18 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Despite the use of "Gowerian" in its title, Obermeier's essay has relatively little to do with Gower's works. The "Ricardian Context" to which she refers, however, is her presentation of indications of Richard II's despotism during his reign and--much the bulk of the essay--argument that Chaucer's "Manciple's Prologue and Tale" comprises a veiled critique of Ricardian tyranny, with Apollo representing Richard and the crow's punishment signifying Chaucer's awareness of the need for self-censorship and, by extension, a warning to Gower to do the same. Building on her previous discussions of censorship and self-criticism in Chaucer's Prologue to the "Legend of Good Women" and his Retraction in "The Canterbury Tales," Obermeier explores several complex ways in which Ovid's poems in exile underlie, she contends, Chaucer's notions of royal power and poetic caution in ManPT. Almost as a coda, and quoting James Simpson at some length on Ricardian and Henrician Ovidianism ("Breaking the Vacuum: Ricardian and Henrician Ovidianism." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29 (1999), pp. 325-355), Obermeier observes a similar "power struggle with an Ovidian root" (95) in Richard's command that Gower write "Som newe thing" in the original Prologue of the "Confessio Amantis." Further, quoting Gower's "O deus immense" and observing its second-person-singular advice to kings, Obermeier accepts R. F. Yeager's suggestion that the composition of the poem was at least begun "during Richard's reign," and therefore, Obermeier adds, Chaucer's warning against reporting "tydynges," false or true, in the "Manciple's Tale" "could have been meant for his friend Gower, who might have been too bold for Chaucer in this authorial approach" to royalty (98). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Obermeier, Anita. Published Obermeier, Anita. "The Censorship Trope in Geoffrey Chaucer's Manciple's Tale as Ovidian Metaphor in a Gowerian and Ricardian Context." In Stephen Partridge and Erik Kwakkel, eds. Author, Reader, Book: Medieval Authorship in Theory and Practice. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2012). Pp. 80-105. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Minor Latin Poetry Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Censorship Trope in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Manciple's Tale" as Ovidian Metaphor in a Gowerian and Ricardian Context. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Economou elucidates the influences that shaped Gower's character Genius. Alan de Lille, in De Planctu Naturae, uses Genius as a kind of double to Natura. Genius is her representative on earth and is especially associated with procreation. Jean de Meun in turn expands the role of Genius by giving him the function of confessor in The Roman de la Rose. However, in the Roman, "the Christian cosmological and moral conception of sexual love as it is expressed in Alan is assigned to the character Raison rather than to Natura and Genius" (206). In addition, for Jean de Meun, Genius and Nature represent procreation without clear reference to marriage or Christian morality. Genius further enters the service of Venus, who is entirely associated with cupidity and "luxuria" in the Roman. It is Gower's intention, then, to restore Genius to Alan de Lille's initial conception, by making him subservient to a good Venus who is once more in touch with reason and nature. The resulting synthesis gives a greater understanding of the overall unity of the CA: "In this sense, his dual role as Christian priest and priest of Venus, as she is defined by Gower, does not create a problem, for Genius is the moral agent that bridges the worlds of true religion and the religion of love" (209). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Economou, George D Published Economou, George D. "The Character Genius in Alan de Lille, Jean de Meun, and John Gower." Chaucer Review 4.3 (1970), pp. 203-210. ISSN 0009-2002 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Character Genius in Alan de Lille, Jean de Meun, and John Gower Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Penn State University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Recommends caution against certainty in considering Gower, Chaucer, Wyclif, Langland, or John of Trevisa to be "makers" of English vocabulary, citing lack of evidence before the sixteenth century. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Barker, Ernest. Published Barker, Ernest. The Character of England. Oxford: Clarendon, 1947, p. 288 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Character of England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Skeat, Rev. Walter W. Published Skeat, Rev. Walter W. The Chaucer Canon: With a Discussion of the Works Associated with the Name of Geoffrey Chaucer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900, pp. 96, 97, 100-01. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Review Establishes that William Thynne (1532) erroneously printed Gower's "In Praise of Peace" among works attributed to Chaucer. [RFY1981]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Chaucer Canon. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1900 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Asserts that one scribe, not twenty-one as conjectured by Macaulay (1899-1902), was involved in producing the major Gower manuscripts; argues that CA, V, 7735-42, inspired Chaucer's poem "Truth"; accepts Max Förster's argument (1899) that the "Balade Moral" was rightly attributed to Gower by John Shirley in MS Ashmolean 59; and claims that in CA, V, 698-706, Gower made a "modern moral" of the material of Chaucer's "Brooch of Thebes," a poem Gower "almost certainly knew." [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Brusendorff, Aage. Published Brusendorff, Aage. The Chaucer Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, 1925, pp. 56-57n., 204-05, 235n, 268n3. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Chaucer Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "A comparison of the Chaucer-Gower analogues in the light of their sources and analogues reveals differences between the poets' stances toward 'auctoritee' in matters of moral reasoning, epistemology, and poetics. Gower's preoccupation with social ills, expressed in his Prologue to the 'Confessio Amantis,' influences his reshaping of his sources. He uses the stories of Thisbe, Dido, Lucrece, Philomela, Ariadne, Medea, and Phyllis as exempla of the seven deadly sins intended to serve as remedies for the lovesick Amans and, implicitly, for a sick society. In Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' these stories are exempla of saints of love betrayed by men. Because the exemplum as a form frustrates Chaucer's expressed concern with truth, he tells these stories with ambiguity, humor, and irony. While Gower continued to use the exemplum, Chaucer turned to the 'Canterbury Tales' which freed him from presenting a predetermined moral from a single narrative point of view. Gower's version of the "loathly lady" story, the 'Tale of Florent,' is narrated by Genius, merely a persona for Gower himself, and serves as an example of obedience in love, emphasizing the knight's exemplary 'trowthe.' Chaucer tailors the story to fit the Wife of Bath so as to make the tale Alice's wish fulfillment, a burlesque of courtly romance conventions, and a satire of the tricky rhetoric of manipulative preaching. Gower tells the 'Tale of Appius and Virginia' as an exemplum of how a ruler should practice chastity. Following tradition, his version implies that death is better than loss of chastity, even if it means a father killing his own daughter. In Chaucer's 'Physician's Tale,' a juxtaposition of incongruities such as the Physician's cold-blooded inappropriate moral and the Host's compassion for Virginia raises questions about the traditional 'moralitas' and the real lesson of the tale. Chaucer, feeling conflict between his own experience and the teaching of 'auctoritee,' equivocates by juxtaposing incongruities and encouraging questions in the mind of the reader, while Gower is mainly concerned with maintaining auctoritee, the conventional ethos. Gower is more concerned with Order, Chaucer with Justice and Truth." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lundberg, Marlene Helen Cooreman. Published Lundberg, Marlene Helen Cooreman. "The Chaucer-Gower Analogues: A Study in Literary Technique." Ph.D. Diss. Indiana University 1981. DAI 42(9): 3993A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Chaucer-Gower Analogues: A Study in Literary Technique. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The Church of Love is the poetic 'religion' of which the deities are the pagan Venus and Cupid and the religious forms of those of the Christian Church. The study seeks to determine how the Church of Love and the love-deities were employed in Latin and French before Chaucer and Gower and to what extent they followed their predecessors." Study mostly on Chaucer, but includes discussion of Gower's CA. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Jacobson, John Howard. Published Jacobson, John Howard. "The Church of Love in the Works of Chaucer and Gower." Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1939. Dissertation Abstracts International A31.05. Available via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses; accessed December 5, 2022. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Church of Love in the Works of Chaucer and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Rather surprisingly, given the number of manuscripts of Gower's work, he receives scant mention here--perhaps because those who copied his poems were fully employed? It is interesting to read that "Scribe D" (Doyle and Parkes' identification and terminology), named John Marchaunt by Linne Mooney and Estelle Stubbs, "worked alongside Hoccleve himself on the Trinity Gower," i.e., Cambridge, Trinity College R.3.2 (101, and see also 132), an unexpected emphasis given how small Hoccleve's stint was in that manuscript. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn. Published Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn. The Clerical Proletariat and the Resurgence of Medieval English Poetry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021 Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Clerical Proletariat and the Resurgence of Medieval English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Woodring, Carl, and James Shapiro, eds. Published Woodring, Carl, and James Shapiro, eds. "The Columbia History of British Poetry." New York: Columbia University Press, 1994 ISBN 0231078382 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Review One can sometimes get a rough idea of the evolution of an author's critical reputation from the accounts of his or her writing in general works of literary history. Sometimes, moreover, these accounts can be unexpectedly insightful and thought-provoking. Both comments apply to the paragraph on CA provided by E. Ruth Harvey in her chapter on "Middle English Poetry" in this new history of British poetry (p. 41): ". . . Gower's technical expertise in handling his smooth octosyllabic couplets is unobtrusively masterful, and his stories, taken from a wide variety of sources, are woven together with playfulness and wit. The tales are recounted in the course of a long confession made by the lover to Genius, priest of Venus; they are organized as telling examples to illustrate the seven deadly sins, at least insofar as the sins apply to the crimes and follies of lovers. The work displays an extraordinary ingenuity: a fundamentally serious religious ethic is consistently viewed aslant through the monomania of love, and encumbered with enormous and fascinating digressions that serve to delay the inevitable progression to the most interesting sin of all, lechery. Gower teases his audience with surprising turns and twists on the themes of love and virtue, before summoning Venus at the very end to dismiss the lover, disqualified from her service by his impotence and old age. But the poet frames the Confessio with a stern indictment of the contemporary world: the prologue evokes a golden age when men truly knew how to love, and contrasts it with the degeneration of corruption, violence and lust in the world of Richard II. It is hard to hold all the elements of the Confessio together: Gower offers it as a combination of profit and pleasure ("lore" and "lust"); but its analysis of human love in all its manifestations from comic to sublime, its playful wit, fierce denunciations of vice, earnest plea for peace and charity, and splendid portrayal of a mutable and treacherous world in the inevitable and irresistible decline almost pull it apart. If Chaucer offers us a world without comment, Gower offers us something more like an encyclopedia with a moral commentary; not as risqué as The Canterbury Tales, but not in need of apology or retraction either." [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 13.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Columbia History of British Poetry Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Columbia University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Meindl begins by asserting that Gower in Book V of the VC reconfigures the estates of fourteenth-century English society to include clergy, commons, and governing class. He presents a clear outline of these groups early in the essay as a helpful guide for the reader, before demonstrating the changes Gower makes in the commons, starting with Gower's definition of "milites" to include the gentry rather than just knights, following suit with each category. He asserts that Gower's critique of romantic love in respect to "milites" has everything to do with the gentry's inability to produce male heirs. Meindl closely analyzes passages from Book V to demonstrate Gower's critiques of each part of the commons. When Gower moves his critique to merchants, Meindl assures us the "urbs" to which he refers is indeed London, and further points out that this location is most appropriate for Gower's critique, given its content--usurious dealings, profiting at the expense of others' losses, ruinous loans, etc. In Meindl's view, Gower also addresses the agricultural crisis in this section. As Gower closes Book V, he reveals an awareness of "the danger of renewing ancient political quarrels," which Gower assuages through his reminder that "salvation, not terrestrial power and prosperity, is the goal of human existence, which, when conducted in the spirit of Christian love, can transpire in the spirit of peace most conducive to the achievement of that goal." [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Meindl, Robert J. Published Meindl, Robert J. "The Community of the Realm: Gower's Account of the Commons in Book V of the 'Vox Clamantis,." Accessus 6 (2020): n.p. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Community of the Realm: Gower's Account of the Commons in Book V of the "Vox Clamantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Peacham's major entry in its entirety (pp. 94-95): "Gower being very gracious with King Henrie the 4. in his time carried the name of the onely Poet, but his verses to say truth, were poore and plaine, yet full of good and graue Moralitie: but while he affected altogether the French phrase and words, made himself too obscure to his Reader; beside his invention commeth farre shorte of the promise of his Titles. He published onely (that I know of) three bookes, which at S. Marie Oueries in Southwark vpon his monument lately repaired by some Benefactor, lie under his head; which are Vox clamantis, Speculum Meditantis, and Confessio Amantis. He was a Knight, as also was Chaucer." Peacham also mentions that, as Chaucer was dear to Richard the second, so was "Gower to Henry the fourth" (p. 81). [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Peacham, Henry. Published London 1622. New York: De Capo Press; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968. Facsimile reprint of STC No. 19502. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Compleat Gentleman. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1622 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The venerable, standard edition of all of Gower's works, with excellent evaluative introductions, explanatory notes, and glossaries. Lists and describes most manuscripts known at the time of publication for each work: MO (I, lxvii-lxix); CB (I, lxxix-lxxxiii); Traitié (I, lxxxv-lxxxvii); CA (II, cxxxviii-clxvii); VC and CrT (IV, lix-lxxi). Authoritative texts: MO based on MS. Cambridge University Library Additional 303, the only one extant; CA based on MS. Fairfax 3, carefully collated with all previous editions and MSS. Bodleian 902, 294, and Corpus Christi College 67; VC and CrT based on MS. All Souls 98, collated with all other known manuscripts; PP, CB, and Traitié based on MS. Trentham; Short Latin Poems based on Trentham and Cotton Tiberius A IV. For works of questionable authorship, see II, clxxiii-clxxiv. For a useful and informative summation of all biographical information known to the time of publication, see IV, vii-xxx; for the chronology of the poems, now standard, Macaulay gives MO, prior to 1390; CB, ca. 1399; Traitié, ca. 1398, CA, between 1386 and 1393; VC, ca. 1382 or shortly thereafter. Includes detailed, accurate discussions of Gower's Anglo-Norman language and versification (I, xvi-xxxiv) and Middle English (II, xcii-cxxvii), with summary descriptions of the contents of CA (II, xxix-xcii by book and line), and of VC (IV, xxxiv-lvii by book and chapter). A facsimile of the Gower-as-archer portrait is included as the frontispiece in volume IV, from MS. Cotton Tiberius A. IV, f. 9. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Macaulay, G. C., ed. Published Macaulay, G. C., ed. The Complete Works of John Gower: Edited from the Manuscripts with Introductions, Notes, and Glossaries. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899-1902. Reprint. Grosse Point, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1968. Vols. 2-3 printed as The English Works of John Gower. Early English Text Society, Extra Series, Nos. 81-82. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1900-01; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957 and 1968. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Manuscripts and Textual Studies Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Complete Works of John Gower: Edited from the Manuscripts with Introductions, Notes, and Glossaries. 4 vols. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899-1902 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Analyzes and groups the stories in CA according to their presentations of nature (kynde). Considers Gower's attitude toward nature, reason, natural law, and positive law, and attempts assessment of Gower's use of St. Thomas Aquinas. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Klauser, Henrietta Anne. Published Klauser, Henrietta Anne. "The Concept of 'kynde' in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation. Fordham University, 1972. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Soirces, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Concept of "kynde" in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Based on Berthelette, edition of 1532, and collated with MSS. Harleian 7184, 3869, 3490, and Stafford MS. Volume 1:xxviii-xxxii suggests date of 1383-86 for CA; 1:v-xxxviii includes a biographical sketch of Gower and a description of his tomb, both relying heavily on Sir Harris Nicholas (1828); 1:xxvi-xxviii prints CB 20 and 25, with texts based on Roxburghe Club edition (1818). [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Pauli, Reinhold, ed. Published Pauli, Reinhold, ed. The Confessio Amantis of John Gower. 3 vols. London: Bell and Daldy, 1857. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Cinkante Balades Biography of Gower Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Confessio Amantis of John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1857 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Attempts to demonstrate CA was composed ca. 1383-1386. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Hales, John. Published Hales, John. "The Confessio Amantis." Athenaeum, No. 2826 (December, 1881): 851-53. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1881 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "A major theme of the poem and an essential notion in Gower's philosophy is that everything has an opposite into which it may be transformed. The concepts of transformation and opposition borrowed from the Platonic tradition found in the 'Timaeus' and echoed in the poets associated with the School of Chartres can be traced in many of the tales and the frame as well . . . . The 'Confessio Amantis' is a jeremiad." Courtly love and Christian morality are polar opposites. