Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale and Gower's Tale of Florent is not only found in the traditional analogues (romances, ballads, and so forth), but is also present in medieval collections of exempla. Specifically, exempla illustrating obedience and condemning lechery often invoke the figure of the succubus who tempts men with fornication. When the beautiful woman is resisted she usually turns into a stinking devil. The lesson is that "[f]air is foul and foul is fair" (447). Miller traces this motif in the Vitae Patrum, the Speculum Morale (attributed to Vincent of Beauvais), the Liber Exemplorum ad Usum Praedicantium, and similar texts. Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale thus becomes a parody of these clerkly exempla, while Gower's story is more straightforwardly a lesson in obedience. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Miller, Robert P Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Published Miller, Robert P. "The Wife of Bath's Tale and Mediaeval Exempla." English Literary History 32.4 (1965), pp. 442-456. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource The Wife of Bath's Tale and Mediaeval Exempla Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Maynadier argues that Chaucer and Gower's loathly lady narratives (the Wife of Bath's Tale and the Tale of Florent) ultimately have an Irish origin and are not directly influenced by the Icelandic tradition. In addition, much of the Arthurian material belongs to a separate strand that diverges from Chaucer and Gower's versions (see 128 for a complete diagram). Gower in all likelihood borrowed his version from a Latin exempla collection such as the "Gesta Romanorum" (135). Chaucer's tale may have been suggested by Gower's, but since Gower was a completely unoriginal and uninventive poet (6, 134), there cannot be much indebtedness. Maynadier further discusses analogues to Gower's motif of capital punishment for answering a riddle incorrectly (126-27), and he notes that the light in the bridal chamber in the Tale of Florent is also of Irish origin (138). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Maynadier, G. H Published Maynadier, G. H. "The Wife of Bath's Tale: Its Sources and Analogues." London: Nutt, 1901 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wife of Bath's Tale: Its Sources and Analogues Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nutt, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1901 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Pearsall here offers a crash course in how to read a manuscript for what it can reveal beyond the text, using the Wollaton Hall "Confessio" manuscript (WLC/LM/8) as evidentiary case. Pointing out that MS WLC/LM/8 would "stand at the very heart of the best manuscript tradition of the 'Confessio,' were it not for the absence of decoration and illustration" (60), Pearsall discusses ownership (briefly, deferring to Kate Harris's "Ownership and Readership" study), the scribe's work, including ruling of lines, punctuation, rubrication, and correction (60-65); textual identity (i.e., "recension" issues) and likely period of production (65-67). Importantly, Pearsall argues that "the reputation of the Stafford MS (now San Marino, CA, Huntington Library MS Ellesmere 26 A 17) as exceptionally early in date and possibly a presentation copy for Henry, earl of Derby, is questionable. It may be no earlier than MS Fairfax 3, completed early in Henry IV's reign, and its text, though good, is inferior to that of MS Fairfax 3, especially in its carelessness with regard to metrical final -e" (67). [RFY. Copyright, John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek. Published Pearsall, Derek. "The Wollaton Hall Gower Manuscript (WLC/LM/8) Considered in the Context of Other Manuscripts of the 'Confessio Amantis'." In Ralph Hanna and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. The Wollaton Medieval Manuscripts: Texts, Owners and Readers. Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2010. Pp. 57-67. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wollaton Hall Gower Manuscript (WLC/LM/8) Considered in the Context of Other Manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Barbaccia, Holly Published Barbaccia, Holly. "The Woman's Response in John Gower's Cinkante Balades." In John Gower, Trilingual Poet: Language, Translation, and Tradition. Ed. Dutton, Elisabeth, and Hines, John, and Yeager, R.F. Cambridge: Brewer, 2010, pp. 230-38. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Cinkante Balades Review Barbaccia closely analyses the five balades, 41-44 and 46, written in the voice of the lady. Toward these, she argues forcefully, "Gower encourages us to move . . . and linger over . . . as a key to the whole text" (231). In Barbaccia's view, "only in the light of her response can the male lover [there is only one, not two, in Barbaccia's reading] produce his moral insights about love and honour in Balades 48-50" (229)--balades she also examines thoroughly (237-38). Portraying the sequence as a true exchange, she characterizes the lady's literary effort as conscious both of her lover's work and of the major French poets', pointing her claim with a careful study of lines in the lady's work that resonate widely. This is hardly accidental: "By paraphrasing Machaut, Grandson, Froissart, Deschamps and the male speaker in practically the same breath, the woman speaker puts them on equal footing; she thus elevates her beloved's Balades and his poetic reputation" (236). The "Cristall dame"--an image from balade 45--is very much the center and force of the sequence for Barbaccia; she even takes the final poem addressed to the Virgin as "re-vok[ing] the woman speaker and her poems . . . . Like Petrarch's canzone 366, Gower's coda Balade apparently praising Mary functions as a palimpsest, revealing dame through dame" (238)." "Within the woman's series," she concludes, "the male speaker's best lyric efforts crystallize. So, it seems, do Gower's" (238)] [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 30.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Woman's Response in John Gower's Cinkante Balades Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Proposes etymologies for Gower's word, arguing that Gower was thinking of mathematics rather than magic when he coined (or used) this word. [RFY1981]. Published Krebs, H. "The Word 'Artemage' in Gower." Academy, No. 1092 (April, 1893): 307-08. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Word "Artemage'"in Gower Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Proposes as etymology for Gower's word a combination of "arte" plus "mathematica," through Old French. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Mayhew, A. L. Published Mayhew, A. L. "The Word 'Artemage' in Gower." Academy, No. 1089 (March, 1893): 242. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Word "Artemage" in Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Proposes etymologies for Gower's word, mostly from Latin in combination with Old French, and as variation on "arte" plus "magus." [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Chance, F. Published Chance F. "The Word 'Artemage' in Gower." Academy, No. 1092 (April, 1893): 307. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Word "Artemage" in Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower made Chaucer's acquaintance while both were students at the Inner Temple; prints "In Praise of Peace" under the title "Iohn Gower unto the worthy and noble King Henrie the iiii," with running head "A balade to King Henrie [alternating with Henry] the fourth." [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Speght, Thomas, ed. Published Speght, Thomas, ed. The Workes of our Antient and Learned English Poet, Geoffrey Chaucer . . . etc. London: George Bishop, 1598, b, iii; fol. 330v-331v. [STC 5077]. Gower Subject Biography of Gower In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Workes of our Antient and Learned English Poet, Geoffrey Chaucer . . . etc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1598 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "In Praise of Peace," following MS. Trentham, under the title "Johan Gower unto the worthy and noble King Henry the fourth," with running head "A balade to king henry the fourth." [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Thynne, William, ed. Published Thynne, William, ed. The Works of Geffray Chaucer. London: Thomas Godfrey, 1532, n.p. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Works of Geffrey Chaucer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1532 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints in "Praise of Peace"; no source given. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Urry, John, ed. Published Urry, John, ed. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. London: Bernard Lintot, 1721, pp. 540-43. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1721 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "Florent" from CA Book I, 1407-1861, 1883-99; and selections from Gower's descriptions of several vices: II, 383-400, 1879-1924; III, 417-68; IV, 313-70; 887-911; 1083-1111; 2701-43; V, 1-57; 4383-4414; 6075-6101. No source given. The "Life of Gower" emphasizes his use of classical material, following Petrarch and Boccaccio. [RFY1891]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Sanford, Ezekial, ed. Published Sanford, Ezekial, ed. The Works of the British Poets, with Lives of the Authors. [25 vols.] Philadelphia: Mitchell, Ames, and White, 1819, 1:219-55. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Biography of Gower Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Works of the British Poets, with Lives of the Authors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1819 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Reprints Berthelette's 1554 edition of CA, preceded (pp. iii-xii) by a brief biography of Gower and, following Thomas Warton, a reprinting of CB 20, 34, 36, and 43. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Chalmers, Alexander, ed. Published Chalmers, Alexander, ed. The Works of the English Poets. 21 vols. London: J. Johnson, 1810, Volume 2:7-274. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Cinkante Balades Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Works of the English Poets. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1810 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Medcalf cites Venus' instruction in Confessio Amantis 8.2955* that Chaucer write his own "testament of love" as "the only probable evidence of a contemporary's having read" Usk's poem of that name. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 20.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Medcalf, Stephen. Published Minnis, A. J., Charlotte Morse, and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. "Essays on Ricardian Literature in Honour of J.A. Burrow." Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. 222-53. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The World and Heart of Thomas Usk. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This is a scholarly book of a sort that we don't see very often anymore: broadly researched, thoroughly documented, nearly encyclopedic in its coverage, and without any particular theoretical disposition. Dean offers his work as a contribution to the history of ideas, and as a token of his thoroughness, in his introductory chapter, in addition to summarizing and commenting on earlier studies of the "world grown old" in medieval literature, he also offers a discussion of the difference between "idea" and a trope or topos (citing both Boas and Curtius); and indeed it is part of his argument that the "world grown old" is an "idea" rather than merely a rhetorical commonplace: that it encompassed a variety of different but related subtopics, and that in its breadth it provided the "organizing principle" for major works of later medieval literature. Dean's interest is in these works rather than simply in the growth and development of the "idea," and in that respect he distinguishes his own study from more traditional scholarship in the "history of ideas." While acknowledging the importance of recognizing conventions for what they are, he focuses on the ways in which individual authors apply and respond to the "ideas" that they use, including the ways in which different ideas co-existing in the same work are brought into relation with one another. Thus, after a very useful "Morphology of Subtopics," including the "ages of the world," the "world upside-down," "the ancient-versus-modern controversy (giants and dwarves)," and a number of others in his second chapter, the bulk of his book is given over to close study of five major medieval authors: Jean de Meun, Dante, Langland, Gower, and Chaucer. The Gower chapter is entitled "Social Deterioration and the Decline of Love in John Gower's Narratives," by which he means Gower's three major poems, MO, VC, and CA. In each, the poet "chronicles the sorry state of things and laments the world's decline from former, better eras" (p. 233), using the de senectute mundi theme as his structuring principle. In his separate consideration of each of these three works, Dean naturally focuses on those portions in which the de senectute mundi theme occurs. In MO, that would be the social anatomy in lines 18421-27360 in which each estate is criticized in turn for failing to live up to the model of virtue of their predecessors, often by means of the rhetorical construction "jadis . . . mais ore." In VC as well, "Gower portrays a deteriorating society and a world turned upside down" (p. 243). Book 1--the visio of the Peasants' Revolt--repeats the characterization of the peasantry in contemporary chronicles, and is a virtually unique instance in Ricardian poetry of an extended response to a particular contemporary historical event. Gower's treatment contains echoes of Langland, of Ovid, and of scripture. In the remaining books, he "anatomizes society as in decay" (p. 247), using familiar "world grown old" motifs. "These and other laments de senectute mundi are thoroughly conventional and yet given a new context by the account of the Peasants' Revolt and Gower's insistence throughout the Vox that there are modern applications to the ancient tropes. Throughout his narrative writings Gower implies that modern men and women live their lives according to archetypal scripts, ways of behaving and speaking instanced in ancient scriptural and classical texts and reenacted in modern conduct" (p. 248). The most pronounced image of the "world grown old" is the statue from Nebuchadnezzar's dream in the Book of Daniel, another instance of applying an old symbol to modern times, anticipating the appearance of the same image in CA. Also anticipatory of CA in the Cronica Tripertita, in which Richard is blamed for a lack of love. As in MO and VC, Gower finds the "chief example and root cause" of the declining world in "individual malfeasance" (p. 250). In CA, the individual's responsibility for the decline of the world in embodied in the poet/Amans, who is also old. As in Gower's earlier works, the central idea of CA is the "world grown old," particularly the decline of love; in this work, however, both the macrocosm and the microcosm have decayed. The Prologue to CA, repeating themes from MO and VC, reflects "Gower's persistent, strong concern for moral and terrestrial decline and particularly for the individual's responsibility in the decay" (p. 252). Gower repeatedly echoes the "jadis . . . mais ore" formula from MO, and also introduces again the statue from Nebuchadnezzar's dream. Dean emphasizes Gower's departures from the Biblical version of the dream, particularly in Gower's hope, represented in the overthrow of the statue, for an apocalyptic renewal of the world rather than merely a messianic kingdom. The statue is effective because it portrays the decline of the world in a specifically human image, which is emblematic for Gower of mankind's "original and continuing culpability for the world's 'health'" (p. 261). The focus on human sin prepares the way for the story of Amans, who, as an "example of improper loving" (p. 264), discovers his own responsibility for the decline of love in the world. While his age is not explicit at the beginning of the poem, he is described as having suffered his love-sickness for a long time, so that the discovery of his age at the end is not a shock but a recognition. The poet's incorporation of his own literal infirmities into the conclusion has an element of wit, but his age and his sickness both have "metaphoric overtones" (p. 267). "If the great world has grown old through division, improper loving, and a cooling of charity, so has Gower" (p. 268). He is both St. Paul's vetus homo and an image of the world at large, and as he shuffles off to seek dignity in penance, "he makes himself the butt of the joke and humbly acknowledges his complicity in the decay of society" (p. 270). This summary reveals both the strengths and the limitations of Dean's study. It is certainly useful to see the ways in which Gower draws upon and alters motifs and ideas that were current in his time, and to examine the connections among his three works. But the effort to do so can itself result in a very partial view, especially for a poem like CA. While such a study may indeed be adequate for MO and VC, fully half of Dean's discussion of CA is concerned with the Prologue, and most of the rest treats the final scene in which Amans is compelled to acknowledge his old age. Virtually everything else that occurs in between is summarized with the observation that "The exemplary stories themselves may owe more to 'lust' than 'lore," more to mirth than morality; but often Genius finds ways to link the stories and their applications with moral pronouncements de senectute mundi" (p. 266). He actually does so fairly rarely, and only in the "digressions," not in the tales. It would in fact be quite hard to demonstrate from the stories in CA that Gower saw the ancient past as in any way more virtuous than the present. Earlier, Dean declares "Although Gower scholars have questioned the appropriateness of individual tales within the books as illustrations of particular sins, Gower's moral, didactic intentions are clear enough" (p. 252). Elided here is virtually all of the recent discussions of the poem that would make of it something much more complicated and more sophisticated than the straightforward didactic work that Dean describes. And viewing the ending simply in terms of Amans' age allows no consideration of any of his specific lessons during the course of the confession or of the multiple inflections that have been given to both "Nature" and "Reason." Dean would take us back to Fisher's view of Gower's three major works as coherent in purpose if not indeed as three parts of the same composition. His method of argument also often resembles Fisher's, picking out only the passages in the poem that conform to his thesis with the implication that they constitute the whole. What Dean has provided is a valuable index to a central idea and to its associated motifs, which deserves to be incorporated into a more complete understanding of the complexities of a very complex poem. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 17.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dean, James M. Published Dean, James M.. "The World Grown Old in Later Medieval Literature." Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1997 ISBN 0915651041 Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Cronica Tripertita Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The World Grown Old in Later Medieval Literature. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Medieval Academy of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Attempts to prove that the idea of the world growing old is a significant medieval way of assessing reality, not simply a "literary commonplace." Study analyzes "De Contemptu Mundi," CA, and Chaucer's "Clerk's Tale." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dean, James Published Dean, James. "The World Grown Old: The Significance of a Medieval Idea." Ph.D. Dissertation. Johns Hopkins University, 1971. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The World Grown Old: The Significance of a Medieval Idea. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review After describing pilgrimage and voice-crying-in-the-wilderness social criticism as medieval modes of exile, Lee describes (in a chapter entitled "The Wretched Constance: Defining a Mens Exili") Gower's Tower/ship image from the Visio of "Vox Clamantis," where exile "becomes an essential part of the dreamer's experience" (19). For Lee's subsequent discussions of early modern literature, the dreamer's experiences serve as a "baseline or 'standard' discourse of exile" which entails "mens exili," i.e., the "cognitive steps undertaken by an exiled group or individual that manifests in the narratives they produce" and thereby influence or reflect the "category of national formation and nationalistic subjectivity" (21). To clarify "mens exili", (and using as a bridge Gower's image of a boat without rudder ["sine gubernaculo"], VC 1.Prologue, 20), Lee assesses in sequence Nicholas Trivet's, Gower's, and Chaucer's versions of the story of Constance where the protagonist, Lee tells us, becomes increasingly a figure devoid of agency, marginalized in her world, while becoming at the same time more "transformative," particularly associated with religious conversion. In Lee's reading, Gower's Constance is less educated than Trivet's and her agency is reduced through lack of direct speech. "Ironically," however, "Chaucer has Custance speak directly more than she does in Trivet and Gower combined," even though her "words further locate her in a subservient, powerless position" (26). Yet, as the agency of the Constance figure decreases from Trivet to Gower to Chaucer and her "marginalization" (26) increases, her "transformational" (22) impact on religion in her society rises, Lee maintains, suggestively linking the exile's role to Lollard/Wycliffite concerns, the topic of Lee's following chapter, subtitled "A Wycliffite Mind of Exile." [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lee, J, Seth. Published Lee, J. Seth. "The Wretched Constance: Defining a 'Mens Exili'." In The Discourse of Exile in Early Modern English Literature. (New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 15–33. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wretched Constance: Defining a "Mens Exili." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Shailor describes various types of damage to the Yale manuscript of "Confessio Amantis": for example, extensive damp and mildew, resulting probably from a fire in the 18th-c. library of a previous owner; and the loss of the codex's first and third quires. Drawing on a wide range of curatorial and academic authorities, she also discusses what can be known about the stability of the volume and its text despite this damage: for example, the likelihood that the mildew is not spreading, that the book's third quire was removed and sold at auction (its present whereabouts, however, unknown), and that the manuscript was copied and decorated c.1410-1420 in an identifiable London shop. She presents new readings of damaged text and new information about different pigments used for rubrication and decoration, based on the technology of hyperspectral imaging, which allows for "a much broader spectrum of color definition and recognition, going from ultraviolet to infrared" (82). [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Shailor, Barbara A. Published Shailor, Barbara A. "The Yale Gower Manuscript, Beinecke Osborn MS fa.1: Paleographical, Codicological, Technological Challenges and Opportunities." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 77-85. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Yale Gower Manuscript, Beinecke Osborn MS fa.1: Paleographical, Codicological, Technological Challenges and Opportunities. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints CA Book IV, 2457-2632, titled "Concerning the Philosophers Stone" (no source given), with a brief biography, tomb description, and epitaph reproduced from John Stow, "Survey of London" (1594). [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Ashmole, Elias, ed. Published Ashmole, Elias, ed. Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum: Containing Severall Poeticall Pieces of our Famous English Philosophers, who have Written the Hermetique Mysteries in their owne Ancient Language. London: Nathanial Brooks, 1652, pp. 368-73 and 484-86. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum: Containing Severall Poeticall Pieces of our Famous English Philosophers, who have Written the Hermetique Mysteries in their owne Ancient Language. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1652 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brydges quotes and corrects Phillips' brief biography of Gower, drawing upon Warton (1774-1781) for details and perspectives, while offering an assessment of Gower's works, particularly CA: "It seems to have been his object to croud all his erudition into this elaborate performance." [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Phillips, Edward. Brydges, Sir Egerton. Published Phillips, Edward. Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum. London, 1675. Enlarged by Sir Egerton Brydges. London and Canterbury: J. White, 1800, pp. 12-17. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Confessio Amantis Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1675 1800 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Chapin, Donald F. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review "The subject of the poem may be generally described as the failure of the individual moral responsibility, or more precisely as the failure of the individual's rational faculty to regulate his will in the act of making a moral choice." This failure produces sin, on many levels, including political, ecclesiastical, etc. Gower is working hard the idea of microcosm/macrocosm; loss of individual reason creates sin which creates loss of charity in the world. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Published Chapin, Donald F. Theme and Structure in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Toronto, 1964. Dissertation Abstracts International A32.06. Restricted access at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Title A name given to the resource Theme and Structure in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Orton, Daniel. Published Orton, Daniel.  Theories of Poetry, 1256-1400. D.Phil. Dissertation. University of Oxford, 2019. v, 282 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International C83.06(E). Freely accessible at https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dfc9eb17-71d5-425f-a7b1-2e835310e322; abstract available via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Review "This thesis explores some submerged aspects of the history of the theory of poetry in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, examining the circumstantial factors motivating its intellectual, religious, and moral developments. Starting with the early university men, it argues that the important poetic initiatives of scholastic writers, specifically, Roger Bacon, anticipated the literary advancements and innovative claims conventionally ascribed to the poetic theories of the Italian humanists at the turn of the century. It tracks these theoretical developments and ideas as they move through the exuberant affirmations of poetry made by Albertino Mussato and into the vernacular works of the English writers, John Gower [in the "Confessio Amantis"] and Geoffrey Chaucer [in "The House of Fame"], who ruthlessly interrogate the instability of their own art and explore the uncertainties of literary reception and transmission. Here, the progressive expansion of the status and power of poetic discourse, which had been fought for and won by previous generations of theorists, is conclusively and soundly rejected" (ii). In his chapter on Gower (pp. 109-66), Orton argues that the poet questions poetry's ability to convey meaning reliably: "Gower abandons the radical confidence of the earlier humanist writers . . . in order to adopt a distinctly sceptical view of the power of poetic discourse. Although he demonstrates a strong belief in the transformative potential and moral benefit of his art, he appears equally suspicious of its ability to achieve anything with any certainty. That poetry could be both paralytically futile and morally valuable represents an important self-ironizing tension that drives the 'Confessio' forward . . . , typical of Gower's desire to thoroughly excise all interpretative stability from his poem. Because the poetic experience represented a crisis of certainty for the reader, there was the very real--and necessary--danger that the dark matter of poetry might remain entirely impenetrable" (116). Orton explores and exemplifies how this "self-ironizing tension" operates in a complex network of ways in CA, large and small, formal and stylistic, overt and submerged. As a "compilatio," CA poses Ovidian hermeneutical variety without resolution, Orton tells us; its "Latin apparatus serves to further impede the efforts of readers to wrest singular meaning from the poem" (123), and its recurrent instances of rhyme riche produce a "dominant effect of disorientation" (127). For Orton, multiple prologues in the poem--especially the main Prologue and the prologue to Book I--pose differing views of what poetry can and should do, while the exchanges between Amans and Genius anatomize "complex range of psychological responses to narrative poetry." Their exchanges constitute a "psychomachia" that "explores the tangled interactions of the internal faculties of the soul, observing both the beneficial and potentially detrimental impact of literary material" (136), focusing attention on how "the evidential status of narrative poetry" is beyond the understanding of individual readers/listeners embodied in Amans (147). Individual narratives in CA, for Orton, contribute to or evince the destabilization of single or simple outlooks on meaning: the paired tales that open Book IV (Aeneas and Dido; Ulysses and Penelope), for example, pose alternative kinds of readers or reading, leading Orton to suggest that, in this light, "there were no texts and no authors, and instead only readers" (147). Similarly, Genius's description of the trial of Cataline in Book VII expresses general wariness about the dangerous power of "affective discourse" (152), prompting Orton to connect this wariness with the overall "blandness" of Gower's style (154); the lack of a narrated resolution to Cataline's trial, Orton tells us, leaves readers to formulate their own conclusions. Orton weaves these and other arguments and evidence in ways that are hard to capture here fully, and he situates them in various rhetorical, exegetical, and psychological contexts, often aligned with the Aristotelian moral philosophy of Giles of Rome and John Trevisa, also difficult to summarize briefly. Notably, Orton punctuates this intricate discussion with resounding, provocative assertions about Gower and his work: the CA "is, in the end, a bleak assessment of the moral utility of poetry" (159); Gower was, for Chaucer, a "moral" poet because "moral poetry was not moralizing poetry, it was darkly uncertain, rich in diversity, and laden with a satirical force that enacted itself on the reader" (163); for Gower, "Arion was a humanist fantasy, a parody of the authoritative and divinely inspired 'poeta theologus,' at least as he perceived it" (164). [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Theories of Poetry, 1256-1400. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review ["Human to animal shape-shifting is one of the most universal cultural motifs, appearing in the literature, mythology and sculpture of virtually every people on earth. For all that the theme of metamorphosis denotes the possibility of voluntary fluidity, it also delineates the reality of separation and definition. . . . This thesis examines the nature and use of metamorphosis in four texts. John Gower's Confessio Amantis uses Ovidian stories as a means of discussing the nature and stability of human hierarchies. Social violations bring about physical transformations, which cause humans to lose their place in the Great Chain of Being." Other works considered are Chaucer's KnT, Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and the Middle Welsh Math vab Mathonwy. "In short, human-to-animal metamorphosis focuses on the limits of humans as social animals, as users of metaphor and as creative beings." [JGN 15.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schutz, Andrea K. Published Schutz, Andrea K.. "Theriomorphic Shape-Shifting: An experimental reading of identity and metamorphosis in selected medieval British texts." PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Theriomorphic Shape-Shifting: An experimental reading of identity and metamorphosis in selected medieval British texts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Berthelette's two editions of CA (in 1532 and 1554) have an importance unequalled by any single early edition of Chaucer: not reprinted until 1810, and superseded only by Pauli's edition of 1857, they were the only means of access to Gower's English poem (apart from Caxton's even earlier edition of 1483) for more than 300 years. Machan is less interested in causes than in effects, in the consequences of Berthelette's providing the "preliminary interpretive frame" (p. 145) for most readers during this long period. His description of the book as handsome and carefully produced is confirmed by his reproduction of a single page from the volume (from Book 5); and with its title page, its dedication to Henry 8, the publisher's letter to the reader, and the detailed ten-page table of contents, Berthelette has done everything he can to render Gower's long and complex poem accessible to his readers. Machan identifies several ways in which the book is a typical product of its time. The dedication to Henry invokes a "nobuls and commons" united under the moral and literary authority of the king. The poem itself serves both a moralizing and a nationalistic purpose, edifying its readers "in the way humanist literary paradigms require" (p. 148), and testifying to the greatness of England itself. In his address to his readers, Berthelette recasts Gower as a conservative preserver of the language against the linguistic novelties of his own time, where earlier he had been praised, with Chaucer, for the eloquence of his rhetoric. And Berthelette's claims about restoring an authentic text, while to some extent true, also constitute a typical gesture of sixteenth-century publishers and serve his rhetorical purpose of inscribing both the conservativeness and antiquity of his author and the reliability of his own edition. Machan identifies two major ways in which Berthelette shaped the later reception of the CA, in the judgment of the relative merits of Gower with Chaucer and in the characterization of Gower as primarily a moral poet. Berthelette's own comments implicitly make Gower subservient to Chaucer; and he evidently consciously decided to present him as the author of only a single work, omitting even the colophon to CA in which his other works are described, where Chaucer was already known for the variety of his compositions. What little he says about Gower's life, moreover, cast Gower as "resolutely Roman" (p. 155) during the time when Chaucer was becomingly increasingly Protestant. In his prefatory material he praises Gower for his morality. His presentation of the poem, moreover, with the Latin glosses incorporated directly in to the text, inserts an authoritative moral voice that directs the reader's responses and preempts interpretation, in contrast to the apologetic and self-deprecating Chaucerian persona. The reception