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Phelan, Walter Stephen. Published Phelan, Walter Stephen. "The Conflict of Courtly Love and Christian Morality in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation. Ohio State University, 1971. Open access at http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1225921019 (accessed January 22, 2023). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Conflict of Courtly Love and Christian Morality in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Maynard, Theodore. Published Maynard, Theodore. The Connections Between the Ballade, Chaucer's Modifications of It, Rime Royal, and the Spenserian Stanza. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1934, pp. 89, 129. Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review Unlike Chaucer, Gower in his CB writes true ballades (defined as a poem of 28 lines, divided into three stanzas of eight lines and a half stanza--envoi--rhymed ABABBCBC, using the same rhyme in every stanza, with refrain), while Chaucer's are frequently modified forms; like Chaucer, however, Gower used a greater freedom with caesura than did French poets. [RFY1981]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Connections Between the Ballade, Chaucer's Modifications of It, Rime Royal, and the Spenserian Stanza. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Runstedler focuses on the "exempla" in "Confessio Amantis" in his essay, arguing they "are also sources of metaphorical healing in the text, functioning as what I have termed 'textual healing,' that is, the medicinal aspects of the text (knowledge, understanding, moral instruction) that helps remedy Amans back to full health." Such "textual healing," too, is connected to the act of confession, he adds. Runstedler suggests that the reader may succeed where Amans fails, but also notes that this process is "ultimately successful because it offers Amans and the reader the opportunity for introspection, self-improvement, and consequently a healthier mind." He later adds that the "exempla" offer a means of education that then becomes a way to heal, which, he argues, is because the CA functions as a "consolation" poem. Runstedler offers close readings of the "Tale of Jason and Medea" and the "Tale of Apollonius of Tyre" to illustrate textual healing at work in Gower's poem. He then discusses Shakespeare's and Wilkin's "Pericles," too, perhaps to demonstrate Gower's readers' understanding of this concept, analyzing how the character Gower functions within this paradigm of textual healing. [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Runstedler, Curtis Published Runstedler, Curtis. "The Consolation of Exempla: Gower's Sources of Hope and 'Textual Healing' in the 'Confessio Amantis'." Accessus 7, no. 1 (2022): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Consolation of Exempla: Gower's Sources of Hope and 'Textual Healing' in the" Confessio Amantis" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review While Gough makes little reference to Chaucer and Gower's versions of the Constance Story, he does provide extensive background information about this tale type. The first half of the book catalogues numerous versions according to plot motifs. The second half analyzes what historical incidents may have influenced the changes to the narrative within various traditions. Here Nicholas Trivet's interaction with his alleged Saxon source is a frequent reference point. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gough, A. B Published Gough, A. B. "The Constance Saga." Berlin: Mayer & Müller, 1902 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Constance Saga Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mayer & Müller, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This essay examines one particular aspect of what R.F. Yeager has called Gower's "lawyerly habit of mind," namely his views on "the appropriate purpose and use of incarceration" (204-205). Gastle argues that "Gower's treatment of imprisonment in the 'Carmen Super Multiplici Viciorum Pestilencia,' the 'Traitié Selonc les Auctours pour Essampler les Amantz Marietz,' and 'Confessio Amantis,' taken together, reveal both a belief (or a desire to believe) in the inherent justice of imprisonment when used for appropriate purposes (such as punishment for serious failures of fidelity or loyalty) and an anxiety concerning inappropriate use of imprisonment, an anxiety that may possibly have its roots in his own brushes with the threat of prison" (205). Gastle points out that, even given the paucity of life records for Gower, two records do survive that address legal disputes of the sort for which Gower's involvement could potentially have led to his own incarceration. Within the poetry, Gastle finds a persistent "association of incarceration with carnal transgression" (213), but also finds a tension in these representations between moments at which incarceration is presented as a just punishment and other moments (such as the story of Philomela) where incarceration is an expression of the unjust use of power. Such a tension derives, Gastle suggests, from "Gower's fraught position: he is both a man concerned with upholding law who can see law as the basis of a just world, and a man who, at the least, had to consider the possibility of being imprisoned himself for a matter of debt, a situation which he could not be expected to consider as just" (215). [EK. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gastle, Brian W. Published Gastle, Brian W. "The Constraints of Justice and Gower's 'Lawyerly Habit of Mind'." In Studies in the Age of Gower: A Festschrift in Honour of R. F. Yeager. Ed. Susannah Mary Chewning. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2020. Pp. 203-216. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Minor Latin Poetry Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Constraints of Justice and Gower's "Lawyerly Habit of Mind." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Thomas's primary focus is cultural--asserting a claim for the powerful influence of the Bohemian court on that of Richard II, brought about by his wife Anne--and unsurprisingly literature finds a central place in his discussion. Chaucer and the "Gawain"-Poet, per his title, occupy most of his interest (Langland is mentioned once, on p. 20), he devotes a portion of chapter 2 to Gower, denoting him, along with Richard Maidstone, "another Ricardian writer who appears to have partaken of [the] spirit of poet-patron familiarity" (44), based on the meeting of Richard and Gower on the Thames, described in Ricardian manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis." Thomas recognizes the lack of evidence that this happened, but configures it as a "fiction of engagement," borrowing a term from Deborah McGrady. He largely follows the claim of Linda Burke ("Bohemian Gower"--see online Gower bibliography), that Queen Anne inspired the CA, and he goes on to assert independently that "Anne of Bohemia is probably the real-life inspiration for the two pivotal figures of Venus and Alceste in Gower's 'Confessio' and Chaucer's 'Legend'" (46). Anne's presence in the works of the two poets differs, however: for Chaucer, Anne/Alceste is "a mediatrix or intercessor between the contrite poet and the irate God of Love" while "Gower's Venus/Anne, by contrast, [is] the source of moral authority at a court riotously led by Youth (an allegorical designation for the youthful Richard II in the mid-1380s). In her role as the clear-sighted and realistic assessor of Gower as too old to be a member of her court of Love, Venus resembles Anne's role as the sensible and restraining consort of Richard's waywardness" and the rosary she gives Amans/Gower in Book VIII "recalls Anne's reputation as a pious queen" (47). No evidence is offered for any of this, nor for the claim (203) that "Poets like Chaucer and Gower who placed self-interest above factional loyalty were more likely to survive and prosper under the new regime [i.e., Henry IV] than those whose allegiance bound them to the old order." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Thomas, Alfred. Published Thomas, Alfred. The Court of Richard II and Bohemian Culture: Literature and Art in the Age of Chaucer and the "Gawain" Poet. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2020. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Court of Richard II and Bohemian Culture: Literature and Art in the Age of Chaucer and the "Gawain" Poet. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Gervase, Mathew. Published Gervase, Mathew. The Court of Richard II. New York: Norton; London: John Murray, 1968, pp. 5, 23, 30, 48, 53, 60, 68-69, 74-82, 92, 99, 120, 122, 133, 136, 167. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Review Generally uses Gower's works as a source for historical speculations on the relationship of Richard II to poets; on levels of trilingualism and learning in the late fourteenth century; on contemporary notions of knighthood, courtesy, etc. Mentions all of Gower's works, drawing comparisons with Chaucer and with Langland; examines CA most carefully. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Court of Richard II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fletcher sets himself a multi-pronged task here. He seeks to show 1) that the Dublin, Trinity College MS 244, comparatively little studied, evinces the same hand as that identified by Linne R. Mooney as "Chaucer's scribe," Adam Pynkhurst--or, alternatively, that a sort of "school" of scribes existed headed by Pynkhurst, all of whom practiced in Pynkhurst's shadow and in accord with his hand; 2) that Pynkhurst (or member or members of his "school") copied the Wyclifite prose tracts in Dublin, Trinity College MS 244; and that therefore 3) this manuscript "is not without its implications for the understanding of Chaucer's relation to the textual culture of late-fourteenth century religious radicalism" (p. 597). The argument is only tangentially related to Gower, in that (as Ian Doyle and Malcolm Parkes showed conclusively) the same scribe--Pynkhurst?--copied major manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis. The inferences are that if Chaucer knew Pynkhurst well enough to write "Adam Scriveyn" in mock reprimand, then Gower must have known him also, since the same hand shows up in a number of important manuscripts of CA; and this in turn "opens various possibilities" such as "a scribe actively providing the poet who employed him with reading material, as well as simply being the passive recipient of that poet's copying commissions . . . . Thus this milieu, that saw the copying of some of the major literary works of the late fourteenth century, would also now need to be seen as a possible context for some of that period's radical vernacular theology" (pg. 629). It should be noted that, for all that Fletcher attempts to stretch these suggestions to embrace Chaucer, he does not venture the same for Gower. [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 28.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fletcher, Alan J Published Fletcher, Alan J. "The Criteria for Scribal Attribution: Dublin, Trinity College, MS 244, Some Early Copies of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, and the Canon of Adam Pynkhurst Manuscripts." Review of English Studies 58 (2007), pp. 597-632. ISSN 0034-6551 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Criteria for Scribal Attribution: Dublin, Trinity College, MS 244, Some Early Copies of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, and the Canon of Adam Pynkhurst Manuscripts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Utley, Francis Lee. Published Utley, Francis Lee. The Crooked Rib: An Analytical Index to the Argument About Women in English and Scots Literature to the End of the Year 1568. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1944, pp. 41, 51, 279, 313. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Review Details Gower's attitude toward women and the misogynist tradition, with the conclusion that Gower was fairly typical for the age. [RFY1981] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Crooked Rib: An Analytical Index to the Argument About Women in English and Scots Literature to the End of the Year 1568. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Hamaguchi, Keiko. Published Hamaguchi, Keiko. "The Cultural Otherness of Custance as a Foreign Woman in the Man of Law's Tale." Chaucer Review 54 (2019): 411-40. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review As Hamaguchi states in her abstract, her article "explores how Chaucer highlights the cultural otherness of Custance as a foreign woman in England" . . . , how "Custance as the cultural other can be associated with real, historical foreign women . . . , and how aggression and xenophobia toward Custance" reflect similar, perhaps identical, late-medieval English attitudes toward foreign women--attitudes Chaucer sought to undermine through sympathy for Custance (411). At many points in her argument Hamaguchi compares Custance with the Constance figures in Gower's and Nicolas Trivet's versions of the story to show how Chaucer "accentuates her cultural otherness" (418) and how he consistently underscores this otherness by making her more vulnerable and helpless than either Gower's or Trivet's protagonist, often treated together here. Hamaguchi examines some dozen or more supporting details that occur in Chaucer but not the other two accounts, observing, for example, that Chaucer alone "focuses on [Custance's] unhappiness" (415) at leaving Rome, that Chaucer "accentuates her cultural otherness" through mention of "specific place names" during her journeys, and that only in Chaucer "does the foreignness of Custance's language appear" (418)--addressing some dozen differences overall. In only two instances does Hamaguchi address concerns and details that are not in Chaucer but are in Gower and Trivet: "love is an element" (427) in the latter accounts of marriage to the Anglo-Saxon king and, when confronted by a seducer in these accounts, she is "guileful" when thwarting her seduction through deception (435). Otherwise, Hamaguchi, shows, Chaucer's details emphasize the unhappiness and vulnerability of being a foreign woman, and she aligns Constance's condition with foreign women in Chaucer's world--particularly Anne of Bohemia, Isabella of France, and Katherine Swynford--by identifying historical parallels. There is little analysis here of Gower's or Trivet's narratives, but Hamaguchi's tally of details found exclusively in Chaucer is significant. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Cultural Otherness of Custance as a Foreign Woman in the Man of Law's Tale. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cites Macaulay's "Complete Works of Gower" (II, xivll) in support of the notion that the "Manuel des Peches" and "Handlyng Synne" participate in a tradition of practical manuals of confession. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Robertson, D. W., Jr. Published Robertson, D. W., Jr. "The Cultural Tradition of 'Handlyng Synne'." Speculum 22 (1947): 162-85, esp. 164n14. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Cultural Tradition of "Handlyng Synne." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's brief tale of Dante's rebuke of a flatterer (CA *7.2329-37), while unique in its emphasis on the power of flattery, appears to combine elements from two different previously existing anecdotes, one (as told by Petrarch, usually cited as Gower's source) recounting Dante's reply to Cangrande regarding which servant is more pleasing, playing upon the similarity between the lord and the fool that he has rewarded, and another, originally told of Marco Lombardo (see Purg. XVI), invoking a difference in material rewards and addressing the rebuke to the fool himself. Sarantino surveys and reprints the most important surviving examples of each tradition (almost all Italian), noting the several points at which they intersect. Because of the difficulty of explaining Gower's access to any of these written texts, the most economical and therefore most likely explanation of Gower's immediate source, she concludes, is an oral tradition in which the elements of the two anecdotes had already been combined, and while it requires some adjustment in our understanding of the dating of the "second recension," she proposes that one possible conduit for the oral tradition was the party of Henry of Derby, who passed through northern Italy on his return from Jerusalem in 1393. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society: JGN 25.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tarantino, Elisabetta Published Tarantino, Elisabetta. "The Dante Anecdote in Gower's Confessio Amantis, Book VII." Chaucer Review 39.4 (2005), pp. 420-435. ISSN 0009-2002 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dante Anecdote in Gower's Confessio Amantis, Book VII Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Penn State University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott pegs the date of "Ecce patet tensus" at "c. 1400," envisioning "with our 'heart's eye' an aged Gower receding none too comfortably into the penumbra of advancing blindness" (281). He thus strikes a cautious middle ground between those viewing the poem as earlier work (Fisher, Rigg, Carlson--though the latter also finds a later date acceptable) and those preferring late composition (Yeager, Sobecki). Dating a poem lacking any historical reference is tricky work, yielding at best speculative results. Significantly, Weiskott separates "Ecce patet tensus" from "Est amor in glosa," with which it appears in London, British Library MS Additional 59495 (olim Trentham)--a decision putting him again in good company, but one that also further complicates his endeavor. In order to arrive at "some slight incentive to regard 'Ecce patet tensus' as a poem of c. 1400" (281), Weiskott contextualizes it with more readily datable manuscripts (for Add. 59495 is itself not fixedly dated), Oxford, All Souls College MS 98, British Library Cotton Tiberius A.iv, and works: "Henrici quarti primus," the "Epistle to Arundel," "Quicquid homo scribat," and the "Vox Clamantis," which shares many lines with "Ecce patet tensus." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "The Date and Style of John Gower's 'Ecce patet tensus'." Notes and Queries 69 (2022): 277-81. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Date and Style of John Gower's "Ecce patet tensus." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The revised passages in the prologue and epilogue to recensions 'two' and 'three' of CA contain no specific evidence of Gower's repudiation of King Richard. There is no good reason why Gower should have become disenchanted with the king in 1392 or 1393, and even less reason why, given his disenchantment, he should have transferred his allegiance to Richard's cousin Henry. The new dedication in the later versions, therefore, was not a political event but simply a natural tribute to a patron; and only after 1399 did CA, like VC, take on the marks of Gower's adherence to the Lancastrians for which the poet is now so well remembered." [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 7.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Nicholson, Peter Published Nicholson, Peter. "The Dedications of Gower's Confessio Amantis." Mediaevalia 10 (1984), pp. 159-80. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dedications of Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower and Chaucer compared to Amphion, Orpheus, Livy, Andronicus, Ennius, Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio as users of mother-tongue for poetry, and of beginning English tradition. Originally written some years earlier, the "Defence" was first published by William Ponsonby of London in 1595. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sidney, Sir Philip. Published Sidney, Sir Philip. "The Defence of Poesie." The Prose Works of Philip Sidney. Vol. 3 of 4. Edited by Albert Feuillerat. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 1912. Reprinted 1962, 1963, 1968, p. 4. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Defence of Poesie. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1595 1912 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Supports Macaulay (1899-1902) that MO was written ca. 1375-1381. Author/Editor Author/Editor Tatlock, J. S. P. Published Tatlock, J. S. P. The Development and Chronology of Chaucer's Works. London: Chaucer Society, 1907, pp. 220-25. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Development and Chronology of Chaucer's Works. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This thesis presents the results of an investigation of antifraternal materials produced in France during the thirteenth century and in England during the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries. Primary materials include theological tracts such as William of Saint Amour's 'De periculis novissimorum temporum' and 'De pharisaeo et publicano' and Richard FitzRalph's 'Defensio curatorum' and vernacular works such as several of Rutebeuf's 'dits,' Jean de Meun's continuation of 'The Romance of the Rose,' John Gower's 'Vox clamantis,' Chaucer's 'Summoner's Tale,' John Skelton's 'Collyn Clout,' Thomas More's 'Utopia,' John Heywood's 'The Pardonner and The Friar,' Robert Greene's 'Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay,' William Shakespeare's 'Measure for Measure,' and Thomas Fuller's 'Chaucer'. These materials collectively confirm that, during the late Middle Ages following FitzRalph's influential attack on friars, a particularly British body of antifraternal literature, distinct from its French progenitor, emerged. The distinctly British treatment of friars, marked by its emphasis on fraternal oratories and friars as peddlers, continued until the Reformation when it faded away as the friars themselves silently dissolved into the rapidly changing British religious landscape. Despite the appearance of antifraternal motifs and images in post-Reformation literature, this body of literature lacks a particularly British colouring." Brim's section on Gower's VC (pp.149-79) observes his interest in polemical issues rather than historical details. She focuses on his continuation of earlier motifs derived from his predecessors--with the exception of their emphasis on "apocalyptic trappings" (156)--and his particularly British critique of fraternal fixation with "ornate churches" (170) and "graven images" (171). Later in her discussion, Brim comments recurrently on resemblances between VC and later English antifraternal literature. [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Brim, Constance E. Published Brim, Constance E.  The Development and Decline of British Antifraternal Literature. Ph.D. Dissertation. McMaster University, 1990. x, [343] pp. Dissertation Abstracts International 53.01. Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & ThesesGlobal and via https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/items/8dc547b3-dd54-45f0-a9e6-ffdf5c4524e6. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Development and Decline of British Antifraternal Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's humor "piquant" and in its dry understatement "nearer the central terperament of English humor" than many of his contemporaries." [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Cazamian, Louis. Published Cazamian, Louis. The Development of English Humor. New York: Macmillan, 1930, pp. 137-40. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Development of English Humor. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower uses rhymed, metrical verse of the French model. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Robertson, Stuart. Published Robertson, Stuart. The Development of Modern English. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1934, p. 60. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Development of Modern English. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Useful and informative summation of all biographical information about Gower known to the time of publication; modern artist's conception of a portrait of Gower, perhaps based upon manuscript illustrations. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Lee, Sir Sidney, ed. Published Lee, Sir Sidney, ed. The Dictionary of National Biography. London: Oxford University Press, 1917, XXII, 299-304. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dictionary of National Biography. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Drimmer focuses on the passage in Book I of CA in which Venus asks the narrator who he is. Most manuscripts, and all of the earliest ones, give the same reading for I.161: "I seid, 'A Caitif that lith hiere," as Macaulay prints it from F; but seven copies in Macaulay's group "1(c)" (which he labeled "unrevised" but which we now believe to be later than the group he called "revised") and the closely related MS B either omit the line entirely (in two cases, leaving a blank space but in the wrong position, following the rhyming line I.162 rather than before it) or present an alternative: "And I answerede wiþ drery [or 'ful myld'] chiere," or most remarkably, in two copies, identifying the narrator with the author, "Ma dame I sayde Iohn Gowere." Seven of these eight copies, Drimmer notes, figure among the fourteen manuscripts that contain miniatures showing the penitent narrator kneeling before Genius after I.202, in all but one case on the same page. The miniatures show the narrator either as an old man, consistent with the identity of the author, or as a youth, the persona that he adopts for the purposes of the confession, reflecting the same sort of indecision that might lie behind the alternative readings in I.161. Drimmer in fact argues provocatively that the various scribes' awareness of the image that would appear in most cases in the very next column may have been the reason for their hesitation to commit themselves to the reading in their exemplar. "Each scribe revised with the foreknowledge that whatever his revision was, an adjoining image that depicts the individual whose line of dialogue he inscribed would produce a moment of pictorial reckoning for which he would be held to account" (24). Instead of our viewing the illustrations as mere "translations" of the text, "these manuscripts demand that we resituate the position of the visual in our assessment of literary culture" (28). [PN. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 37.1]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Drimmer, Sonja. Published Drimmer, Sonja. "The Disorder of Operations: Illuminators, Scribes, and John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Lias 44 (2017): 5-28. ISSN : 2033-4753. E-ISSN : 2033-5016.{http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=LIAS&issue=1&vol=44}. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Disorder of Operations: Illuminators, Scribes, and John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Refers to Gower's use of "Al is bot a chirie feire" (CA, Prologue, 454-55) as an expression describing an illusory good. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Gordon, Ida L. Published Gordon, Ida L. The Double Sorrow of Troilus: A Study of Ambiguities in Troilus and Criseyde. Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1970, p. 54. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Double Sorrow of Troilus: A Study of Ambiguities in Troilus and Criseyde. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review McCulloch traces the image of the dying swan singing its song through a number of literary texts. Her starting point is Ovid's description in the Fasti of the swan that sings "when the cruel shaft (penna) has pierced his snowy brow." The medieval "encyclopedist" Brunetto Latini, in his Li Livres dou Tresor, misinterprets the word "penna" to mean "feather" (rather than "feathered shaft" or arrow) and so suggests that when death is imminent, one of the feathers of the swan's head is implanted in its brain, whereupon the bird begins its sweet song. Gower makes the same error in the CA, where he compares Dido's suicide to the swan that "For sorwe a fethere into hire brain / Sche schof" (4.107-08). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor McCulloch, Florence Published McCulloch, Florence. "The Dying Swan – A Misunderstanding." Modern Language Notes 74 (1959), pp. 289-292. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dying Swan – A Misunderstanding Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Zaerr traces the shifting meanings of sloth and fine amour and the shifting relationship between Genius and Amans throughout Book 4. "Amans is led, though he has not requested it or realized he needed it, along a very complex and at times paradoxical path to an understanding of a love completely different from that he had sought." Directed by Miceal Vaughan. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 7.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Zaerr, Linda Marie Published Zaerr, Linda Marie. "The Dynamics of Sloth: Fin Amour and Divine Mercy in John Gower's Confessio Amantis." PhD thesis, University of Washington, 1986. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dynamics of Sloth: Fin Amour and Divine Mercy in John Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Pratt traces the development "of the Pyramus and Thisbe material . . . from its Ovidian origins via medieval Latin rhetorical exercises, adaptations in French, German, and Dutch and its eventual inclusion in late medieval story collections, notably Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' and Boccaccio's 'De mulieribus Claris'," considering along the way Gower's version in "Confessio Amantis" III.1331ff., briefly comparing it with the Christine de Pizan's tale as a moralized exemplum of foolish haste in love--noting Gower's "innovative assertion" that the lovers "make the hole in the wall themselves" (275)--and contrasting it with Dirc Potter's account which exemplifies good love. Pratt reports Kathryn McKinley's claim (2011) that Gower removed the tragi-comic or bathetic features of Ovid's original by following the version in the "Ovide moralisé"; she does not address the manuscript contexts of Gower's version, as she does with most of the others she discusses. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pratt, Karen. Published Pratt, Karen. "The Dynamics of the European Short Narrative in its Manuscript Context: The Case of Pyramus and Thisbe." In The Dynamics of the Medieval Manuscript: Text Collections from a European Perspective. Eds. Karen Pratt, Bart Besamusca, Matthias Meyer, and Ad Putter. (Göttingen: V&R Academic, 2017). Pp. 257-85. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Dynamics of the European Short Narrative in its Manuscript Context: The Case of Pyramus and Thisbe. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott identifies a dual-purposed pun on "Aquilonica" as referencing both "aquilo" (Henry IV's nickname) and "aquila" ("north," i.e., Ravenspur where he landed to begin his conquest of England) in the couplet (Cronica Tripertita 3. 142-43): "Vela petunt portum quem sors prope contulit ortum; Vt dux concepit, Aquilonica littora cepit." ["To fated eastern port by sail they hasten forth; The duke, as he had planned, made landfall in the North."] (319). "The allusive, compressed effect of the double hidden reference in 'aquilonica' argued for in the present note was entirely in keeping with the allusive, compressed style of Gower's composition" (320). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "The Eagle Has Landed: A Prophetic Pun in John Gower's 'Cronica tripertita'." ANQ: American Notes and Queries 36 (2023): 319-20. Gower Subject Cronica Tripertita Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Eagle Has Landed: A Prophetic Pun in John Gower's "Cronica tripertita." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A study of manuscripts and printed editions available to sixteenth-century readers, with citations of evidence of ownership and usage, based on marginalia and sixteenth-century references to the texts. Includes a chapter on the CA, with the conclusion that it was much known and read in the sixteenth century. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hertzig, Marie J. Published Hertzig, Marie J. "The Early Recension and Continuity of Certain Middle English Texts in the Sixteenth Century. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, 1973. Dissertation Abstracts International 34A (1973): 1913-14. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Early Recension and Continuity of Certain Middle English Texts in the Sixteenth Century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "Since the eighteenth century," Galloway contends, "economic thought has made identity legible in terms of production, consumption, and profit . . . . In later medieval culture social thought was often framed in terms of an economy of need" (310). Proceeding from the canonists (Gratian, and especially Aquinas [cf. Sum. Theo. 2a2ae q.77 art. 4], Galloway illustrates the presence of the notion of a common possession of necessities for all men to share when in exigency in the writings of English chroniclers (e.g., Knighton), canonists (William Lyndwood), Ranulph Higden, in John of Trevisa's translation (and Trevisa himself, in his "Dialogue" of 1387), and in "the London writers" Gower, Chaucer, and Langland. These "especially elaborated the contradictions of this frame of thought" (310); they each, despite their different temperaments and concerns, share a "critical scrutiny [that] shows how the idea of an 'economy of need' would ultimately collapse" (310). Galloway identifies Gower's narrative of "The Trump of Death" (CA 1.2021-2253) in which "poverty and age are reducible to the same 'ymage'--whose value is precisely that it reflects the viewer and the donor, not the perspective of the needy themselves" (319). The king in the tale thus can be read in "the surrogate role of natural law, by which he is able to impose the terror of mortality" (320). Gower's shaping of his material in "The Trump of Death" can thus be seen as "an acceptance of royal absolutism, by analogy with the arbitrary force of necessity," but also (and this seems to be more Galloway's own view) "as highlighting and critiquing how kings usurp the power of necessity for their own all-too-human desires, which here turn out to be mercifully instructive if somewhat cruelly applied, but which might as easily have been turned to more pernicious ends" (320).] [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 28.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew Published Galloway, Andrew. "The Economy of Need in Late Medieval English Literature." Viator 40 (2009), pp. 309-331. ISSN 0083-5897 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Economy of Need in Late Medieval English Literature Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This study of T&C, which we ought to have noticed here somewhat sooner, is notable for its use of VC to create what Wood openly calls a "Gowerian" reading of Chaucer's poem (pp. 168-69). The passages from VC that he draws upon most heavily are the opening chapters of Book 5, on love and knighthood; Book 6, chapter 12, on the king; the indictment of contemporary England in Book 7, chapter 24; and the general treatment of free will and fortune in Books 1 and 2. Citing the dedication of T&C to "moral Gower" and the likelihood of extensive personal contacts between the two men, he argues that Chaucer could not have presented the poem to Gower if it contained a view of love radically different from the dedicatee's. He concludes that T&C, like VC, is a condemnation of illicit passion, particularly among the nobility; that like VC, it was written at least in part in response to the grave social and political disturbances of the 1370's; and that "the issues of love, freedom, marriage, and loyalty in Old Troy [in T&C] are essentially the same as those treated by John Gower in his poem Vox Clamantis about the New Troy" (p. 165). Wood refers to CA only in passing, and then implying it advances the same straightforward view of love as VC; he gives short shrift to the suggestions that Gower's reading of T&C might have inspired the more complex and more sophisticated treatment of love in CA. On at least one small point Wood may be corrected: the many references to blind ness in a poem dedicated to Gower are merely coincidental, for the Dedicatory Epistle to VC that Wood cites as evidence of Gower's blind ness (p. 162) was only added after 1399. Reviews by Ian Bishop, SAC, 7 (1985), 270-72; and A.V.C. Schmidt, Medium AEvum, 55 (1986), 135-37). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 8.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wood, Chauncey Published Wood, Chauncey. "The Elements of Chaucer's Troilus." Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1984 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Elements of Chaucer's Troilus. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Duke University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In a tongue-in-cheek send-up of alchemy, refers to CA as a rewrite of the "Secreta Secretorum," with a "fancy" title, and the cause of Gower's going blind. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Talbot, Charles H. Published Talbot, Charles H. The Elixir of Youth." In Beryl Rowland, ed. Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974, pp. 31-42. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Elixir of Youth. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain" (EMLB) is a comprehensive reference work with over 600 substantial entries, in four volumes, totaling over 2000 pages, covering the years 449-1541. As the introduction states, the EMLB "seeks to redefine the study of medieval British literature as the study of the literature of medieval Britain" (lxxxviii), thus one of its great strengths is its focus on the multilingual and multicultural aspects of the literature of medieval Britain, including Latin, French, Celtic, and continental as well as English literatures and issues. Gower appears in a number of entries in the EMLB, including those on Estates Satire (Roger Ladd), Exemplum (Larry Scanlon), Legal Writing (Candace Barrington), the Loathly Lady (S. Elizabeth Passmore), Mirrors for Princes (Misty Schieberle), and Apollonius of Tyre (Elizabeth Archibald), among others. The EMLB also contains entries devoted exclusively to Gower: a substantial (approx. 7000 word) main entry for John Gower (R. F. Yeager) and one shorter (approx. 3500 word) entry each on his English Poetry (Matthew W. Irvin), French Poetry (Siân Echard), and Latin Poetry (Siân Echard). Yeager's entry covers what we know of Gower's life, as well as his critical reputation and influence during and after his life. This is followed by an overview of Gower's works, with a section each devoted to the French, Latin, and English works, which all include discussion of the content, form, and manuscripts of the works. Yeager's overarching approach is to highlight just how revolutionary and significant Gower's works are. The three entries that follow focus upon Gower's poetry in each of those three languages. While there is some overlap in each section with Yeager's primary entry on Gower, the entries by Irvin (on the English works) and Echard (on the French and Latin works) provide more detail concerning the content, forms, and manuscript issues, as well as sources and analogues. Each of the Gower entries concludes with references and useful lists of further readings. While the entries as a whole will provide students a substantive foundation for further study of Gower, even the most experienced Gowerian will undoubtably find (or be reminded of) useful information in them as well. [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Echard, Siân, ed. Rouse, Robert Allen, ed. Yeager, R. F. Irvin, Matthew W. Echard, Siân Ladd, Roger Scanlon, Larry Barrington, Candace Passmore S. Elizabeth Schieberle, Misty Archibald, Elizabeth Published Echard, Siân, and Robert Allen Rouse, eds. The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. 4 vols. (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2017). Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Bibliographies, Reports, and Reference Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower and Chaucer are models for fifteenth-century poets like Lydgate. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek. Published Pearsall, Derek. "The English Chaucerians." In D. S. Brewer, ed. Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature (University: University of Alabama Press, 1966, pp. 222, 235. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English Chaucerians. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Jonson uses Gower as an examples of good English usage, with liberal quotation. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Jonson, Ben. Waite, A. V., ed. Published Jonson, Ben. The English Grammar. London, 1640. Ed. A. V. Waite. New York: Sturgis and Walton, 1909, pp. 112, 115-18, 120-22, 124, 126-27, 130-31, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English Grammar. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1640 1909 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Carlson discusses accounts of the English invasion of Castile in 1367 that, like Gower's pro-Lancastrian "Cronica tripertita" (1400), may be analyzed as examples of state propaganda. These include: a French letter presumably written by Edward the Black Prince, who headed the invasion, to his wife Joan, presenting information on battlefield casualties and prisoners; a more detailed account of the same, included in a French verse biography of Edward; a Latin panegyric on John of Gaunt's heroism during the battle, by a Cistercian poet, Walter Peterborough; and another Latin panegyric, this one on the Black Prince himself, entitled "Gloria cunctorum." This last account of the siege of Nájera "is notably short on information" (95), but should be better known to scholars. An appendix presents a critical edition of the account based on three manuscripts and the text printed in Thomas Wright's "Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History" (1859). [MPK. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Carlson, David R. Published Carlson, David R. "The English Literature of Nájera (1367) from Battlefield Dispatch to the Poets." In John Gower in England and Iberia: Manuscripts, Influences, Reception. Ed. Ana Sáez-Hidalgo and R. F. Yeager. Publications of the John Gower Society X. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. 89-101. Gower Subject Cronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English Literature of Nájera (1367) from Battlefield Dispatch to the Poets. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This slim volume consists of an brief introduction by the editor, and eight essays on scribal practices and the reconstruction of authorial language in late Middle English, five by Samuels, two by Smith, and one coauthored. Six were previously published between 1972 and 1985, and another was given as a paper at the New Chaucer Society Congress in 1988. They are reprinted exactly as they first appeared. There is some degree of disjointedness and repetition as a result, but also an opportunity to trace the steps in the process of detection by which the authors have separated out scribal and authorial strata of language in the MSS they examine. One of the key elements in their work was provided by Doyle and Parkes' identification of other MSS copied by scribes "B" and "D" in the Trinity Gower, in their 1978 essay in the Neil Ker Festschrift. Another was Samuels and Smith's own study of "The Language of Gower," reprinted in this volume (pp. 13-22) from Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 92 (1981), in which they demonstrate that the orthography of the Huntington and Fairfax MSS of CA must be virtually identical to Gower's own. In his 1983 essay on "Chaucer's Spelling" (in the present volume, pp. 23-37), Samuels compares the orthography of scribes "B" and "D" in the Trinity MS to the authentic Gowerian spellings in Fairfax in order to discover each scribe's own characteristic habits, and then proceeds to separate the scribe's forms from Chaucer's in the copies that they made of CT. In the two essays that follow (pp. 38-69), Samuels studies the work of scribe "B" (in an essay that first appeared in 1983) and Smith studies that of scribe "D" (in his 1988 New Chaucer Society paper), again with the knowledge of Gower's authentic spellings as a base, in order to sustain Doyle and Parkes' conclusions on the identity of the hand in the manuscripts they attributed to these scribes in face of the attacks on their methodology made by Vance Ramsey. The volume also contains Samuels' essays on "Chaucerian Final '-E'," "Langland's Dialect," and "Spelling and Dialect in the Late and Post-Middle English Periods." The only other essay to refer to Gower is also the only one that has not appeared before, Smith's study of "Spelling and Tradition in Fifteenth-century Copies of Gower's Confessio Amantis" (pp. 96-113). Smith makes two important observations about the orthographical tradition of CA MSS: first, that the distinctive language of the archetype was preserved far more strongly than one would expect or that happened in contemporary copies of CT, a fact he attributes to the status as auctoritas that Gower seems to have enjoyed; and second, that there was only slight influence from the "Chancery" forms that were to become the basis of the written standard. In the last part of his essay he takes up the question of the textual transmission of CA, and observes that the MSS of the groups that Macaulay labelled "first recension, unrevised," "first recension, intermediate," and "second recension (b)" seem to derive from an exemplar with a number of North-West Midlands features. His suggestions on how this situation arose appear to accept Macaulay's explanation of the order of appearance of these groups. In fact, his observations are consistent with other evidence that Macaulay got the order wrong, and that the groups he thought were first in origin were actually those furthest removed both in time and place from the poet himself. The Appendix to this essay contains a valuable list of the MSS of CA with notes on the language forms of each. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Samuels, M.L. Smith, J.J Published Samuels, M.L. and Smith, J.J. "The English of Chaucer and His Contemporaries." Aberdeen: The University Press, 1988 ISBN 0080364039 Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English of Chaucer and His Contemporaries. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints the first stanza of CB 30, reprinting Thomas Warton, 1774-81. No source is given for the printings (with glosses) of CA Prologue, 1-60, 1st recension; from "The Tale of Constance," II, 693-790; and "Alexander and the Pirate," III, 2363-2417. Brief biography and commentary by T. Arnold, critiques the "absurd confusion" of CA and characterizes Gower as "timid and a timeserver." [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Ward, Thomas Humphry, ed. Arnold, T. Published Ward, Thomas Humphry, ed. The English Poets: Selections with Critical Introductions by Various Writers. London and New York: Macmillan, 1880, 1:102-13. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Cinkante Balades Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The English Poets: Selections with Critical Introductions by Various Writers. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1880 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues strongly for a reading of medieval poetry based on the notion of "array"--the outlined, divided, and subdivided parts making up many texts. He proposes a criticism based on "an analysis of outlines," or "an analysis of forma tractatus." Thus, the Confessio Amantis and the Vox Clamantis come in for brief mention, as evidence of versions of the array-making consciousness of the late 14th century. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 1.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Allen, Judson Boyce Published Allen, Judson Boyce. "The Ethical Poetic of the Later Middle Ages: A Decorum of Convenient Distinction." Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982 ISBN 0802023703 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Ethical Poetic of the Later Middle Ages: A Decorum of Convenient Distinction Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Toronto Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower's "Tale of Apollonius" is central to Vincent's analysis of baroque "excess" in Shakespeare's "Pericles." (FYI: To understand Vincent's argument on "baroco," a syllogism, you will need to consult his article "Baroco: The Logic of English Baroque Poetics," MLQ 80.3 [Sept. 2019]: 233-59, and any academic background you may have in formal logic, as the author never provides an example of a baroco syllogism.) Vincent begins by noting the recent deficiency of studies on Shakespeare and the early modern artistic movement known as the "baroque." He locates the origin of the term in the "Scholastic syllogism called Baroco" (33) that was decried by early moderns, e.g. Montaigne, as linked to "excessive complexity and artificiality." Likewise, early modern authors disparaged the typical plot of a medieval romance as absurdly convoluted, piling "adventures upon adventures" (34). Nonetheless, paradoxically, these "baroque" effects were attractive to seventeenth-century poets, including Shakespeare, who based his "Pericles" on (in Vincent's view) Gower's notably "excess[ive]" (36) "Tale of Apollonius" in the "Confessio Amantis," Book VIII. While lacking in organic symmetry and unity, "baroque" literary works were unified by theme (37), a unity supplied by Shakespeare's choric Gower, as he navigates the audience through examples of sinful excess in love, to the equally extreme, but morally pure love ultimately achieved by Pericles and his wife and daughter (40). The paradigm for Shakespeare's "allegory of excess," per Vincent, is found in Gower's epigraph to the "Tale of Apollonius": "Omnibus est communis amor, set et immoderatos/Qui facit excessus, non reputatur amans." The alternative to such "immoderate excesses" in love is the rightly directed, "moderate excess" exemplified by Apollonius, Pericles, and Southwell's "Mary Magdalene" (38-40). Other baroque effects anticipated in "Apollonius," and recurring in "Pericles," are the hero's melancholy (related to Christian patience), and an over-the-top, miraculous conclusion to the story (41-44). [LBB. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Vincent, Robert Hudson. Published Vincent, Robert Hudson. "The Excesses of Romance: Shakespeare's Pericles and the Baroque." The Shakespearean International Yearbook, 20: Special Section, "Pericles, Prince of Tyre," ed. Tom Bishop et al. New York: Routledge, 2024: 32-49. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Excesses of Romance: Shakespeare's "Pericles" and the Baroque. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This thesis examines the legal aspects of the writings of the fourteenth-century poet John Gower, with particular attention paid to his Confessio Amantis. The first chapter discusses the generic similarities between the legal case and the exemplum and argues that Gower frequently uses the exemplum to analyze difficult legal questions. The three subsequent chapters elaborate on the types of legal problems that Gower broaches, ranging from questions of jurisdiction in international law (the legal status of emperor, pope and king) in chapter two, to the constitutional powers of the king in chapter three, to the legality of private vengeance in chapter four. In the process a number of other legal topics are also analyzed, such as key jurisprudential concepts (e.g., equity and the rigor iuris) and aspects of criminal law (particularly treason, felony, and malice aforethought). Whereas Gower's association with the law has traditionally been approached through biographical readings (the life records), this thesis attempts to broaden our understanding of the legal dimension of his literary writings. Author/Editor Author/Editor Van Dijk, Conrad J Published Van Dijk, Conrad J. "The Exemplum As Legal Case: John Gower and the Limits of the Law." PhD thesis, University of Western Ontario, 2007. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Exemplum As Legal Case: John Gower and the Limits of the Law. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The exemplum is the basic unit of the 'Confessio Amantis,' since each of Gower's tales in the poem is presented as a moral story, but in order to understand the role of the exemplum in the work it is necessary to know the history of the form and its varied uses. For that reason, this study of the 'Confessio Amantis' traces the development of the exemplum from classical literature to Gower's time and proceeds to an analysis of certain major tales in the 'Confessio Amantis' to show that Gower often used rhetorical figures in adapting his exempla from original sources. An important result of the rhetorical analysis of certain tales is the discovery that, in writing his exempla, Gower utilized rhetorical figures to enhance the morality of the tale, i.e., to make good and evil more obvious in each exemplum. There is, however, a wider significance to the exemplum in the 'Confessio Amantis,' and that significance is found by comparing Gower's collection of exempla with three other collections: the exempla gathered by Jacques de Vitry, the collection of moral tales by Etienne de Bourbon, and the 'Speculum Morale' by Vincent of Beauvais. Each of these collections contains numerous exempla which are, with the exception of Jacques' tales, subsumed under various divisions of the seven deadly sins. A comparison of Gower's poem with the three Latin collections shows that Gower arranged the subdivisions of each of the main sins in a much more imaginative way than the French monks did, and an analysis of the two main parts of the 'Confessio Amantis,' Books I-IV and V-VIII, shows how the structure of Gower's work differs from the three other works mentioned as well as differing from Robert Mannyng's 'Handlyng Synne,' whose exempla are also abstracted in this study. Thus, by approaching Gower as an exemplarist and by comparing him with other exemplarists, some of the genuine significance and artistry of the 'Confessio Amantis' becomes evident, just as it also becomes evident that John Gower was a far more clever and talented poet than centuries of misreading have allowed him to be." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor McNally, Joseph Augustine. Published McNally, Joseph Augustine. "The Exemplum in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph.D. Diss. University of South Carolina 1982. DAI 43(4): 1154A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Exemplum in John Gower's "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review MO and CA are firmly within the tradition of exemplum literature as defined by sermons and ecclesiastical writings. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Mosher, Joseph Albert. Published Mosher, Joseph Albert. The Exemplum in the Early Religious and Didactic Literature of England. New York: Columbia University Press, 1911, pp. 124-27. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literature Relations Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Exemplum in the Early Religious and Didactic Literature of England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Iwasaki considers constructions such as the following one, chosen almost at random from among the many examples that he cites: "Bot al the Marche of thoccident / Governeth under his empire, / As he that was hol lord and Sire CA Prol. 720-22). Iwasaki provides a table showing the number of examples of each of the different variations on this structure (that/which/the which; different antecedent pronouns) in both Chaucer and Gower, and discusses some of the constraints on choice among the different possibilities. Gower uses the structure more frequently than Chaucer. Only rarely does it suggest comparison ("like one that") or mean "in the capacity or role of one that" as one might expect from modern English; it is usually, as Macaulay suggests (English Works 1.469), and as the example cited illustrates, the equivalent of a modern English participial phrase ("being lord and Sire"), and most often implies a causal relation to the main clause. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 12.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Iwasaki, Haruo Published Iwasaki, Haruo. "The Expression 'as he which' in Gower's Confessio Amantis." Geibun-Kenkyu Journal of Arts and Letters 58 (1990), pp. 231-40. ISSN 0435-1630 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Expression 'as he which' in Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lists Gower as a fourteenth-century poet, and CA as a source for Shakespeare. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Reynolds, George P. Greever, Garland. Published Reynolds, George P., and Garland Greever. The Facts and Backgrounds of Literature. New York: Century, 1920, pp. 29, 36, 70. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Facts and Backgrounds of Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Meindl writes: "The king's court is the final element in Gower's analysis of the law in Book VI of the Vox Clamantis prior to the 'speculum principis' that is the Book's climax. Having discussed the men of law, judges, sheriffs, jurors, and bailiffs in chapters one through six, the poet now finds fault in chapter seven with the various advisers who surround the king for the purpose of providing him useful counsel in governing the realm. They, too, are found wanting in an analysis of the current situation in England." [Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Meindl, Robert J. Published Meindl, Robert J. "The Failure of Counsel: Curial Corruption in Book VI of the Vox Clamantis." Accessus: A Journal of Premodern Literature and New Media 4 (2018): n.p. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/accessus/vol4/iss1/2 Gower Subject Vox Clmantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Failure of Counsel: Curial Corruption in Book VI of the "Vox Clamantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Green's essay covers an extraordinary range of literary chronology, from Alanus Capellanus to earl Rivers, tutor to the young Edward IV, and almost everyone in between, on both sides of the Channel. His ostensible purpose is to determine the reality of the "cour amoureuse." Were there any such, and if so, in what style or sense? Ultimately he concludes that "If the courts of love in the late middle ages were indeed little more than a literary embellishment of one side of life in the real court (their plaintiffs court poets, their lawsuits literary debates, their 'billes' actual poems) then it is in the literature itself that we might hope to come closest to the reality" (108). Gower is not one of the "four examples" that constitute his focus, but in the process he cites Gower's treatment of the love court in the "Confessio," connecting it with that of Richard II and Anne of Bohemia (91-92), while noting of the court's appearance in Book VIII that "Gower's view is far from uncritical, of course, and to appreciate the full irony of Venus' rejection of Amans at the end we should recall that it was the accepted duty of the head of a real household to look after old servants" (92). Gower figures one further time, as Green notes that for Gower the "familia Cupidinis" ("family of Cupid") was "not . . . a formal assembly however playfully realized, but as the metaphorical expression of an aspect of courtly society--in this case, its jurisdiction over all forms of polite behaviour" (100). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Green, Richard Firth. Published Green, Richard Firth. "The Familia Regis and the Familia Cupidinis." In V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne, eds. English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 87-108. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Familia Regis and the Familia Cupidinis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Butterfield, Ardis Published Butterfield, Ardis. "The Familiar Enemy: Chaucer, Language and Nation in the Hundred Years War." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 ISBN 9780199574865 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Language and Word Studies Cinkante Balades Review Butterfield has written a book which, in the view of this reader, will alter entirely how the Anglo-French relationship can be understood henceforward by scholars of language, social history, and literature. To do such a book justice requires a format altogether other than this. Suffice it to say that her canvas is vast--the Hundred Years' War--although this is sometimes difficult to recall, amidst so much and so widely-cast learning that includes, among many things, "English, French, and Anglo-French," "puys," treaties, translation theory, politics at all levels of intimacy, from kings and diplomats to Guillaume and La Belle (and poet and poet, mutatis mutandis), music, merchants, manuscripts, stanzaic structure and an unusually clear set of maps that, thoughtfully examined, depict virtually by themselves the ebb and flow of Anglo-French "intertextuality" between 1157 and 1429. It is a book that (happily!) will gore a few sacred cows: Butterfield's gentle but unavoidable revision of English "nationhood" (she has her doubts), must needs give pause to those now busily engaged in defining that concept; and her argument that the assumption of Chaucer's centrality for the history of English letters requires rethinking is entirely persuasive. So also is the powerful case she makes for lyric poetry as having been taken as seriously--if not more so--as narrative poetry, long the sole focus of medieval literary scholarship in England and the U.S. Hence it is no surprise that Butterfield accords Gower's "Cinkante Balades" an important position on this panorama. Altogether rightly, she treats Gower's balades as part of "a passage of words across Anglo-French boundaries" (246). Reading five balades in particular through the lens of their common refrains (an approach grown out of meticulous studies of poetry and music she has pursued over the last decade), she positions Gower in relation to Chaucer, Graunson, Machaut, Thomas de Paien, and Froissart (and with Deschamps hovering in the background), developing convincingly the "conversational" nature of what is--clearly--self-conscious exchange. For Butterfield, these poets read each others' "forme fixe" work with high seriousness, borrowed from each other, fully expecting their own poems to be so scrutinized--and borrowed from--as well. Hers is the best, most powerful claim yet for the elevation of the balade as an intra-and international form, to a parallel place alongside the narrative and polemical verse of the late middle ages--and of course for Gower's substantial place amongst international practitioners, too. Typically, she moves from the micro to macro by way of concluding: "A further implication of such material is that it shows us another model of how language is exchanged. It is particularly pertinent to the larger argument of this book that these examples of cross-reference pass between authors that we now categorize as English and French, but that then had a much looser identity . . . . In short, the categories of English and French in the late fourteenth century are more porous than source study usually implies, and the linguistic and literary relationships are conducted by means of, and sometimes against the grain of, many subtle distinctions of position, status, and cultural ambition that are not adequately rendered by the single opposition English and French" (264-65). This is a magnificent book, rich, learned, challenging--one all who would know Gower should read. (One very minor point for Gowerians: the reference to the "800th anniversary conference held July 2008," on pg. 239, n. 20, adds an extra two hundred years to Gower's antiquity.) [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 29.2.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Familiar Enemy: Chaucer, Language and Nation in the Hundred Years War. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The name is Norman French, meaning "seven winnowing fans," three of which surmount the family arms (azure, three fans or). The first Septvans documented in England held the manor of Aldington in Kent, in 1180. The article names wives and children (with a detailed family tree between pp. 112-13), and provides dates of births and deaths into the 17th century. There is a very brief mention of the "Septvans case," involving the fleecing of the under-age William de Septvans, and some account of his later life, including his capture, while serving as Sheriff of Kent, by the rebel mob in 1381 (112-13). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tower, Sir Reginald. Published Tower, Sir Reginald. "The Family of Septvans." Archaeologia Cantiana 40 (1928): 105-30. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Family of Septvans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review O'Callaghan surveys the sources for, and the larger tradition that lies behind, the passage on the 15 stars and their corresponding stones and herbs in CA 7.1281-1438. The entire discussion functions with reference to the larger theme of lovers' misuse of magic and sorcery, introduced under the heading of Gluttony in Book 6. Even more broadly, she suggests, the passage is one of several betraying Gower's deep interest in science. In assessing how this portion of the poem was received, she gives particular attention to the illustrations in Pierpont Morgan MS M.126, which not only devotes a miniature to each of the 15 stars but also shows stars in the illustrations to several other key passages in the poem, in each case providing a reminder "that the heavens rule the actions of those on earth" (155). "The patron who commissioned this manuscript viewed the Confessio Amantis as a book of wisdom and magical lore rather than a poem on love and vice" (155), and for Gower too, O'Callaghan suggests, Book 7 was more central to CA than has been supposed by those who read the poem as a "love-vision" (156). [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 30.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor O'Callaghan, Tamara F Published O'Callaghan, Tamara F. "The Fifteen Stars, Stones and Herbs: Book VII of the Confessio Amantis and its Afterlife." In Gower, Trilingual Poet: Language, Translation, and Tradition. Ed. Dutton, Elisabeth, and Hines, John, and Yeager, R.F. Cambridge: Brewer, 2010, pp. 139-56. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Fifteen Stars, Stones and Herbs: Book VII of the Confessio Amantis and its Afterlife Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Santano Moreno offers important new evidence on the dates of both the surviving Castilian translation of CA by Juan de Cuenca and the lost Portuguese translation of Robert Payn on which it was based. It has been assumed that the Portuguese version was done during the reign of João I (1385-1433), who was married to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt (ob. 1413). Santano Moreno finds, however, that the Spanish translator's rendering of Gower's "an hundred pounds" (CA 5.2719) as "seys çientas coronas" corresponds almost precisely to the rate of exchange fixed by decree during the first years of João's successor, King Duarte (1433-38), who was also well known for his own literary activity. Such a date is not inconsistent with what is known about the life of Robert Payn. Duarte is also known to have corresponded with his cousin Juan II of Castile about their common interests in literature, accounting for the subseqeunt transmission of the work into Spain. Santano Moreno cites Juan de Cuenca's reference to himself as a "vesjno de la çibdad de Huete" to demonstrate that the Castilian translation could not have been done before 1428, the year in which Huete first received a royal charter. He also provides a new date for the single surviving manuscript: where it has been believed until now that was written between 1400 and 1450, Santano Moreno maintains on the basis of the watermarks and the hand that it must date from the last decades of the fifteenth century. In the course of his argument, Santano Moreno summarizes most that has previously been written about the two translations, and he provides a bibliography. His essay is now the best place to begin for anyone interested in the transmission of Gower's work outside of England. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 10.2] [This article also appears as "Some Observations on the Dates and Circumstances of the Fifteenth-Century Portuguese and Castilian Translations of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." SELIM 1 (1991): 106-22.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Santano Moreno, Bernardo Published Santano Moreno, Bernardo. "The Fifteenth-Century Portuguese and Castilian Translations of John Gower, 'Confessio Amantis'." Manuscripta 35 (1991), pp. 23-34. Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Fifteenth-Century Portuguese and Castilian Translations of John Gower, 'Confessio Amantis' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The figure of Medea has undergone many thematic transformations since its first appearance in the epic poems and dramas of ancient Greece. In Hesiod, Medea is a type of fairytale princess. In Euripides, she is a vengeful woman whose wrath inspires the greatest of enormities, the slaughter of her own children. Apollonius portrays a young Medea struggling valiantly, but fruitlessly against a divinely inspired passion. The Latin poets and philosophers depict Medea as titanic, frightening, often a criminal. In Ovid's 'Metamorphoses,' Medea degenerates into a blind destructive force. In the twelfth century 'Roman de Troie,' Medea undergoes a remarkable transformation when she is placed in the context of 'fin' amor.' Here she is a positive, life-sustaining figure motivated to perform helpful deeds by her noble passion. In medieval literature, the fortunes of the figure of Medea follow the writers' attitude toward secular love. When the medieval poet approves of 'fin' amor,' Medea is portrayed positively. However, when secular passion is denigrated in favor of divine love, Medea is characterized as a type of wilfull, destructive woman, at the mercy of her unrestrained lust. In the French prose versions of the 'Roman de Troie,' Guido delle Colonne's 'Historia Destructionis Troiae,' and Boccaccio's 'De Mulieribus Claris,' such a negative Medea may be found. However, in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women' and Gower's 'Confessio Amantis,' Medea is portrayed as a saint of secular love for her unstinting fidelity to Jason. At the hands of Chaucer and Gower, Medea receives her most radical transformation, sanctification in the context of 'fin'amor'." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Feimer, Joel Nicholas. Published Feimer, Joel Nicholas. "The Figure of Medea in Medieval Literature: A Thematic Metamorphosis." Ph.D. Diss. City University of New York 1983. DAI 44(10): 3057A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Figure of Medea in Medieval Literature: A Thematic Metamorphosis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Schreiber's dissertation comprises four studies on the place and function of Venus in individual Middle English narratives--one each on Gower's "Confessio Amantis," Lydgate's "Temple of Glas," Henryson's "Testament of Cresseid," and the "Kingis Quair"--prefaced by a survey of the goddess in medieval mythographic tradition. Each of these stands on its own but Schreiber throws up his hands when he thinks about pulling them together in his conclusion: "the poetic values of the goddess are most difficult to delineate, and thus, I suggest, a summary of the 'figurae' of Venus would entail restatement of the analyses which I have already given" (140). The plural "figurae"/"figures" mentioned here might well have appeared in the title of Schreiber's dissertation, as he states and reiterates Venus's variety and ambiguities throughout--description and source study rather than synthesis. In his discussion of the CA Schreiber grounds an argument for the unity of Gower's work--which he considers "well unified"; its "vision consistent" (35)--upon the idea that Amans undergoes "self-discovery through the process of confession," with Venus playing a role "much like Lady Philosophy who told Boethius that he had forgotten his true identity" (48), even while she is "highly ambiguous" (49). As with Venus, Schrieber says, "we are also unsure of the true character of her priest Genius" (50). Surveying the double (or triple) nature of Venus and similar background to Genius in medieval philosophy and "philosophical poetry" (John Scotus Erigena, Alain de Lille, Bernardus Silvestris, the "Roman de la Rose," and more), Schreiber suggests that Amans' eventual self-recognition and progress from lower to higher love are signified in Book VIII, when Venus re-appears with her mirror, with its multiple "traditional functions"; she then disappears again because she does not "participate in the new dispensation, wherein understanding becomes wisdom only by the infusion of divine charity. Instead, she is . . . Scotus' 'bonae ac naturales virtues' and Bernardus' 'musica mundana,' the good Venus of Alan's 'De planctu' who represents the proper exercise of man's natural virtues in the economy of Creation" (60-61). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schreiber, Earl George. Published Schreiber, Earl George. "The Figure of Venus in Late Middle English Poetry." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Illinois, 1969. Dissertation Abstracts International 31 (1970): 767A. Full-text available at ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Figure of Venus in Late Middle English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fredell seeks a new approach to what he terms "a longstanding puzzle"--the Henrician and Ricardian forms of the poem. He calls for a reconsideration of Macaulay's three recensions, proposing a notion of multiple competing approaches presenting Gower's work in a relatively short period of time at the turn of the fifteenth century, and he offers instead of recensions what he terms a "late state" model as a way to explain, and date, the variations in manuscripts of the "Confessio Amantis." Crucial to his argument is New York, Morgan Library MS M.690, "associated with Ricardian 'Confessio's" (200), which he considers possibly the first "Confessio" (220). However, because crucial folios are missing from its beginning and end (loci of tell-tale dedications, etc.) Fredell judges the question ultimately "insoluable"--while suggesting, nonetheless, the possibility that the excision of the front and read folios, where sections complimentary to Richard might have been found, was intentional (220-21). In support of his argument for an early date for Morgan M. 690, Fredell provides a thoughtful and exacting discussion of London styles for decorative borders after 1400, and argues for strong similarities between Morgan M. 690 and the group of manuscripts containing the work of "Scribe D" (so named by Doyle and Parkes 1978), recently claimed by Linne Mooney and Estelle Stubbs to be John Marchaunt of the Guildhall. Fredell is careful not to argue past his evidence, refraining from stating categorically that Morgan M. 690 was the earliest surviving Ricardian "Confessio." His argument does considerably complicate our thinking around the recension model by replacing a multi-decade chronology over the presumed time of completion of the "Confessio," drawing it into the Lancastrian usurpation and Henry IV's early reign. [RAL. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fredell, Joel. Published Fredell, Joel. "The First Emergence of the Ricardian 'Confessio': Morgan M. 690." In Margaret Connolly, Holly James-Maddocks, and Derek Pearsall, eds. Scribal Cultures in Late Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Linne R. Mooney (Woodbridge, Suff.: Boydell Press for York Medieval Press, 2022). Pp. 200-21. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The First Emergence of the Ricardian "Confessio": Morgan M. 690. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As part of a vigorous defense of the role of Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, in the literary culture of the late fourteenth century, both in England and on the continent (and implicitly of the importance of other royal female contemporaries as well), Coleman argues that Philippa not only served, after her marriage to João I, King of Portugal, as the means by which Gower's CA became translated into both Portuguese and Spanish, but that she also, much earlier, as the recipient and presumed disseminator of Deschamps' ballade 765, in which she is named as the queen of those who hold with the order of the flower, helped provide the occasion for the commissioning of both CA and LGW, each of which makes allusion to the cults of the flower and the leaf. Coleman promises more on the circumstances of the commissioning of these two poems in an essay forthcoming in On John Gower: Essays at the Millennium, ed. R.F. Yeager, scheduled to be published in April 2007. The present essay gathers a great deal of information about Philippa's life, particularly about the many attempted betrothals arranged by her father on her behalf. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 26.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Coleman, Joyce Published Coleman, Joyce. "The Flower, the Leaf, and Philippa of Lancaster." In The Legend of Good Women: Context and Reception. Ed. Collette, Carolyn P. Chaucer Studies (36). Cambridge: Brewer, 2006, pp. 33-58. ISBN 9781843840718 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Flower, the Leaf, and Philippa of Lancaster Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief assessment, generally negative, of Gower as moral and unimaginative. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pattee, Fred Lewis. Published Pattee, Fred Lewis. The Foundations of English Literature. Boston: Silver Burdett, 1899, pp. 107, 116, 117, 121, 135, 142, 168. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Foundations of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "Since the medieval frame narrative originated in Arabia, works in this tradition reflect, in structure and method, Arabic aesthetic principles often opposed to Greek principles of organic unity, symmetry, and completeness. Some notable features of this aesthetic are looseness of structure, autonomy of parts, open-endedness, and the use of external organizing devices such as a controlling narrator or a pervading travel or wisdom theme. The eighth-century 'Panchatantra,' the first significant frame narrative, has a loosely designed, logically incomplete Arabic frame tenuously tied to tightly plotted and intricately organized Indian boxing tales. Consistently patterned on the Arabic aesthetic, the 'Panchatantra' served as a model for the twelfth-century Spanish 'Disciplina Clericalis' of Petrus Alfonsi, which acted as a major transitional work, funneling elements of content and structure to European vernacular writers. Later Western frame narratives perpetuated basic Arabic features but also contained features which are ultimately Greek. The 'Decameron' shows the growing tension between Eastern and Western pressures. It has a tighter structure than earlier frame narratives, with its apparently symmetrical ten-by-ten mode of organization, but analysis reveals the traditional randomness and open-endedness. In the 'Confessio Amantis,' Gower adapts the frame narrative to a Western allegorical purpose; despite the seemingly tight structure of the 'Confessio,' open-endedness and other Arabic features are prominent. Various other medieval Western frame narratives, including the Western versions of the 'Seven Sages' and 'El Conde Lucanor,' likewise synthesize elements of East and West. The culminating work in the genre, the 'Canterbury Tales,' shows its Arabic roots in its method of narration, its reliance on external organizing devices, and its open-endedness, but it is shaped as well by classical and Christian elements. Chaucer manipulates features from both East and West in a sophisticated manner, fully exploiting the dynamic opposing forces that had evolved in the genre. [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gittes, Katharine Slater. Published Gittes, Katharine Slater. "The Frame Narrative: History and Theory." Ph.D. Diss. University of California San Diego 1983. DAI 44.12: 1444A. Gower Subject Coinfessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Frame Narrative: History and Theory. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Associates CA as a type with "The Fables of Bidpai" and the "Disciplina Clericalis," as a poem with a moral, a framework, and illustrative tales. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Clawson, W. H. Published Clawson, W. H. "The Framework of the Canterbury Tales." University of Toronto Quarterly 20 (1951): 137-54. Reprinted in "Chaucer: Modern Essays in Criticism." Edited by Edward Wagenknecht. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, pp 3-22. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Framework of the Canterbury Tales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review With the publication of this volume, the companion to Yeager's edition and translation of "The Minor Latin Works" (see JGN 26, no.1, April 2007), every last shred of Gower's writings in French and Latin is now available in modern English translation, for which some professional Gowerians are likely to be just as grateful as their students. In addition to the "Traitié pour essampler les amantz marietz" and the "Cinkante balades," Yeager has included Quixley's early 15th-century English translation of the "Traitié," with its own introduction, plus a helpful "Note on Gower's French" by Brian Merrilees (which will be most useful to those who already have some familiarity with Middle French). For the two main works, Yeager provides an introduction, the text with an "en face" translation, explanatory notes, and textual notes. The introductions summarize Yeager's valuable earlier work on the dates and intended audiences of these poems. He places the "Traitié" earlier than is usually supposed, closer to the date of the composition of the "Confessio Amantis," and the "Cinkantes balades" not much later, in the very early 1390s. The French texts of the poems are enough to make this volume worth owning, since otherwise they are available only in Macaulay's hard-to-find edition. Together with the textual notes, they appear to be taken directly from Macaulay, though I could not find any description of Yeager's editorial procedure. (The text of Quixley is taken from MacCracken's 1909 edition rather than from the surviving manuscript; see p. 163.) The explanatory notes often provide a valuable supplement to Macaulay's, tracing more of Gower's references back to their source, but they are stronger on the patristic background to some of the doctrines expressed in the "Traitié" than they are, for instance, on the allusions to contemporary vernacular poetry in the "Cinkante Balades." The portion of this volume that will no doubt get the heaviest use, however, will be the translations. As in his volume of Gower's shorter Latin works, Yeager offers a line-by-line translation that does not aim to capture the poetic qualities of Gower's verse but that does serve the needs of the student who is trying to make sense of the original. As an illustration, here is Yeager's translation of number 35, one of the best known of the balades because of its recollection both of Chaucer's "Parlement of Foules" and of the opening of the "Confessio," 1.100-07: "St. Valentine, greater than any emperor, / Holds a parliament and assembly / Of all the birds,who come on his day, / Where the female takes her mate /5/ In proper love; but by comparison / Of such a thing I am unable to have my own part: / Whoever remains alone is unable to have great joy. / As the phoeniox is alone in its home / In the region of Arabia, /10/ Just so my lady in the place of her love / Remains alone, where whether I wish it or not, / She has no care about my supplication, / Because I know not how to find the pathway of love: / Whoever remains alone is unable to have great joy. /15/ Oh how Nature is full of favor / To those birds who have their choice! / Oh if, instead of my state, I might be / In just that same situation as theirs! / Nature is more capable than reason is, /20/ And in my state it senses very well the path: / Whoever remains alone is unable to have great joy. / Each gentle tercel has her falcon, / But I am lacking what I want to have: / My lady, it is the end of my song, /25/ Whoever remains alone is unable to have great joy." One has to have sympathy with any translator: there are always a countless number of choices to make and at each point, some reader is likely to be dissatisfied. With Gower, some of the challenges stem from the fact that French was not his native language, and he often seems uncertain both about his morphology and about his syntax. There is also always the question of how literal one should be. I have a number of quibbles with Yeager's translation which I have discussed with him, and the main difference between us is that I tend to be more literal where he sometimes bases his translation on his understanding of the poem as a whole and on his desire to eschew what he terms "the clunky." Here are my differences in this balade. In line 6, "D'ascune part ne puiss avoir la moie," I take d'ascune part to mean simply "nowhere": "Nowhere am I able to have mine [i.e., my companion]." En droit de, which Yeager translates as "because of" in line 5 and "instead of" in line 10, I would translate in the more general and usual sense of "with regard to" in both cases. In line 13, I would take sique as "so that" rather than "because." Line 20, "En mon estat tresbien le sente et voie," I would translate "In my condition very well do I feel and see it." And in line 22, I would put "his" falcon rather than "her": a tercel is by definition a male, and Gower wrote "sa faucon" rather than the usual "son," substituting the natural gender of the bird for the normal grammatical gender of "faucon." (Yeager, in our correspondence, justified his translation by pointing to line 4.) Differences such as these occur throughout CB. I find the translation of the "Traitié" to be closer to what I expect on the whole, but there are a few bones to pick there as well. Yeager will be making some revisions in the on-line version of this edition, but these few issues do not detract from the value of this volume, and it will be a welcome addition to our libraries. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society 30.2} Author/Editor Author/Editor Gower, John Published Gower, John. "The French Balades." TEAMS Middle English Text Series . Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, 2011 ISBN 9781580441551 Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The French Balades Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Medieval Institute, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Calin, William Published Calin, William. "The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England." Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994 Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Review Calin includes a chapter on Gower (pp. 371-98) in this lengthy and detailed survey of the relation of late medieval English literature to its continental French and Anglo-Norman predecessors. Most of the chapter has already appeared in nearly identical form as an essay in the special Gower issue of Mediaevalia in 1993. There, Calin surveyed "John Gower's Continuity in the Tradition of French Fin' Amor," using CB and CA to show how the richness and complexity of Gower's work is oversimplified in seeing it simply as a rejection of earlier French ideals of love. The present chapter includes a discussion of MO, also emphasizing both its debt to its French predecessors and its own inherent richness. Calin is anxious to defend the poem from the charge that as a moral work, it is inherently mediocre and dull. He sees it first of all as a satire, and considers two of its principal achievements Gower's creation of a suitable persona and his choice of the style in which the entire poem is conducted: where CA is "a masterpiece of the plain style," MO is "a master¬piece of the flowing, passionately lofty register of the vernacular literature of ideas" (p. 373). The poem is structured not just by its external frame but by the dominant metaphor of combat -- between virtue and vice, reason and passion, light and darkness, God and Satan -- and by patterns of antithetical imagery: evil and Satan are depicted in the demonic and bestial, in rot, corruption, and decomposition, in poison, and in lies and illusion, all of which are countered by the imagery used in the depiction of the virtues. Ethically, Gower counsels the domination of reason over passion and of hard work and liberality over sloth, but the poem ends with the telling of the story of Mary and Jesus, the persona's own act of penance in an effort to gain his own salvation, and the poet's final answer to the problem of evil in the individual and in society. In the drama of salvation, the individual to be saved, the "Omme" of the title, like the implied author, is a male; the adversaries and "adjuvants" are all female: "phenomenologically, the Self is a man and is passively subject to onslaught or to succour, to being dragged down or pulled up, by woman as the Other" (p. 379), until finally turning to the greatest mother of all at the end. The devil is in the details, as we have been reminded so often recently: Calin gets the rhyme scheme of MO wrong (p. 372), he confuses Anthony Farnham with Winthrop Wetherbee (p. 388), and in his survey of Gower's sources for CA (p. 387), he casually overstates the poet's dependance on French rather than Latin sources. The virtual absence of notes, in this paragraph and throughout the entire chapter, makes it difficult to assess whether Calin has achieved some new insight through his own research or is merely carelessly misrepresenting the labors of his predecessors. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 14.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Toronto Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Surviving in a single manuscript, the 30,000 line MO describes . . . the Seven Deadly Sins and their corresponding virtues, applications of these Virtues and Vices to contemporary England, and . . . [in conclusion] recounts the life of the Virgin" (321). Dating and intended audience are uncertain, with all or most of the poem appearing to predate the Rising of 1381 (322). In a context of "sophisticated social commentary" (323), Gower supports fair trade as necessary for the common good (323-24), while excoriating fraudulent practices with an expert focus on London (324). Nowhere else in his oeuvre would the poet devote so much attention to mercantile theory (324). The Life of Mary provides the "Antidote of sin" (323). [LBB. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 37.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bertolet, Craig E. Published Bertolet, Craig E. "The French Works: Mirour de l'Omme." In Ana Sáez-Hidalgo, Brian Gastle, and R. F. Yeager, eds. The Routledge Research Companion to John Gower (Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 321-27. Gower Subject Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The French Works: Mirour de l'Omme. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower wrote two ballade sequences, both in French, the "Cinkante balades" and the "Traitié pour essampler les amantz marietz," eighteen ballades. The "cinkante" are mostly love poems in the voice of a man or a woman (312), while the "Traitié" ballades univocally excoriate infidelity in marriage (312-13). For both sequences, date of composition and source(s) have been debated, with recent scholarship noting the possible influence of Christine de Pizan (313, 316). Displaying its author's sophisticated command of the fourteenth-century French lyric tradition (314-15), the CB includes an encomium to the new King Henry IV (312). The "Traitié"--despite the reference in most MSS to Gower's impending marriage of 1398--has inspired a scholarly debate as to its original date and intended audience (315-17). [LBB. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 37.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Nicholson, Peter. Published Nicholson, Peter. "The French Works: The Ballades." In Ana Sáez-Hidalgo, Brian Gastle, and R. F. Yeager, eds. The Routledge Research Companion to John Gower (Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 312-20. Gower Subject Cinkante Balades Traitié pour Essampler les Amants Marietz Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The French Works: The Ballades. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Röhrkasten traces the development of antifraternal criticism that rose in the University of Paris in the 1250s, came into sharp focus in 1255 in William of St. Amour's "De periculus novissimorum temporum," and gained a wider public in England in the 1350s when Richard FitzRalph's public preaching in London provoked a fiery outbreak of criticism centered on the "reopening of the question of Christ's poverty" (307). Internal debates within the Franciscan order (Conventuals versus Spirituals) and contentions between orders, Röhrkasten makes clear, contributed over time to a growing conflagration and he describes other flashpoints as well, laying the groundwork for an exhaustive survey of Gower's antifraternal comments in "Mirour de l'Omme" and "Vox Clamantis--a "formidable array of arguments against the mendicants" (314). The sheer capaciousness and inclusivity of this array, Röhrkasten tells us, leads to "disorderly presentation and lack of focus or direction for reform." Gower's "colourful collage of accusations" offers "a rather simplistic message": originally good, the mendicant orders "have deteriorated and become dangerous; they should reform and become good again" (317). Closing his survey with a description of mendicant presence in late-medieval England, Röhrkasten comments on possibilities and likelihoods of Gower's personal familiarity with friars and their communities. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Röhrkasten, Jens. Published Röhrkasten, Jens. "The Friars." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 291-320. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Friars. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In CA 1. 463-80, Gower refers to the asp with a jewel upon his head who protects himself from men who would entice him with enchantments by laying one ear upon the ground and stopping the other with his tail. The sources that are normally cited (Psalm 57, Augustine, and Isidore; see Macaulay Works, 2.468) do not mention the precious stone. Henkin (not Hankin or Hankins, as variously spelled by Conti) suggested that Gower had combined the legend of the snake that stops its ears with a different one drawn from medieval lapidary tradition about a snake or dragon with a jewel in its brain. But Conti has found that the combination already occurs in a homily in the 12th-13th century "Trinity homilies" (Cambridge, Trinity Coll. B.l4.52), which differs from Gower's only in that the snake lays its one ear upon a rock instead of upon the ground. In another 12th-homily found in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 343, there are two snakes, one like Gower's that protects itself against enchantments and another less prudent one that bears golden gems in its head and allows itself to be beguiled. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 28.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Conti, Aidan Published Conti, Aidan. "The Gem-Bearing Serpents of the Trinity Homilies: An Analogue for Gower's Confessio Amantis." Modern Philology 106 (2009), pp. 109-116. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gem-Bearing Serpents of the Trinity Homilies: An Analogue for Gower's Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cady states the major contention of her monograph early: "The focus of this book is on how dominant Western theories about the intrinsic nature of money and value are intimately tied to its beliefs about gender and gender difference. Put another way, gender ideology does not simply inform notions of money and value, it actually forms them. The roots of this isomorphic relationship can be traced to the late Middle Ages" (2). In support of this claim, she examines four works: the "Squire of Low Degree," Lydgate's "Fabula Duorum Mercatorum," Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale," and, from the "Confessio Amantis," the "Tale of Midas," in her third chapter, entitled "Midas's Touch: Common Property and Erotic economies in Book 5 of the Confessio Amantis." In point of fact, her remit is a whit broader, to compass the initial 746 lines of Book V. Having established that Aristotle in his "Politics" designated women as property and that "in the realm of a heterosexual economy, owners are male and property is female," she follows the development of this idea in the work of Tertullian, Augustine, and Aquinas as they wrestle with whether holding property privately is sinful. All eventually conclude that private property is a lamentable but necessary result of the Fall (90-96). Medieval jurisprudence translates the problem of ownership into legal terms (she cites John of Paris and John Fortescue), establishing that "labor is an investment that gives one the right to own a particular good" (96). All of this is preamble to her understanding of Gower's "complex and seemingly contradictory approach to avarice and the synergies and tensions between fiscal and erotic economies" (86) in Book V. The problem Amans faces in Book V--his wish for exclusive possession of his lady, which seems at first glance to dance on the knife-edge of Avarice, and likely make him culpable--has struck readers as a serious dilemma, given the obvious alternative: sharing her with the "'press' of men" that always surrounds her (98). Amans, however, takes a narrow view, denying any tinge of avarice, since he says he cares so little for gold, but only for his lady. Cady points out, however, that Amans "very quickly begins to fantasize about possessing his lover in language that echoes Genius's earlier depiction of avaricious enclosure and its tactile pleasures" (100). "Tactile pleasures" becomes key to Cady's analysis of the "Tale of Midas," for obvious reasons. (This analysis brings her to comment briefly on the tales of Tantalus, "Vulcan, Mars, and Venus," and "The King and His Steward's Wife"). Midas's joy in handling gold recalls Gower's description of the miser--a figure Amans treats in a questionably uncritical manner: "Amans's envy that a miser is able 'to grope and fiele al aboute" his "tresor" [a word Cady has linked to a woman's virginity (100)] whenever he wishes is decidedly disturbing, and hints at the dark violence bubbling underneath this erotic economy" (101). But for Cady Midas himself is less creepy than usurious--that is, by making gold without labor, but just with his touch, he "is perverting both the laws of nature and the laws of economy" (107). It has occurred to Amans, Cady notes, that his lady might be a usurer, in that she accrues benefits, i.e., his love, without labor (111-13)--an observation that requires her to range much farther than the 746 lines she staked out when she began. What she claims Amans "is articulating is a theory of give and take, a principle of exchange, that is at play whether one is talking about fiduciary or erotic matters" (112). This for Cady is the key to Gower's complicated Book V: Amans's love-service is treated as a form of labor that both in contemporary jurisprudence and natural law should earn reward--a reward that, ultimately, is woman's valorization. Her "tresor" has "no value if hoarded" (122); rather her worth derives from her sharing it, but only with one man. [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cady, Diane. Published Cady, Diane. The Gender of Money in Middle English Literature: Value and Economy in Late Medieval England. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-26260-0 978-3-030-26261-7. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gender of Money in Middle English Literature: Value and Economy in Late Medieval England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review From Pease's abstract: ". . . the first evaluative section of this study (Chapter II) is devoted to a comparative analysis between 'Pericles' and the known sources of the play. The resultant conclusion is that Pericles is based primarily upon Book VIII of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' with additional detail from Laurence Twine's 'The Patterne of Painefull Adventures' and the Latin 'Historia Apollonii Regis Tyrii.' More importantly, this section reveals that the story was adapted for the stage and structured by only one author, a craftsman of considerable dramatic skill. Evidence examined in Chapter III demonstrates that the first printed quarto of 1609 (Q1), upon which all other copies are based, is corrupt, for it abounds in mislineations, lost phrases, and jumbled verse. While this corruption accounts for many of the stylistic inconsistencies between Acts I-II and Acts III-V, differences in style . . . indicate two levels of workmanship. . . . Chapter IV [evaluates] those writers . . . suggested as possible originators of at least a portion of Pericles. . . . George Wilkins apparently used a report of the play along with . . . verbatim copying from Twine to produce a novel, 'The Painfull Adventures of Pericles Prince of Tyre' (1608). An investigation of the works which carry Wilkins' name as sole author indicates that Wilkins' unfamiliarity with the Apollonius story precludes the possibility of his having originated the play. . . . The arguments for the other two writers, Thomas Heywood and John Day, are based on verbal correspondences too conjectural to be considered as proof of authorship. The last section of the study is devoted to an examination of the extent of Shakespeare's language, techniques, and theme contained in 'Pericles.' It was determined that Shakespeare was familiar with the Apollonius story as early as 1592-93, that 'Pericles' reflects Shakespeare's known techniques of utilizing source material, that the metrical changes within the play correspond exactly to similar changes in Shakespeare's writing style, and that Shakespearean imagery and thematic ideas are contained throughout all five acts of the play. The concluding hypothesis of this study is that early in his career, Shakespeare began a play based on the Apollonius legend only to lay it aside in order to concentrate on the more popular comedies and chronicle histories. Sometime between 1605 and 1608, Shakespeare, tiring of the heavy psychological demands of the major tragedies and aware of increasing audience interest in the sensationalism of romantic drama . . . [transformed] . . . the . . . Apollonius narrative into a tightly compressed, highly imaginative morality tale . . . later to be expressed more fully in 'The Tempest.'" [RFY. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pease, Ralph William III. Published Pease, Ralph William III. The Genesis and Authorship of Pericles. Ph. D. Dissertation Texas A & M University, 1972. DAI 33 (1973): 4358A. Available online https://www.proquest.com/openview/4eabc22a721f9d492209f47bf7fda6a0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Genesis and Authorship of "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "'Pericles,' a popular play based on the old legend of Apollonius of Tyre and produced in London sometime between 1605-08, has long been the subject of scholarly conjecture. Although all contemporary sources attribute the play wholly to William Shakespeare, most scholars believe the play to be a revision by Shakespeare of a play written by another author. Basing their arguments on internal evidence of changes in literary style between Acts I-II and Acts III-V and on the fact that 'Pericles' was excluded from both the First and Second Folios, scholars have attempted to name either George Wilkins, Thomas Heywood, or John Day as co-author of the play. The first evaluative section (Chapter II) is devoted to a comparative analysis between 'Pericles' and the known sources of the play. The resultant conclusion is that 'Pericles' is based primarily upon Book VIII of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' with additional detail from Laurence Twine's 'The Patterne of Painefull Adventures' and the Latin 'Historia Apollonii Regis Tyrii.' More importantly, this section reveals that the story was adapted for the stage and structured by only one author, a craftsman of considerable dramatic skill. Evidence examined in Chapter III demonstrates that the first printed quarto of 1609 (Q1), upon which all other copies are based, is corrupt, for it abounds in mislineations, lost phrases, and jumbled verse. While this corruption accounts for many of the stylistic inconsistencies between Acts I-II and Acts III-V, differences in style which indicate two levels of workmanship continue to exist. The concluding hypothesis of this study is that early in his career, Shakespeare began a play based on the Apollonius legend only to lay it aside in order to concentrate on the more popular comedies and chronicle histories. Sometime between 1605 and 1608, Shakespeare, tiring of the heavy psychological demands of the major tragedies and aware of increasing audience interest in the sensationalism of romantic drama, such as that done by Beaumont and Fletcher, revived the play he had earlier begun, transforming the long, rambling Apollonius narrative into a tightly compressed, highly imaginative morality tale which encompassed the values of patience and of reconciliation with life, later to be expressed more fully in 'The Tempest'." [eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pease, Ralph W., III. Published Pease, Ralph W., III. "The Genesis and Authorship of 'Pericles.'" Dissertation Abstracts International 33 (1973): 4358A. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Genesis and Authorship of "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Nitzsche's survey of the Genius figure touches on Gower as the last link in a chain of medieval adaptations. After reviewing the Geniuses of Bernardus Silvestris, Alanus de Insulis (Alain of Lille) and Jean de Meun, Nitzsche turns to the CA. Gower's Genius "appears to be an Orpheus figure who wishes to rescue Euridice (concupiscence, or Amans) from the underworld of demonic and disruptive love fantasy" (128). Gower's poem is original in having Amans, not Natura, complain to Venus. It also "offers the most optimistic view of the problem of sin and its solution" (133). Amans is able to move from the Venus of courtly love or lust to the Venus of "caritas" (132). By doing so he becomes a poet, an artificer, a role frequently associated with Genius. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Nitzsche, Jane Chance Published Nitzsche, Jane Chance. "The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages." New York: Columbia University Press, 1975 ISBN 0231038526 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Columbia University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Elias analyzes "a representative section of medieval English literary texts from the late fourteenth century in terms of [identified gnostic tenets], showing how the texts adapt them through the use of a specifically chosen genre (the dream vision), the technique of subversion, and the overall function of art as 'The possibility of making the invisible visible, [and] of giving presence to what can only be imagined,' to create what I call the 'late-medieval gnostic moment'" (3). In the chapters not focused on Gower, Elias discusses the "Pearl"-Poet's oeuvre and "Piers Plowman" (the first chapter and introduction sets up her "gnostic paradigm" framework). The fourth and final chapter of her book, "Gower's Bower of Bliss: A Successful Passing into Hermetic Gnosis," offers readers a thought-provoking interpretation of Gower's "Confessio Amantis," particularly in the relationship of glossing and marginalia as representing both knowledge and nonknowledge (119). Elias argues, "the scope of the 'Confessio' is not necessarily socially oriented but rather a specifically individual endeavor for the salvation in a kind of mystical progress of the soul. In this manner, social change may become possible through personal and individual reflection, which may be attained through a reawakening of the self via the regaining of dormant knowledge (i.e., gnosis)" (120). Elias focuses on the duality of Genius in the poem to make her argument. She suggests this duality of Genius leads to a convergence that then causes Amans to self-reflect, ultimately leading into a gnostic Passing. Elias explains the manuscript and production history of the CA, even inserting her gnostic framework into Gower's formulation of the text to suggest Venus as some sort of Gnostic savior--a "guiding hand" (121). She then explains how "the digressive book (Book 7)" is actually the logical line of the poem to facilitate such Passing. Elias transitions into her chronological close reading of Gower's poem, offering insightful analyses of lines of specific tales in support of her argument. Upon reaching Book 7, Elias reiterates her opinion of the book's Hermetic nature that brings Amans into a sort of spiritual rebirth that takes shape in Book 8 (142-45). Through his introspection in Book 8 initiated by Venus, Amans gains "an epiphanic moment of revelation that culminates in the passing of the spirit into knowledge, a spiritual salvation, a poetic closure" (146). [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Elias, Natanela. Published Elias, Natanela. The Gnostic Paradigm: Forms of Knowing in English Literature of the Late Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gnostic Paradigm: Forms of Knowing in English Literature of the Late Middle Ages. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Erudite and well-documented review of Gower's use of fortune in all of his works, major and minor. Fortuna is an important for Gower, although he never uses the goddess in ways uncharacteristic of his time. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard R. Published Patch, Howard R. The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1927, pp. 24, 30 40, 47-49, 51, 53, 55-59, 61, 63-64, 66, 68, 70-72, 76-77, 79, 81, 83, 94, 97, 99-100, 102-05, 107-11, 113, 119, 121, 155-57, 166, 169. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This wide-ranging study of the figure of Fortuna in medieval literature is based upon Patch's 1915 Harvard dissertation. As Patch states in the preface, given the ubiquitousness of the subject, it would be close-to-impossible to be exhaustive in its coverage. Instead, Patch will "meander through the subject, avoiding the systematic, and taking up each bit of material for what it is worth." Since Fortuna as a literary figure, or trope, is so dependent upon its philosophical and theological contexts, Patch begins by exploring the transformation of Fortuna from antiquity into the Middle Ages, which came to construct Fortuna as both a pagan and Christian figure, one which allowed medieval thinkers to interrogate how a world ruled by a unified and constant deity could itself be so mutable and inconstant. Patch's second chapter, "Traditional Themes of Fortune in Medieval Literature," addresses both the physical descriptions of and themes associated with Fortuna in literary texts. Chapter three, "Functions and Cults," describes the duties associated with the goddess Fortuna, and chapter four, "The Dwelling-Place of Fortune," describes the locales in which Fortune appears in texts. The final chapter focuses upon the image of Fortune's Wheel. Patch's descriptions and discussions do indeed range far and wide in the literary milieux, from Abelard and Heloise to William of Malmesbury. Gower figures prominently (possibly more prominently than any other author) as an example throughout the study, and Patch draws liberally from Gower's entire trilingual oeuvre. Gower's CB XX, for example, provides an example of Fortune turning someone so far down under the wheel that it is impossible for that person to rise again (157). The MO provides an example of Fortune dealing in "aventures" (40). Fortune's weapons are exemplified in the VC 122 (85). And of course the CA provides a wealth of descriptive examples of Fortune's role, appearance, and use, from Fortune bringing enemies together to fight in CA VII.892 (108) to the belief that "Fortune's gifts, after all, come from the stars" in CA VII.639 (77). As a descriptive work, this study does not provide extended analyses or discussions on any one text or author; instead, as the prior examples demonstrate, it uses copious references to provide examples Fortune's appearances and how that figure is used in the texts. As such it would be an extremely useful reference work for any study focusing on this widely deployed figure. [BWG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard. Published Patch, Howard. The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1927. Rpt. New York: Octagon Books, 1967. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Cinkante Balades Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Goddess Fortuna in Mediaeval Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Shows how the gods of love are treated in the School of Chartres, Alanus de Insulis, Jean de Meun, Ovid, and courtly love tradition. Gods are basically negative for Gower, but also sometime represent Caritas as well as Cupiditas. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Williams, Lynn Flinckinger. Published Williams, Lynn Flinckinger. "The Gods of Love in Ancient and Medieval Literature as Background of John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'." Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1967. Dissertation Abstracts International 28 A4193. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gods of Love in Ancient and Medieval Literature as Background of John Gower's "Confessio Amantis" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Compares Gower's version of the Tale of Constance to Chaucer's and Trivet's; compares "Florent" with "Wife of Bath's Tale"; compares "Manciple's Tale" to Gower's version; thinks Gower has a social conscience. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Schaar, Claes. Published Schaar, Claes. The Golden Mirror: Studies in Chaucer's Descriptive Technique and Its Literary Background. Lund: Cleerup, 1967, pp. 13, 68-70, 89, 90, 101, 223-24. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Golden Mirror: Studies in Chaucer's Descriptive Technique and Its Literary Background. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Fredell's concern is to join the "gathering consensus (whose genesis is credited to Peter Nicholson)" seeking to refute the "elaborate three-stage creation story for the 'Confessio'" (1) posited by Gower's first editor, G.C. Macaulay that has guided Gower studies for over a century. Macaulay argued that there were three states of revision evident in the known manuscripts of the "Confessio," and that these corresponded to developing "phases of disenchantment with Richard II and enchantment with the future Henry IV, from 1390 to 1393" (1). As Fredell notes (and Nicholson's meticulous studies [1984, 1987, 1988] have shown), "[Macaulay's] argument depends upon a miniscule number of variants and glosses offered in evidence, and manuscript witnesses that contradict the model directly. Similar problems entangle the variants on Richard in 'Vox Clamantis'" (1). The "truths" told by the manuscripts, thus, are "inconvenient for scholars making political arguments that require evidence of Gower's disillusionment with Richard during the 1390's" (1, fn. 3). Fredell proposes a very different--and no less elaborate--explanation for the manuscript evidence: "Textual variants, marginalia, and layout indicate Lancastrian producers first issued versions dedicated to Henry, 'then created manuscripts of "Confesso" as artifacts' of the earlier Ricardian period"(1) [emphasis mine]. Thus for Fredell, "any pre-1399 version of the 'Confessio' is a speculative reconstruction at best whose first witnesses long post-date the Henrician version; that the Henrician version survives only from the time that Henry seized the throne of England; and that the surviving versions of the Ricardian 'Confessio' thus are very likely influenced by the Henrician version, not the other way around" (19). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 31.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Fredell, Joel Published Fredell, Joel. "The Gower Manuscripts: Some Inconvenient Truths." Viator 41.1 (2010), pp. 231-50. ISSN 0083-5897 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gower Manuscripts: Some Inconvenient Truths Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Studies the textual tradition of the Confessio Amantis and its manuscripts and their histories, exploring what these tell us about Gower's readers during his own time and subsequently in the Renaissance. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek Published Pearsall, Derek. "The Gower Tradition." In Gower's Confessio Amantis: Responses and Reassessments. Ed. Minnis, A. J. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1983, pp. 179-198. ISBN 085991142X Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gower Tradition Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available D.S. Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Legge, Dominica Published Legge, Dominica. "The Gracious Conqueror." Modern Language Notes 68.1 (1953), pp. 18-21. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Backgrounds and General Criticism Language and Word Studies Cronica Tripertita Review Legge examines references in various chronicles and petitions to Henry IV's claim to the throne of England. While Henry was said to be rightful king by election, inheritance, and conquest, the last claim seems particularly weak. However, Legge argues that "in the mouths of contemporaries the queer title 'conqueror' was not necessarily either ironical or vainly flattering, but something generally accepted" (18). The word "conqueror" was almost a synonym for "victor" and was usually applied to heroes; the word "conquest" had the meaning of "acquest" – property gained otherwise than by inheritance. While there was no such thing as a legal right of conquest, the case of William I provides proof that there was at least some precedent for the claim. Legge next considers the order in which the claims of conquest, inheritance, and election are presented in Gower's CrT and in Chaucer's "Complaint to His Purse." She notes that the gloss to the CrT puts the claim to conquest last, whereas the text itself places it first. The explanation is that the text itself (as well as Chaucer's lines) gives the claims in the order in which were presented, and treats them cumulatively, from the least to the most important. The gloss "does not need to take account of this" (20), and puts the shaky right of conquest last, and "softened by the addition of the words: 'sine sanguinis effusione'" (20). The latter phrase is explained by a passage in Froissart's chronicle that illustrates how Henry though of conquest as "the acquisition by peaceful means of an inheritance vacant through the misconduct and ineptitude of his predecessor" (20). In this context, the term "conqueror" can have a positive valence, one that associates Henry with the legend of Brutus the Trojan, who conquered Albion and created the empire of Britain (20-21). [CvD] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Gracious Conqueror Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The cup that Albinus has made of Rosemund's father's skull "was begrave / Of such werk as it scholde have, / And was policed ek so clene / That no signe of the Skulle is sene, / But as it were a Gripes ey" (CA 1.2541-45). Burrow explains the "Gripes ey" as a type of drinking vessel made of a griffin's (actually an ostrich's) egg, citing references from several late medieval wills, and he includes photos of two fifteenth- and sixteenth-century examples that clarify Gower's description. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 11.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Burrow, John Published Burrow, John. "The Griffin's Egg: Gower's Confessio Amantis I 2545." In Chaucer to Shakespeare: Essays in Honour of Shinsuke Ando. Ed. Takamiya, Toshiyuki and Beadle, Richard. Cambridge: Brewer, 1992, pp. 81-85. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Griffin's Egg: Gower's Confessio Amantis I 2545 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Dean compares the Tale of Florent with Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale and the anonymous fifteenth-century "Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell." Gower's tale, he writes, "addresses issues of self-governance when one must adhere to one's word--maintain one's trouthe--under trying circumstances. To varying degrees, these issues arise in the three versions of the story . . . and a fruitful entrée into discussion version is to have students . . . detail the differences in the versions of the tale they are reading" (143). A table compiled by one of his students, here presented in an appendix, provides an example of the basis for such ethical distinctions and refinements as Dean makes over the course of his essay. Noting that the ethical issues emerging in the Wife's Tale are 1) justice, and 2) "power, manipulation, and dominance in human relationships" (145), Dean asks how Gower shifts the focus to other issues in his version; in his view, "Florent comes very close to falling to 'murmur' and 'compleignte'--engaging in pride and grumbling because he expects his reputation to be damaged" (146). In this contrast, "what students can come to understand is that if Gower . . . emphasizes honor and gentilesse and turning 'inobedience' into 'obedience,' Chaucer's "storyteller stresses inward transformation and repentance" (149). As distinct from these two writers, the author of the "Wedding" maintains a certain distance from these matters and instead has Ragnelle "expose the fragility of courtly virtues" (155). [Kurt Olsson. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 31.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Dean, James M Published Dean, James M. "The Hag Transformed: 'The Tale of Florent,' Ethical Choice and Female Desire in Late Medieval England." In Approaches to Teaching the Poetry of John Gower. Ed. Yeager, R. F., and Gastle, Brian W. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2011, pp. 143-58. ISBN 9781603290999 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Hag Transformed: 'The Tale of Florent,' Ethical Choice and Female Desire in Late Medieval England Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Modern Language Association of America, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "Heaven has always fascinated man. Expressions of the heavenly ideal are so varied that no examination would be possible were it not for an unusual occurrence in England of the fourteenth century. Four poets of extraordinary ability and similar backgrounds wrote extensively of heaven. Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and the 'Pearl' poet were deeply concerned about the state of the Church, aware of the nature of man, and steadfast in their hope of heaven. Inspired by their environment, in which virtually every influence reflected a preoccupation with the heavenly motif, the four poets consistently declare the reality of heaven's existence. Basing their accounts primarily on Biblical evidence, they depict heaven as a remote kingdom, inaccessible to man, yet infinitely desirable. The four poets agree, moreover, that heaven influences earth. They relate accounts of heavenly beings' visitations to warn, punish, rescue, or comfort earthly inhabitants. They describe the astrological and elemental forces of heaven that influence the world of men. Indeed, the very language of the poets reflects the prevalence of the heavenly theme. In benedictions and invocations, the poets themselves address heaven. In their narratives, saints implore heaven's blessings and sinners swear by its might. To lovely creatures, locales, and circumstances, the poets ascribe the heavenly attributes of beauty, joy, and perdurability. Comparing the poets' views with the voices of the Church in the fourteenth century reveals that the poets are entirely orthodox. Their writings agree that the ultimate goal of human endeavor is the attainment of heaven. They accept the traditional notions that one enters the heavenly kingdom through obedience to God's laws, virtuous behavior, the sacraments of the Church, or the grace of God. To see heresy in their writings or deny the poets their rightful calling by portraying them as reformers is both inappropriate and misleading. For they wrote, not to motivate man, but to understand him. Realizing the importance of the direction and intensity of one's aspirations, they offer a consistent vision: the goal of life is infinite perfection." [eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lawes, Rochie Whittington. Published Lawes, Rochie Whittington. "The Heaven of Fourteenth-Century English Poets: An Examination of the Paradisaical References in the English Works of Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and the 'Pearl' Poet." Ph.D. Diss. University of Mississippi 1984. DAI 45(4): 1111A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Heaven of Fourteenth-Century English Poets: An Examination of the Paradisaical References in the English Works of Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and the "Pearl" Poet. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Points out that "One of the Books in Gower's CA is but a rhymed transcript of . . . the Secretum." Presumably, the unnamed Book is VII. [RFY1981]. Published Gaster, M. "The Hebrew Version of the Secretum Secretorum, a Medieval Treatise Ascribed to Aristotle." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (July-December, 1908): 1067-68. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Hebrew Version of the Secretum Secretorum, a Medieval Treatise Ascribed to Aristotle. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review CA is one of four works Lynch considers (along with Alain de Lille's "De Planctu Naturae," the "Roman de la Rose," and Danet's "Purgatorio") as examples of the "philosophical vision" of the late MiddleAges, a sub-genre of the dream vision deriving from Boethius' DCP. Her introduction and her first two chapters supply the historical and theoretical background: "The paradigmatic structure of the literary vision," she argues, "echoed central epistemological structures in scholastic philosophy." This epistemology was rooted in the problem of reconciling scriptural and scientific authority, and in the neces sity of accounting for man's ability to apprehend divine truth from earthly experience. It gave rise to a faculty psychology according to which man was led from perception by way of Imagination and Reason to the understanding of spiritual truths. The vision poem had as one its its purposes the defense of this epistemology. The plot of these poems is typically the visionary's spiritual journey towards truth, passing from literal image to figural and absolute meanings; the characters that accompany and instruct him typically stand for the facul ties by which higher levels of understanding are achieved; and one of the insights that he typically receives concerns the relation between his corporeal and spiritual natures. Like the other poems that Lynch discusses, CA is concerned with the narrator's spiritual growth; and following the model of Gower's predecessors, Amans' principal guide, his confessor Genius, is an embodiment of one of his faculties, his Imagination or ingenium. One of Genius' principal functions is to provide tales and images for Amans' consideration, but since he is not capable of performing the functions reserved to Reason, he is frequently unable to draw the proper moral lesson from his tales. His incompetency is thus a meaningful part of the epistemological design, and is emphasized by his comic misinterpretations and the many discrepancies between the tales and the moral truth they contain. Genius himself is capable of growth, particularly after his confrontation with the contradictions between classical and divine teaching in Book 5, and in Book 7 he instructs Amans on how the world can be a speculum in which he may finally come to understand divine love. The dialogue with Genius, however, is necessarily inconclusive; the real conclusion comes with another vision (8.2440 ff.) which ends with the ascendancy of Reason that the genre demands and with Amans' abandonment of his earthly love for that other love "that stant of charite confermed" (8.3165). Lynch's work is outstanding in many respects: in the connections she draws between medieval poetry and philosophy; in her account of the relation between form and meaning in the vision; in her explanation for the endurance of the vision form; and in her ability to provide an explanation of dream psychology that is consistent with the prevailing epistemology of the time. She writes lucidly and convincingly, and while carefully maintaining the thread of her argument she is sensitive to the many differences in the works that she examines. Her description of CA is a significant attempt to account for the form of the poem and offers a number of important insights: her discussion of the use of images and "pointing" in the poem seems especially promising. Her chapter is too brief, however, to consider all of the problems that her interpretation raises. She will give comfort to those who believe that Amans' love is portrayed as sinful at the beginning of the poem, and that he is brought to a virtuous renunciation at the end. These, however, are the presuppositions, rather than the conclusions, of her attempt to place CA within the genre she has defined. And for a key part of her analysis -- her assertion that Genius' lessons become more complete and more adequate as the poem proceeds -- she depends entirely on James Foster's unpublished dissertation on "The Influence of Medieval Mythography on John Gower's Confessio Amantis." There are other ways of viewing Amans' condition, of understanding Genius' role, and of interpreting his lessons, all of which are at the center of current critical discussion of the poem. If Lynch's assumptions about CA are correct, then she provides the clearest account so far of the ancestry of Gower's design and of the implications of his form; if they are not, then Gower's debt to the tradition that she describes so persuasively is rather more complex and more problematic than she allows. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 8.1] N.B. This study is based on Lynch's dissertation, "The Medieval Dream-Vision: A Study in Genre Structure and Meaning." University of Virginia, 1982; Dissertation Abstracts International 43 (1983): 3314A. Author/Editor Author/Editor Lynch, Kathryn L. Published Lynch, Kathryn L.. "The High Medieval Dream Vision: Poetry, Philosophy, and Literary Form." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The High Medieval Dream Vision: Poetry, Philosophy, and Literary Form. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses Gower as an example of complaint in late the fourteenth century against the corruption of the times. [RFY11981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wingfield-Stratford, Esme. Published Wingfield-Stratford, Esme. The History of British Civilization. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1933, pp. 279-80. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The History of British Civilization. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses Gower as evidence of Londoners' changing views of Henry IV, Richard II; presumes Londoners wavered according to who was in power. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wingfield-Stratford, Esme. Published Wingfield-Stratford, Esme. The History of English Patriotism. 2 vols. London: John Lane, 1913, I, 92, 93, 95, 97, 587. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The History of English Patriotism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Warton's chapter on Gower occurs on pp. 1-31 of volume 2 (1778) of his classic work. Warton opens with a broad assessment of Gower's achievement: "If Chaucer had not existed, the compositions of John Gower, the next poet in succession, would alone have been sufficient to rescue the reigns of Edward the third and Richard the second from the imputation of barbarism" (1). After mention of Gower's reform of the English language, and a description of his three great works, Warton dwells briefly on Gower's biography. In particular, he argues that Gower's piety is demonstrated by his contributions to the Priory of St. Mary Overeys. The rest of the chapter enumerates the probable sources of the CA, and describes each in some detail. Warton suggests that Gower's immediate model for the CA was likely the Romance of the Rose. Gower, however, lacks Jean de Meun's warmth of personification. He "seldom attempted to imitate the picturesque imageries, and expressive personifications, of that exquisite allegory" (4). Instead, Gower rationally enumerates the qualities of his personifications (Avarice, Neglicence, etc.), borrowing additional maxims and narratives from his "common-place book" (4). Warton further praises Gower for his scientific knowledge (in Book 4 of the CA) and suggests that "Gower very probably conducted his associate Chaucer into these profound mysteries" (5). Next, Warton turns his attention to Book 7, which he criticizes for its lack of ornamentation. Perhaps the only exception is the description of the chariot and crown of the sun, from which Warton quotes at some length. Warton notes Book 7's indebtedness to the Secreta Secretorum, but argues that Gower's most important source for the CA's exempla is Godfrey of Viterbo's Pantheon. Gower also used the latter's Speculum Regum and borrowed extensively from other comprehensive medieval chronicles. Three additional sources that Warton mentions are Guido della Collone, the Romance of Sir Lancelot, and the Gesta Romanorum. Gower's use of the Gesta is clear from a number of references to the old "gestes." One of the tales Gower borrows from the Gesta Romanorum is the tale of the "Two Coffers" (CA 5.2273-2390). Warton relates this tale and its source to a similar incident in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. Given Gower's extensive knowledge of literature and science, Warton is amused to find him make some mistakes: "It is pleasant to observe the strange mistakes which Gower, a man of great learning, and the most general scholar of his age, has committed in this poem, concerning books which he never saw, his violent anachronisms, and misrepresentations of the most common facts and characters" (20). Warton takes issue, for instance, with the names Gower mentions as examples of the first authors and chroniclers (4.2407-12) and with his telling of the story of the "Jew and the Pagan" in Book 7. After a series of other brief references to biblical, classical and medieval sources, Warton tries to situate the CA in relation to the work of Chaucer. He suggests that the CA must have been written after Chaucer's TC, because reference is made to reading the story of Troilus (CA 4.2795). The CA must also have been written after the Floure and the Leafe, which Warton ascribes to Chaucer. Gower's imitation of this work is most evident in the tale of "Rosiphelee," in Book 4 of the CA, although Gower makes reference to this courtly debate elsewhere as well. Finally, Warton believes that Gower's "affection of appearing learned" (31) is typical of the early poets. By contrast, Chaucer is the exception to this rule. His "original feelings were too strong to be suppressed by books" and his "learning was overbalanced by genius" (31). Gower instead strove too hard to be a scholar. Among his lengthy but unpaginated "Emendations and Additions" included after page 463 in volume II, Warton describes the contents of the Trentham MS (which he refers to as "a thin oblong manuscript on vellum" found in "lord Gower's library" and, later, "lord Gower's manuscript"), with particular attention to the CB, which Warton approves of highly, commending them as "tender, pathetic, and poetical," perhaps superior to "any even among the French poets." He tells us they "place our old poet Gower in a more advantageous light than that in which he has hitherto been usually seen," suggesting that they "were probably written when Gower was a young man, about the year 1350." He prints samples of CB for the first time: 20, 34, 36, and 43. His discussion of the manuscript and the printing of the four balades are incorporated in subsequent editions of Warton's "History" as a continuation of his discussion of CA; also, numerous references to Gower's works (too many to tally easily) appear in Warton, often as analogues to or influence on works by others, particularly Chaucer. Subsequent editions and reprints of this influential study (under titles that vary slightly) include additional notes and emendations by editors and various contributors; most notable are Richard Price's edition of 1824, Richard Taylor's of 1840, and William Hazlitt's of 1871. [CvD; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Warton, Thomas Published Warton, Thomas. "The History of English Poetry from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century." 3 vols. London: [Dodsley], 1774-1781. Variously expanded and reprinted. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Biography of Gower Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Cinkante Balades Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The History of English Poetry from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available London: [Dodsley], Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1774-1781 1778 (volume 2) Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Brief biographical sketch of Gower, calling him "the first refiner of our English Tongue . . . . Indeed, Gower left our English Tongue very bad, but found it very very bad." [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Fuller, Thomas. Nichols, John. Published Fuller, Thomas. The History of the Worthies of England. London: J. G. W. L. and W. G., for Thomas Williams, 1662, p. 207. Rev. ed., with additional notes by John Nichols. London. 1811, II, 513-14; London: Thomas Tegg, 1840, III, 426. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The History of the Worthies of England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1662 1811 1840 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Middleton undertakes to describe the essential spirit of Ricardian Poetry. By means of a survey that includes Chaucer, Langland, Gower, Thomas Usk, and the Lollard Knights, Middleton suggests that the essential feature of this late-fourteenth century literature is its aim "to be a 'common voice' to serve the 'common good'" (95). This public poetry is not topical in nature, but is rather defined by "a constant relation of speaker to audience within an ideally conceived worldly community, a relation which has become the poetic subject" (95). This is a secular poetry, and "its central pieties are worldly felicity and peaceful, harmonious communal existence" (95). It "speaks for bourgeois moderation, a course between the rigorous absolutes of religious rule on the one hand, and, on the other, the rhetorical hyperboles and emotional vanities of the courtly style" (95). As a result, even the topic of love has a clearly public dimension. Thomas Usk, in his Testament of Love presents himself as "a vernacular philosopher of love," but his more immediate concern is with the trials of his public career. Gower's Testament of Love, the CA, is likewise written out of the understanding that love is above all "a communal and historical bond" (97) rather than a transcendental force or a merely erotic drive. The notion of public poetry also reveals the similarities between Gower and Langland. Both are "essentially 'one-poem' writers" (98) who revised their work to keep it socially current. In addition, their poetry addresses the entire community rather than a coterie or patron. Even when Gower writes to Richard II, the king "is not the main imagined audience, but an occasion for gathering and formulating what is on the common mind" (107). This understanding of audience may also have occasioned Gower's cancellation of his reference to Chaucer in the CA, for such a reference, while accessible to a coterie audience, would not suit the "commune" at large. The attempt to speak for all citizens, also evident in Gower's "In Praise of Peace," brings with it a unique style. Middleton calls it a "plain style" that is "socially and psychologically well suited to the presentation of lay morality and large experiential truths" (98). For instance, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales represents an attempt to let each pilgrim present his own experience of the world in his own speech, and so the narratorial "I" stretches itself "to the point of transparency" by occupying "the whole field of moral vision" (99). Another word that describes this plain style is "common," whether in its adjectival form (for instance, in the Ciceronian "common profit," or res publica) or as a noun (either to denote the commonwealth as a whole, or specifically the third estate, the commons). All of these forms demonstrate "its uniformly non-abstract, non-speculative cast" (101) as well as the fact that the word is hardly ever used in a pejorative sense. The style of public poetry is well suited to a vision of poetry as "a mediating activity" (101). Ricardian poets invariably seek out a "middle style" (101), between "ernest and game," and "sumwhat of lust, sumwhat of lore" (qtd on 101-02). For Gower this medial course implies "a perspective less exclusively detached and cosmic, more implicated in, and circumscribed by, the mortal world" (102). This perspective is evident in the character of Gower-as-Amans, which Middleton calls "an implicated speaking presence" (102). Moreover, the whole enterprise of telling old exempla presents "a 'middle weie' between past and future, between truth and our need for it" (102). In the Latin colophon to the CA this middle way is associated with a notion of labour, for Gower locates his enterprise "between work and leisure" ("inter labores et ocia"; qtd on 101). The view that poetic composition for the instruction of others is a fully legitimate way of doing one's share of the world's work lends surprising dignity to the otherwise fairly modest claims of poetry. Gower claims to speak for the "common vois" and what this voice seeks is above all peace and social harmony. This explains why Gower writes "In Praise of Peace," as well as why Amans opposes Genius' argument that war confers glory which wins love. In relation to Amans, Middleton suggests that we should not dismiss the figure of the persona (Chaucer-the-Pilgrim, Gower-the-lover, Will-the-truthseeker) as merely a fictive character and therefore dramatically circumscribed. Even though the persona might not precisely represent the opinions of the author, we should nevertheless take him "seriously" (108), for the suggestion he offers is that in this life we will never transcend worldly experience. As such, the persona represents a heroic effort to achieve a common vantage point, an effort that is finally not treated satirically (incidentally, here and in the Appendix Middleton interacts with John Peter's work on satire and complaint). Indeed, this reality of living experientially is demonstrated by the fact that the figures of instruction (Genius as well as Will's teachers) are "a remarkably inept lot and not especially well disposed to help the seeker" (110). The limits to knowledge and perfection in the here and now are also evident in the lack of poetic closure in Piers Plowman and the CA, for these works do not end "in world-transcendence, but in some form of return to the world" (111). In her own form of closure, Middleton leaves it for others to speculate as to the historical causes for the public poetry that flourished in Ricardian England. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Middleton, Anne Published Middleton, Anne. "The Idea of Public Poetry in the Reign of Richard II." Speculum 53 (1978), pp. 94-114. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations In Praise of Peace Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Idea of Public Poetry in the Reign of Richard II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Includes comparisons of CA and Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales"; Gower's idea of the aging world; his use of "impersonal I"; Gower and Chaucer relations; quarrel and "Man of Law's" reference; literary principles; satiric technique; moral ideas. [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Howard, Donald. Published Howard, Donald. The Idea of the Canterbury Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976, pp. 22, 23n, 46, 47-52, 53, 55, 60