of the work was also shaped by Berthelette's own reputation as a serious and conservative moralist. And finally, by remaining for so long the only available edition of Gower's works, Berthelette's established Gower as an increasingly antiquated figure, undeserving of new editorial attention, where Chaucer, regularly revived and re-presented, was forever modern, a trap from which Gower was not freed until he attracted the attention of the philologists of the middle of the nineteenth century. In an appendix, "Printed History of Latin Glosses in the Confessio" (pp. 164-66), Machan argues that "any new scholarly edition" of CA "needs to return the glosses to the status they hold in the manuscripts and early editions" (p. 166), that is, it must present them within the same column as the text rather than placing them in the margins as Pauli and Macaulay did. Echard (in her essay in Studies in Philology) also objects to seeing the relation between text and gloss only as Macaulay presented it, but she gives a fuller consideration of the variety of alternatives in the MSS. In making his own choice of a single format, Machan neglects to point that in all of the earliest copies of the poem, and all that Gower might have had any hand in, including Bodleian Fairfax 3 and Bodley 902, which he cites, but also Cambridge Univ. Mm.2.21 and Huntington Ellesmere 26 A 17, which he doesn't, the glosses are placed in the margin. That the incorporation of the glosses into the text is a later scribal or editorial choice is indicated by the fact that many get placed in different places in different copies, often with no regard at all to the sense of the English text that they interrupt. Machan's advice is defensible, but it forces us to consider what we mean by "edition." If we mean an effort to present the text more or less as the poet left it, then Macaulay got it right; it we mean an effort to represent it as some group of later readers saw it, then one might agree with Machan. Even in Macaulay's text, of course, the relation between Latin and English is still open to interpretation, on which again see Echard above. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 17.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Machan, Tim William Published Machan, Tim William. "Thomas Berthelette and Gower's Confessio." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 18 (1996), pp. 143-166. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Biography of Gower Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas Berthelette and Gower's Confessio. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The manuscript in which Mooney finds Hoccleve's hand is London, British Library, MS Egerton 913: "an incomplete copy, perhaps better classified as a fragment, containing in its present state only the Prologue and the first 1709 lines of Book I" (225). The text is copied in single-column, undecorated, on cheap paper, by three scribes. The first scribe ("Scribe A"), whom Mooney argues is Hoccleve, "is responsible for the greatest part of this copying: 1,835 lines of English plus the Latin verses and summaries in his portions of the manuscript, while Scribes B and C are responsible for only 205 and 777 lines of the English text, respectively, besides the Latin in their portions" (226). In claiming this copying for Hoccleve, Mooney disagrees directly with John Burrow and Ian Doyle, who note similarities to Hoccleve's hand elsewhere, but conclude that BL MS Egerton 913 is "certainly not by him" (229). Citing Doyle's later "mellowed" view in "private communication," and in support of her identification, Mooney provides a detailed analysis of the significant letter-forms (230-33). More speculatively, she offers three provocative hypotheses: 1) that Hoccleve, for a time in possession of an exemplar, "began to make a copy to keep as an exemplar for himself to make further copies to offer his patrons, resulting in the hastily copied Egerton fragment, principally written by himself, with the second hand filling the gap left by his copying from a faulty exemplar and the third adding a third quire (perhaps originally more) to carry on the copying" (233). 2) that the Egerton fragment, with its Ricardian opening, was copied from the same exemplar as Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.3.2, a manuscript lacking the Prologue and some lines following, which heretofore alone was agreed to contain Hoccleve's work; and 3) therefore "answers Macaulay's doubts about the wording of the Preface [sic] that would originally have stood at the beginning of Trinity" (234). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mooney, Linne R. Published Mooney, Linne R. "Thomas Hoccleve in Another 'Confessio Amantis' Manuscript." Journal of the Early Book Society 22 (2019): 225-38. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas Hoccleve in Another "Confessio Amantis" Manuscript. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Considers two parallels between Hoccleve's Regiment of Princes and Book 7 of CA: Hoccleve's inclusion of his long, autobiographical prologue to the actual didactic treatise, which Blyth compares to the juxtaposition of Book 7 with the dialogue between Amans and Genius; and Hoccleve's version of the story that Gower told of Lycurgus. His goal is to reveal differences rather than Gower's influence; Hoccleve is less idealistic than Gower, he concludes, and his "ear is often much closer to the ground, closer to the world of daily social and political abuse and deception, than I think Gower's ever is" (p. 358). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 13.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Blyth, Charles R. Published Blyth, Charles R.. "Thomas Hoccleve's Other Master." Mediaevalia 16 (1993), pp. 349-359. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas Hoccleve's Other Master Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This facing-page (Anglo-Norman poetry, English prose) translation of Thomas of Kent's account of the birth of Alexander in "Roman de toute Chevalerie," the major source for Gower's Tale of Nectanabus in CA 6.1789-2366, includes a brief introduction. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor De Bellis, Patricia Innerbichler Published De Bellis, Patricia Innerbichler. "Thomas of Kent's Account of the Birth of Alexander: Text and Translation." In John Gower's Literary Transformations in the Confessio Amantis: Original Articles and Translations. Ed. Beidler, Peter G. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1982, pp. 91-117. ISBN 0819125962 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas of Kent's Account of the Birth of Alexander: Text and Translation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University Press of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Kar's study of the medieval lyric contains a chapter on Gower's CB entitled "Amorous Gower." After reviewing the opinions of Warton and Macaulay, Kar argues that the CB can be split into two sections: the first 5 discuss love leading to marriage, whereas the rest are more in the spirit of courtly love. In addition, Gower frequently invokes two central ideas of troubadour poetry: "fin amor" (pure love) and "joie." However, Kar disagrees with J. Audiau that every echo of troubadour imagery (e.g., the flight of birds, the attraction of the loadstone, the need of a physician) can be attributed to direct imitation of provençal poetry. For instance, Gower would have been more likely to have borrowed the image of the storm-tossed ship from Ovid. Finally, "the rhythm of Gower's Cinkante Balades [with its combination of syllabic and accentual measures] is almost openly anti-Provençal" (62). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kar, G Published Kar, G. "Thoughts on the Mediaeval Lyric." : Blackwell, 1933 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Cinkante Balades Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thoughts on the Mediaeval Lyric Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Blackwell, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's "Cinkante Balades" and "Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz" owe much to troubadour precedent, particularly conception of imagery. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Kar, G. Published Kar, G. Thoughts on the Medieval Lyric. Oxford: Blackwell, 1933, pp. 55-63. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Cinkante Balades Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thoughts on the Medieval Lyric. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Slightly rewritten version of Baldwin's remarks in "An Introduction to English Medieval Literature (1914). [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Baldwin, Charles S. Published Baldwin, Charles S. Three Medieval Centuries of Literature in England, 1100-1400. Boston: Little, Brown, 1932, pp. 222-21, 224, 267. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Three Medieval Centuries of Literature in England, 1100-1400. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1932 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The three manuscripts Luttrell refers to in his title are London, British Museum, MS Harley 2250 which includes the unique text of "St Erkenwald"; Glasgow, University Library, MS Hunter V.2.8 (388), of the unique "Gest Historiale of the Destruction of Troy"; and Manchester, Chetham Library, MS A.7.38 (6696), of the "Confessio Amantis." He offers substantial evidence of the "date and localisation" (39) of each and then goes on to describe the implications of this information for understanding the "state of alliterative poetry in the Mersey region in the sixteenth century" (48). Gowerians, however, will be largely interested in his identification of the copyist of both the Chetham manuscript and the cursive portion of Hunter manuscript as Thomas Chetham (c. 1490-1546), grandson of the Thomas Chetham suggested by Macaulay. Luttrell's paleographical evidence establishes that the hand of the two manuscripts is the same, and the same as that of household documents "among the Clowes deeds" (43) in the John Rylands Library. Paper-stock evidence from the Hunter manuscript eliminates consideration of the elder Thomas Chetham because he died before the paper was produced, and a series of rental rolls in the hand of the younger Chetham indicate three datable phases of his hand, enabling Luttrell to specify the copying date of the Chetham "Confessio" as "apparently written between 1533 and 1537" (46), and presumably executed at Nuthurst where the Chethams resided in South Lancashire, Luttrell explains, as is indicated in the signatures at the end of each of the literary manuscripts. N.B.: Throughout, Luttrell cites the Chetham manuscript of the CA as A.6.11 rather than A.7.38, following the error in Macaulay. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Luttrell, C. A. Published Luttrell, C. A. "Three North-West Midland Manuscripts." Neophilologus 42 (1958): 39-50. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Three North-West Midland Manuscripts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Only the third of Sargent's three "notes" pertains to Gower. Sub-titled "Religious Form, Amorous Matter: Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' and Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'" (pp. 159-80), it compares the two poems as "strikingly similar in many aspects." Sargent's tally of similarities begins with the fact that each work opens with reference to "books of former ages" (160), each "offers a vision in which the narrator is met by the court of the god of Love," each includes reference to the "debate of the flower and the leaf" (161), and each connects the court of its vision with the court of Richard II. This "similar framing device" is matched by a "similar generic motif: the parody of a major form of popular religious literature" (162), i.e., books of saints' lives in Chaucer's poem and a "version of the confessor's manual" (163) in Gower's. "Another similarity" of the two poems, Sargent tells us, "is that both poems exist in more than one recension" (172), positing that the poets may have shared "a common motive for revision": reducing or eliminating Ricardian material, perhaps because "political developments made it wise to obscure" such material (177). Next, Sargent apparently abandons his list of similarities--but only apparently--to consider the putative quarrel between Gower and Chaucer. He cites the references to tales of incest (Canace and Apollonius) in Chaucer's "Man of Law's Prologue" which, traditionally, underlie the idea of a quarrel which Sargent thinks, possibly, should "be interpreted as one friend's joke on another" (180). Earlier in his essay, Sargent had deduced that incest was crucial to Gower's parody of a confessional manual: after summarizing at length his views of the poem's presentation of how and to what extent six of the seven deadly sins and their branches align Christian morality and, parodically, courtly ethos (167-70), Sargent claims that Gower's "use of the format of the confessor's manual" raises a question "which should have been hovering in the consciousness of every medieval reader" of CA: "How can Lechery ever be considered a sin in a religion based on idealized eroticism?" (171). The only answer offered by Genius (and Gower) is incest, Sargent tells us, because incest is unnatural and "the only sin of Lechery that the religion of Cupid could admit" (179). Chaucer's "gentle parody" of Gower's parody, it seems, can "be taken as evidence of similar outlook" (180).] [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sargent, Michael G. Published Sargent, Michael G. "Three Notes on Middle English Poetry and Drama." In Wilfried Haslauer, intro. A Salzburg Miscellany: English and American Studies 1964-1984. Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 1984. II: 131-80. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Three Notes on Middle English Poetry and Drama. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Compares the anonymous eleventh-century "Historia Apolloni Regis Tyri," Gower's tale from CA, and Acts I-III of "Pericles," to the effect that all three show different strengths and weaknesses. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi. Published Ito, Masayoshi. "Three Versions of 'Apollonius of Tyre'." Bulletin of the College of General Education (Tohoku University) 3 (1966): 99-118. Reprinted in Ito's John Gower, The Medieval Poet (Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin, 1976), pp. 60-79. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Three Versions of "Apollonius of Tyre," Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Callan compares Gower and Chaucer's telling of the tale of "Pyramus and Thisbe." He notes Gower's aptitude for didacticism, and adds, "Gower has a simple mind, unencumbered with subtleties, and it is one of the incidental pleasures of reading the Confessio Amantis to see what surprising lessons he can extract from the most unpromising material" (270). Gower on the whole translates his original closely, "but he is never the slave of it" (271). For instance, he expands the description of Polyphemus' envious emotions and alters Ovid's somewhat abstruse account of Medea's necromancy. Chaucer's adaptation of Ovid is more varied. His rendering of "The Legend of Lucretia" stays so "tediously close" (272) to Ovid that it lacks all spontaneity. On the other hand, when Chaucer works freely with his source he produces more "felicitous re-creations of individuals words and lines" (274) than Gower. In "Pyramus and Thisbe," for instance, Chaucer retains the detail that the walls of the town are made from baked tiles ("coctilibus" in Ovid), and he renders Thisbe's hiding from the lion with the unique verb "darketh" (Ovid has "obscurum"). Chaucer's lines tend to resonate with more powerful echoes, and so Callan concludes that "[d]espite the virtues of Gower's rendering which make it at a first reading more attractive than Chaucer's, there is a strength in the latter which brings us back to his passages more than once, when we are content to let Gower remain a pleasant memory" (276). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Callan, Norman Published Callan, Norman. "Thyn Owne Book: A Note on Chaucer, Gower and Ovid." Review of English Studies 22 (1946), pp. 269-281. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thyn Owne Book: A Note on Chaucer, Gower and Ovid Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The fourteenth century "possessed a strong sense of the past, a feeling for history and its bearing on the present" (401). What is unique to Chaucer and Gower is that although both "expressed the sentiment that the world had grown old, and while they both tended to cast the passing of time in moral terms, they also relied ultimately on personal sensibility to define the relationship between present and past" (403). Particularly the conclusion to the "Clerk's Tale" and the end of the CA provide moments where Chaucer and Gower "turn away from moralistic, clerical time and toward time as experience rooted in the psyche, what might be termed 'humanistic time'" (403). For Chaucer, the defining virtue of the Golden Age was constancy, precisely the virtue that Griselda embodies. It is the contemporary lack of constancy that the Clerk decries, and so his final lament compares the women of his time to debased coinage. Dean points out that it was ironically gold that caused the downfall of the Saturnian Golden Age. Griselda thus "embodies for the Clerk an ideal, to be invoked in poetry, whose virtue rebukes the present age of 'brassy' arrogance" (406). Gower's CA introduces the "world grown old" theme in its Prologue. Nebuchadnezzar's statue embodies in the shape of man as microcosm "the decline of virtue, specifically love or charity, in the macrocosm" (407). While the tone here is "disengaged and moralistic" (407), Gower also suggests, both in the Prologue and in Book 5's discussion of avarice, that the perfection of the Golden Age is located in man's psyche, in his innate sense of moderation or "mesure." The way back to the harmony of the past is through memory and poetry, a process symbolized by the poet Arion and put into practice through the stories of the CA. Gower makes Amans an emblem of division in love; like the senescent world, Amans is old and feeble. Amans's final encounter with Venus, a moment that is both "amusing and poignant" (411), allows the reader to experience time and its passing in a very personal fashion. In the end, for Chaucer and Gower it is not only that the quest for a clarification of the self leads to a recherche du temps perdu, but also that "the search for lost time leads to important insights about the self" (413). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dean, James Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Published Dean, James. "Time Past and Time Present in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale and Gower's Confessio Amantis." English Literary History 44.3 (1977), pp. 401-418. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource Time Past and Time Present in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale and Gower's Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Collette demonstrates that in his allusions to Armenia, Gower was able to draw upon a rich framework of topical reference in the creation of the polysemous CA. On the border between the Christian and Muslim worlds, Armenia tried to remain independent of both. The last king visited England in 1386 following his deposition, and he died in France. Armenia became "known in history and romance as an example of loss and decline" and offered "a cautionary tale for Western Europe on the failure of arms and of profit" (42). Gower evokes this history in a sequence of tales in Book 4 that begins with "Rosiphelee," who is the daughter of an Armenian king. The topicality of the story emerges in the widening of frame in the tales that follows, which are concerned with the value of deeds of arms, particularly in the struggles with the "Tartans" in which Armenia was lost. Another reference occurs in the story of "Pompey and the King of Armenia," in which the king's patient suffering echoes Philippe de Mézière's account of the trials of King Levon, and in which the outcome, the restoration of the king to his throne, matches Philippe's unrealized hopes for the deposed king. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 30.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Collette, Carolyn P Published Collette, Carolyn P. "Topical and Tropological Gower: Invoking Armenia in the Confessio Amantis." In John Gower, Trilingual Poet: Language, Translation, and Tradition. Ed. Dutton, Elisabeth, and Hines, John, and Yeager, R.F. Cambridge: Brewer, 2010, pp. 35-45. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Topical and Tropological Gower: Invoking Armenia in the Confessio Amantis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Knapp's essay is preceded by his own summary, as follows: "This essay seeks to revise our sense of late medieval allegory by examining the representation of crowds and urban space in Hoccleve, Langland, and Gower. I begin by looking at Walter Benjamin's treatment of the flâneur, with a specific eye towards his sense that allegory is born in the hermeneutical challenge of making meaning out of the unknown faces in a city crowd. I then turn to readings of Hoccleve's 'La Male Regle,' Langland's "Piers Plowman," and the initial Visio in Gower's VC to establish both the surprising frequency with which late medieval English allegory turned to depictions of crowds as well as the particular narrative structures generated out of the attempts to represent urban space in these three poets." Knapp offers close readings of Hoccleve (concentrating on his travels through the London streets), Langland (concentrating on his vividly "meaningful crowds," in Benjaminian fashion), and Gower (concentrating on the 1381 rebels' invasion of "New Troy"--a form of "not-London"). Gower's narratives, Knapp finds, "are often organized around an oscillation from urban spaces to extra-urban wilderness and back again" (102). An example is the nautical wanderings of Apollonius in CA Book VIII. But "perhaps the most striking version of this narrative structure occurs in the dream visio that supplies a prologue to Gower's Vox Clamantis" (102). Knapp traces the narrator's flight from the crowd of rebels-turned-animals from city to woods, finding in it three levels of allegorical import--"at least three comments on the significance of 1381 in terms of the city and the crowd. First, the crowd's pursuit suggests that with the boundaries of the city and country loosened by rebellion, the urban mob is free both to enter the city and also to disrupt the Horatian refuge of the countryside. Second, the juridical force of the allegory suggests the downfall of yet another stabilizing urban institution as the court of law…has been swallowed up by sheer rumor. And, lastly, the fast pursuit of these tongues seems a wholly malevolent version of Langland's constant motion; here, the motion of the crowd must stand for…fear of the rapidity with which both the word and fact of rebellion spread from region to region" (105). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 36.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Knapp, Ethan. Published Knapp, Ethan. "Towards a Material Allegory: Allegory and Urban Space in Hoccleve, Langland, and Gower." Exemplaria 27 (2015): 93-109. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Towards a Material Allegory: Allegory and Urban Space in Hoccleve, Langland, and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review At 41 pages without illustrations, Stone's argument is lengthy, complex, and difficult to summarize succinctly. He offers an attempt in his attached abstract: "This article triangulates John Gower's revisions to the 'Mirour de l'Omme' and 'Vox Clamantis,' William Langland's revisions to 'Piers Plowman,' and English responses to the Western Schism. The Schism forced Gower to rework portions of the 'Mirour' and 'Vox,' and influenced Langland's depiction of the papacy in the B-text of 'Piers.' Recovering Gower's and Langland's representations of the Schism not only brings these two poets into direct dialogue, but it also illuminates an undertheorized set of religious, political, and imaginative discourses centered on the institutional nature and shape of the church . . . . scholars [should] understand these discourses as a loose but recognizable 'vernacular ecclesiology' common to both the poetical works of Langland and Gower as well as [a] much broader spectrum of later medieval literature." As this abstract suggests, in addition to substantial material providing background to the Schism (clearly on the assumption that most know little about it), its most salient points center around dating those passages in the MO, VC, (and incidentally the CA and "In Praise of Peace") and "Piers" which can be thought to address the Schism--not ever easy, since in no case do Gower and Langland confront it directly. For Gowerians, perhaps Stone's most enduring effort is tracing what he argues were parallel arcs of Gower's and Langland's thinking regarding "ecclesiology" (which Stone defines, quoting Paul Avis, as "the comparative, critical, and constructive study of the dominant paradigms of the church's identity" [101]), prompted by the Schism: "By 1377, Gower and Langland had, like many of their contemporaries, had already begun to think about the spiritual, political, and aesthetic consequences of ecclesia" (99). In 1378, the Schism caused Gower to revise the MO and the "A-text" (borrowing from Maria Wickert) of the VC, which "focused on the sins of the Avignonese papacy." With the Schism in 1378, which "c. September 1378-summer 1379" Gower configured "as a monstrous new birth in the 'Mirour'" (94). VC B1 adjusts to critique the chaos during "the torrid first few years of the Schism while B2 registers the situation after Despenser's Crusade" (95). The CA's remarks on the Schism reflect the period "between Despenser's Crusade and the death of Clement VII in 1394" (95); and in "In Praise of Peace" he "exhorts the Henrician regime to support inchoate conciliar efforts to end the Schism" (95). Stone finds Langland's revisions to "Piers" at B.19-20/C.21-22 obeying a similar chronology in pursuit of a remarkably similar reaction to the Schism (95-101). In a coda, he opines about how thinking through an "English ecclesiology" might benefit analyses of late medieval literary work. [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stone, Zachary E. Published Stone, Zachary E. "Towards a Vernacular Ecclesiology: Revising the Mirour de l'Omme, Vox Clamantis, and Piers Plowman During the Western Schism." Yearbook of Langland Studies 33 (2019): 69-110. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis In Praise of Peace Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Towards a Vernacular Ecclesiology: Revising the "Mirour de l'Omme," "Vox Clamantis," and "Piers Plowman" During the Western Schism Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Davis focuses on the "post-Black Death commercial environment" (192) of the 1370s in England, summarizing the impact of the plague, the concerns of the Good Parliament of 1376, and the "role of John Northampton, who emerged as the standard bearer of civic complaints in the 1370s" (193), exploring how "some 400 lines" of Gower's "Mirour de l'Omme" offered "a conservative, popular programme for market reform, one in which conventional paradigms were weaved together with some of the pressing issues of his day" (193), particularly "issues of prices, quality, coin and the common good" (198). Gower's "specific iteration of sweet wines," for example (MO 26089–100), engages concerns that underlie the impeachment of three London merchants in the Good Parliament, Davis tells us, and his reference to the twenty-four "soldoiers" ("hirelings" of Fraud; MO 25957–68) connects with the Council of Aldermen, "a body of twenty-four individuals who were facing immense criticism at the time Gower was writing" (205–6). Elsewhere, Davis's claims tend to be general rather than specific, as when he observes that Northampton's "appeal to morality cut across sectional divides just as Gower's had" (208) or when he links the growing trend in London for harsh, public punishment of commercial deception to Gower's "strident language about punishment" (211) of dishonest bakers (MO 26173–96). Nonetheless, Davis marshals a range of details and perspectives that establish a "context for Gower's discussion of trade" (211). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Davis, James. Published Davis, James. "Towns and Trade." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 191-212. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Towns and Trade. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The locus of Hsy's study is London, which he, like David Wallace, Ardis Butterfield, and others of late, casts as a city of many languages, a kind of crucible for "code-switching"--the kind of "shifting between different languages (or identifiable registers of any given language) . . . not only for pragmatic purposes but also for deliberately artistic ends: using different languages to develop distinct expressive registers, to stylize certain types of speech, or to evoke a vivid sense of place" (5-6). London's status as a city of languages rests on its prominence as a commercial hub; hence much of Hsy's focus like many of his examples derives from or connects with merchants and mercantile-driven enterprise (lawyers, guildsmen, the printer William Caxton, Chaucer, with emphasis on his commercial associations through the staple, etc.). In this regard, Hsy's book is a good companion to Craig Bertolet's "Chaucer, Gower, Hoccleve and the Commercial Practices of Late Fourteenth-Century London" (London: Ashgate, 2013)--a study Hsy acknowledges in a footnote (7-8, n. 12) that was at press simultaneous with his own. Indeed, Hsy and Bertolet discuss many of the same passages, especially from the MO, where Gower's sharpster Triche (Fraud) receives commentary from both, but importantly to different ends. Hsy's concern is invariably linguistic: he wants to show how Gower's (and Chaucer's, Caxton's, etc.) language works, where it comes from, who its target audience might have been: e.g., Hsy concludes a comparison of the Constance story in his second chapter, "Overseas Travel and Languages in Motion," as told by Trevet, Chaucer and Gower, noting that "by transforming Constance's story from a cleric's narrative into a merchant's tale, both poets find a new literary mode that exploits the transitory and fluid potential of language transversal" (73). In his third chapter, "Translingual Identities in John Gower and William Caxton," Hsy brings the poet and his first printer--also a polylingual--together in enlightening ways, as he sees them as similar spirits. He offers, he says, "a sustained assessment of Gower's polyglot persona and Caxton's literary ambitions . . . . Through first-person prologues and autobiographical excurses, Gower and Caxton develop innovative discourses for discussing cross-linguistic exchange and literary production, and each invests a considerable amount of thought into how his own translingualism informs an ever-shifting literary persona" (92). This chapter contains the extended discussion of the merchant section of the MO noted previously, and draws occasional examples from the CA, stressing the interplay of the Latin with the Middle English in both the verses and the commentaries, and helpfully reminding us that the great majority of Gower manuscripts (and none of those thought to devolve from his own likely oversight of an exemplar) are trilingual. Of particular interest also in this chapter is Hsy's close reading of Cinkante Balade XVII, pointing out the multiple valences Gower achieves with the shift from the lover's French to the lady's rejection of his suit in Middle English: "nay" (113). The example in many ways is a good one to stand for Hsy's larger purpose for the book--"to change our views of medieval writing" (209) from monolingual and nationalist to polylingual and transcultural. He writes of "nay": "Gower foregrounds the alterity of the lone English word spoken by a fictive French speaker, and he dramatizes this word's increasing estrangement from its original moment of utterance. Through this ensuing narrative, the poet suggests the corresponding unease an English speaker experiences when acquiring (and using) a second language like French, a tongue that is at once very close to the speaker but perpetually eluding his grasp" (113). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hsy, Jonathan Horng Published Hsy, Jonathan Horng. "Trading Tongues: Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature." Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2013 ISBN 9780814212295 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Cinkante Balades Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trading Tongues: Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ohio State University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Cunningham, J. V. Published Cunningham, J. V. Tradition and Poetic Structure: Essays in Literary History and Criticism. Denver: Alan Swallow, 1960, pp. 63, 65-66, 69. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Review The CA is a poem of the dream-vision tradition, heavily dependent on the "Roman de la Rose; the "Tale of Rosiphelee" is also a dream vision. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tradition and Poetic Structure: Essays in Literary History and Criticism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "My dissertation . . . examines the literary preoccupation with amorous infidelity that flourished during the 1380's. This decade was, not coincidentally, a period that witnessed a heightened interest in treason law. By contextualizing the literary trope that links treason and love, I demonstrate how the political concerns of Chaucer, Gower and Usk are displaced and restated in another discursive register. . . . Gower's Confessio Amantis urges rulers to avoid tyranny and false counsel by shunning lechery. The Confessio thus offers an art of love as a manual of advice for rulers: by depicting deviant forms of love as treason, the poem links sexual regulation and good governance. In the Confessio, Amans' sexual reform serves as an example for Richard II to emulate. This seemingly innocuous example ultimately aligns Gower's poem with the rhetoric of subversion that alleged the transgressive sexual practices of Richard's court. Given the political environment in which these texts were written, treason in love acquires a referentiality that exceeds its literary locus. By historicizing the literary trope, I show how these writers' treatments of amorous infidelity situate their texts in the unstable and treacherous world of Ricardian politics." [JGN 15.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hanrahan, Michael Published Hanrahan, Michael. "Traitors and Lovers: The Politics of Love in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women, Gower's Confessio Amantis and Usk's Testament of Love." PhD thesis, Indiana University, 1995. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Traitors and Lovers: The Politics of Love in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women, Gower's Confessio Amantis and Usk's Testament of Love Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Undertakes a detailed, point by point comparison of Gower's and Chaucer's tales--the portrayal of the hero, the nature of his crime, the terms of his quest, his behavior both before and after his marriage, his final choice, and the concluding "disenchantment"--in order to bring to light the authors' separate purposes, and to defend the notion that Gower's tale has a logic and beauty of its own, however different from Chaucer's. The principal difference between the two embraces their moral purpose and their use of transformation: in Beidler's words: "Gower has Genius tell the Tale of Florent as a means of transforming Amans, a character outside the tale, into a man worthy of a good woman's love, while Chaucer, on the other hand, has Alice tell the 'Wife of Bath's Tale' to illustrate how a lusty young knight inside the tale is transformed into a man worthy of a good woman's love. . . . Gower's tale demontrates how a cautious and near-perfect knight does behave in a dangerous and hostile situation, whereas Chaucer's tale shows how an impulsive and most imperfect knight learns how to behave in a far less threatening situation" (pp. 100-101). Gower's is a more straightforward sort of romance, while Chaucer's might be seen as a feminist parody of the traditional romance form. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Beidler, Peter G Published Beidler, Peter G. "Transformations in Gower's Tale of Florent and Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale." In Chaucer and Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange. Ed. Yeager, R.F.. ELS Monograph Series (51). Victoria, B.C.: English Literary Studies, 1991, pp. 100-114. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transformations in Gower's Tale of Florent and Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available English Literary Studies, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Discusses references in the MO to Lombard merchants. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schless, Howard. Published Schless, Howard. "Transformations: Chaucer's Use of Italian." In Derek Brewer, ed. Geoffrey Chaucer. Writers and Their Background (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1975), pp. 195-96 Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transformations: Chaucer's Use of Italian. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Garrison's essay begins with a summary of the recent exploration of personal rape narratives that have led us to question our assumptions about the safety and civility of Western society. She suggests Gower's "Confessio Amantis" as a potential tool to use in transforming Western rape culture because it "highlights sexual violence against women as a central cultural injustice and presents rape narratives as a potentially powerful force for social and political change" (123). Gower's poem brings to light the social destruction that results from "the masculine chivalric ideal" that nearly always comes at the price of women's suffering. Garrison focuses on three of the stories in the CA: "Mundus and Paulina," "Tarquin and Lucrece," and "Tereus and Philomena." Garrison notes that "Gower reveals that the language of courtly love is a culturally sanctioned version of the language of rape" (124). He does this through Genius's warnings about the dangers of courtly love through tales concerning rape, and, despite what other critics have argued, Garrison contends that Gower is not trivializing experiences of rape but instead showing them as acts of violence against communities. Discussing the tale of "Mundus and Paulina," she demonstrates how the community's response to Paulina's rape creates a sort of solidarity--the "English social unity" for which he calls in his Prologue (126). Gower achieves this through his focus on Paulina's suffering, which also works to unite the Christian community. In the legend of Lucrece, Garrison writes, "Gower focuses on the power of Lucrece as a storyteller who exposes the social dangers of powerful men who fail to control their own desires" (130). She suggests Gower's moral for the tale is that powerful men should not rape their subjects. After demonstrating the through-lines in the CA of the rape of women and invasions of cities, Garrison adds, "Gower highlights how the rape of Lucrece has significance that extends well beyond one woman's body" (133). Garrison concludes this section of her essay: "Gower suggests that rape and political tyranny are inextricably intertwined" (134-35). Finally, Garrison turns to Gower's tale of "Philomena and Tereus," in which he "most clearly articulates the power of women's personal rape narratives" (135). Garrison posits the languages of courtly love and rape blur in this tale. She writes, "Philomena's narrative, written both on and by Philomena, consistently highlights the intersections of rape and courtly love in defining the chivalric subject" (138). Rape and courtly love become synonymous. Garrison concludes her essay by highlighting the transformative social power of rape narratives: "As uncomfortable a truth as it may be, personal rape narratives are an art. As an art form, they only have power insofar as they inspire their readers to change themselves" (141). [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 41.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Garrison, Jennifer. Published Garrison, Jennifer. "Transforming Community: Women's Rape Narratives and Gower's Confessio Amantis." Medieval Feminist Forum: A Journal of Gender and Sexuality 57, no. 1 (2021): 121-41. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transforming Community: Women's Rape Narratives and Gower's Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The book argues," Jeremy Smith says at the outset, "that correlations between textual form and textual function are of very considerable interest not only to scholars working within the paradigm of historical pragmatics but also, more generally, to literary scholars, would-be editors, book historians and indeed those interested in issues of cultural change more generally" (29). For the "Confessio Amantis," he focuses on differences between the language of the important manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Fairfax 3 and the language of M. L. Samuels's "Type III" that pervades late-fourteenth-century manuscripts. Some of the language idiosyncrasies, which may well be Gower's own, appear in later manuscripts but are muted in Berthelette's early prints. These also embody an evolving punctuation practice (between the 1532 and 1554 editions) that "would seem to reflect a more directive approach to the text, guiding readers in pragmatic terms more insistently towards the interpretation of Gower's verse" (150). [TWM. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smith, Jeremy J. Published Smith, Jeremy J. Transforming Early English: The Reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Manuscripts and Textual Studies Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transforming Early English: The Reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Coleman opens the conclusion of her essay with the "sneaking suspicion that some medievalists . . . would think 'Well, of course, it's obvious that English illumination would be influenced by "Roman de la Rose" iconography'" (192) and, in a way, she's right--but only in a way. In a crisp discussion of the influence of RR miniatures on three images from English illuminated manuscripts, she makes the influence obvious, contributes to audience or reception studies, and, one hopes, provides grounds for further investigations. The three images, treated in "chronological order by manuscript date" are "the confession scene in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Fairfax 3), the dreamer scene in 'Pearl' (London, British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x), and the 'sermon' scene in the frontispiece to Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 61)" (177). The essay reproduces all three in color, accompanied by images from RR that are either their sources or strong analogues in one way or another. In the case of the Gower image (Fairfax 3, folio 8r), Coleman shows that the miniature of Amans confessing to Genius combines features of RR miniatures of Nature confessing to Genius and of Amant approaching the Garden of Love, and asks "How might a sophisticated late fourteenth-century English viewer of the Fairfax 3 confession miniature have read the image's recombinant iconography?" In its simplest form, Coleman's answer is that the image would have signaled to the viewer that "if Amans could learn from Genius the proper way to pursue love, access would be granted to the joys it brings" (181). This answer is made more intriguing by Coleman's attention to ways in which it engages "Gower's mixed literary goals" and "mingles political issues . . . with the courtly and the ludic" (183). She sidesteps the question of whether or not Gower was himself the "designer" of the image (but see note 11), commenting on gender issues in the image (no Dame Nature or Lady Idleness), the collar of SS worn by Amans, his apparent age (treated with due caution due to manuscript damage), and the similar miniature of the confession scene found in Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 294.The influences of the French scenes are clear and the implications of the Fairfax designer's treatment for viewer response, complex. Coleman's discussions of the influence of RR illuminations on images from "Pearl" and the "Troilus" manuscripts are similarly convincing and, like her treatment of the Gower image, rich in implication for how English miniature designers used RR iconography, and for how viewers are likely to have responded to their designs. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coleman, Joyce. Published Coleman, Joyce. "Translating Iconography in Gower, 'Pearl,' Chaucer, and the 'Rose.'" In Susanna Fein and David Raybin, eds. Chaucer: Visual Approaches. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016. Pp. 177-94. Gower Subject Confessio Amantic Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translating Iconography in Gower, "Pearl," Chaucer, and the "Rose." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Brenner, Caitlin R. Published Brenner, Caitlin R. Translating Ovid's "Heroides": Three Middle English Collections of Women. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University, 2019. vi, 158 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A83.11(E). Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and at https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/items/a54ed9ad-791b-44fa-9fc6-810cb25a111c. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review Brenner's abstract: "This work foregrounds gendered metaphors of translation in three collections of 'good' women's lives adapted and compiled from Ovid's 'Heroides' ('Epistulae Heroidum'): Geoffrey Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women,' John Gower's 'Confessio amantis,' and Osbern Bokenham's 'Legendys of Hooly Wummen.' While these texts remain understudied, I argue that these collections constitute the authors' most overt representations of themselves as English translators. As each poet restrains and restricts the 'heathen' women's complaints during translation, he likewise restrains and restricts the feminized 'heathen' tongue: English. By identifying how these and other early English authors theorized their approach to translation, I demonstrate that metaphors of reproduction, exile, and female writing are replicated in important vernacular works up until the end of the sixteenth century. Chapters examine how the three authors appropriate Ovid's poetic exile, the poets' gendered ventriloquism as a vernacular authorial position, and the texts' engagements with the Catalog of Women genre and its emphasis on feminine reproduction." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translating Ovid's "Heroides": Three Middle English Collections of Women. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Building on his 2017 edition of "Le Bone Florence of Rome," Stavsky argues that this Middle English romance--and many others like it, including Gower's "Tale of Constance" in the Confessio Amantis--tones down the Orientalist pro-Crusades outlook found in its French source. In this essay, he uses the argument to help set up an analysis that counterpoises the pro-Christian "identitarian conception of virtue" (51) of Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale" with a view of Muslims in the "Parson's Tale" "which prioritizes self-inspection and reform over warfare" (53); the latter perspective, Stavsky tells us, is also found in Gower's Tale and in "Le Bone Florence." "Florence" and Chaucer's Tale figure most prominently in the essay, although Stavsky also addresses the Middle English "Octavian romances" (37) and differences between English and French anthologies of the "Octavian-Florence cycle" (39) as well as Gower. He leans recurrently--and perhaps most heavily in his brief discussion of Gower--on the evidence of the ethnic labeling of non-Christian peoples and individuals, identifying what Middle English translators do differently than their French predecessors and as a result reduce their orientalism, as Stavsky sees it. In the case of Gower, Stavsky resists Emily Houlik-Ritchey's argument (in "Rewriting Difference: 'Saracens' in John Gower and Juan de Cuenca," 2017) that Gower uses "Sarazine" for the Sultan's mother in order to justify Crusade-like "retaliation against her descendants," as Stavsky puts it. To the contrary, Stavsky observes, Gower uses "Sarazine" only twice (the instance in the Tale and one in an accompanying Latin gloss ["Sarazenos" at 2.1084]), while equivalent terms occur in the Constance story of Nicholas Trivet's "Chronicles," Gower's source, in "no fewer than a dozen instances." Stavsky cites only one instance from Trivet (and a complete list would be useful): the phrase "Terre Seinte encontre les Sarasins," for which Gower offers no equivalent whatsoever in his adaptation, lessening the orientalism, Stavsky implies. Elsewhere, Gower tends to use "Barbarie" instead, a "rather vague designation that could be anywhere outside of Christendom," Stavsky maintains, and nowhere presented by Gower as "grounds for a new Crusade." Closing his one-page assessment of Gower's Tale, Stavsky describes it as an "exemplum against detraction that is designed to cure its addressee," citing Carol Jamison's 2012 essay "John Gower's Shaping of 'The Tale of Constance' as an Exemplum contra of Envy" (37). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stavsky, Jonathan. Published Stavsky, Jonathan. "Translating the Near East in the 'Man of Law's Tale' and Its Analogues." Chaucer Review 55.1 (2020): 32–54. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translating the Near East in the "Man of Law's Tale" and Its Analogues. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Bullón-Fernández, María Published Bullón-Fernández, María. "Translating Women, Translating Texts: Gower's 'Tale of Tereus' and the Castilian and Portuguese Translations of the 'Confessio Amantis'." In John Gower: Manuscripts, Readers, Contexts. Ed. Urban, Malte. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2009, pp. 109-32. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Review Noting that no "attempts have been made to analyse the three versions [of the Confessio], the two translations, and Gower's text, simultaneously" (111), Bullón-Fernández selects the "Tale of Tereus" as locus for comparison. The tale, with its focus on arranged marriages and foreign-born queens, is especially apt, since the Iberian translations were probably commissioned by Philippa, Queen of Portugal, and Catherine, Queen of Castile, both daughters of John of Gaunt who arranged their marriages as part of his price for abandoning his claims to the Castilian crown. "Tereus" Gower found in Ovid, but his own version is much altered. "While Ovid raises questions about the exchange of women between men and about the father-daughter bond, Gower is interested in the daughter's identification not only with her father, but more generally with her birth family. More so than Ovid, Gower develops the bond between the sisters, Philomena and Progne, and examines the latter's pull between her husband and her birth family. This reinterpretation of Ovid's story . . . is taken even further by the two Iberian translators (more so by Juan de Cuenca), both of whom comment on the practice of arranged foreign marriages and the question of the wife's identification with her birth family to a greater degree than does Gower, raising questions about the extent to which a daughter changes loyalty when she marries" (112). She concludes "with an analysis of the relation between these translations and the translations of Philippa and Catherine to Portugal and Castile. Reading these three versions of the 'Tale of Tereus' side by side allows us to illuminate the fears and anxieties associated with the 'translation' of actual royal and aristocratic women through marriage to foreign royal and aristocratic men and to raise complex and significant questions about this other process of 'translation'" (112).] [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 30.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translating Women, Translating Texts: Gower's 'Tale of Tereus' and the Castilian and Portuguese Translations of the 'Confessio Amantis' Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brepols, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Hurley's Chapter 4, entitled "Becoming England: The Northumbrian Conversion in Trevet, Gower, and Chaucer," centers around the "Man of Law's Tale" and Chaucer; Trevet and Gower present "versions" that demonstrate "an emerging engagement--beyond Chaucer himself--with the Pre-Conquest past during the fourteenth century" (125), thereby helping Hurley find answers to her question driving the chapter: "By examining the translation effects that appear in the 'Man of Law's Tale,' we can begin to see how imagined textual communities are affected by post-Conquest translation. How does a new English vernacular change the composition of such textual communities?" (127) Her answer, found by juxtaposing Trevet's, Gower's, and Chaucer's narratives, is a unifying idea of "an emerging sense of Engelond" (128) discernible through their differences. Per her book's title, Hurley's discussion of Trevet's Constance and Chaucer's Custance highlights the ability to speak languages other than her native (Roman) Latin, pointing out the cultural "homogenization" implicit in giving her speech in vernaculars--in contrast to Hermengyld who, in both Trevet's and Gower's tales, is allowed to register herself as Saxon via linguistic code-switching (139). Gower, Hurley notes, eludes the complexities involved in moving a heroine through several linguistic environments by keeping Constance "profoundly silent" (137): indeed, because "language (like translation) is . . . a means to an end" for Gower, readers are given only the results of Constance's speaking, both to the Saxons and to the Syrian merchants, not her words themselves (138). It is a technique which--in a way--brings Gower closer to Trevet than to Chaucer (139). It is perhaps worth noting that (131, n. 25) Hurley takes her texts of both Trevet and Gower from Correale and Hamel, "Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hurley, Mary Kate. Published Hurley, Mary Kate. Translation Effects: Language, Time, and Community in Medieval England. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2021. Pp. 125-50. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Translation Effects: Language, Time, and Community in Medieval England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Through analyzing Elias Ashmole's annotations of Gower's text, Curtis Runstedler suggests that Elias Ashmole "argues for a hermetic reading of Gower's story of Jason and the Golden Fleece in Book V of the Confessio Amantis." Even though Runstedler admits that Gower was likely not a practicing alchemist, he details Ashmole's belief that Gower was, including Ashmole's evidence for such assertions. In particular, Runstedler investigates Ashmole's annotations of Jason and the Golden Fleece, asserting "there is genuine evidence for reading the story as an alchemical allegory, and moreover it connects to the Renaissance tradition of reading classical stories as alchemical as well as Genius's view of alchemy as an ideal form of human labor in Book IV of the 'Confessio Amantis'." He analyses Ashmole's alchemical reading of Jason and the Golden Fleece, demonstrating the hermetic aspects of the tale and providing insights into how Gower's tale may have been valued for its alchemical aspects in early modern England. Runstedler first discusses Ashmole's "Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum" and alchemy in Book IV of CA, concluding that Ashmole's annotations "reveal that Gower's alchemy was still valued, and moreover, he was considered a true adept." He compares the alchemical passages of Book IV of CA and Ashmole's annotations, asserting that there is enough evidence to read, like Ashmole, the tale of Jason and the Golden Fleece as hermetic. Reading this story as alchemical is part of a humanist tradition in late medieval and early modern period. Runstedler then proceeds to analyze the tale for alchemical implications, particularly in the character of Medea. He posits that reading the tale as an alchemical allegory presents the Golden Fleece as the Philosopher's Stone, and "Ashmole's reading of Gower's version is also noteworthy since he validates alchemical success with Jason's discovery of the Stone, yet it also provides a moral warning against alchemists in the 'Confessio Amantis'." Runstedler concludes, Ashmole "enhances the value of English alchemy and its literature for his audience. Ashmole suggests a reading where the Philosopher's Stone can be attained, if only for the alchemist to lose everything to his vices." [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Runstedler, Curtis. Published Runstedler, Curtis. "Transmuting John Gower: Elias Ashmole's Hermetic Reading of Gower's Jason and the Golden Fleece." Accessus: A Journal of Premodern Literature and New Media, 6.2 (2020): n.p. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transmuting John Gower: Elias Ashmole's Hermetic Reading of Gower's Jason and the Golden Fleece. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower places himself as character in the CA, to ironic effect; would have disagreed with Troilus' views of the world in "Troilus and Criseyde" IV, 953ff. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Brewer, D. S. Published Brewer, D. S. "Troilus and Criseyde." In W. F. Bolton, ed. The Middle Ages (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1970), pp. 199, 233 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Troilus and Criseyde. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Waen includes a brief comparison with Gower's Vox Clamantis and Cronica Tripertita: "Richard the Redeles shares with [Gower's works] a strong though less statuesque Lancastrianism; the fusion of the beast symbolism and literalism; and the attempt to protect the poem and the poet from official wrath . . . . Yet there are some significant differences between the works, suggesting that the association of Richard the Redeles with the Gowerian chronicle-tradition was not slavish and that it had within it the seeds of a different development within the truth-telling tradition. Compared with Gower's works, Richard the Redeles carries a less insistent burden of raw incident; its indignation is more analytic, less descriptive; it offers flickerings of undeveloped but developable allegory beyond the severe limitations of beast symbolism (notably in the sections relating to the King's household); it offers flickerings of undeveloped but equally developable themes (notably the dangers and the desireability of speaking the truth); lastly, unlike Gower's works, Richard the Redeles is unfinished." [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wawn, Andrew Published Wawn, Andrew. "Truth-Telling and the Tradition of Mum and the Sothsegger." Yearbook of English Studies (1983), pp. 270-287. ISSN 0306-2473 Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Cronica Tripertita Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Truth-Telling and the Tradition of Mum and the Sothsegger. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed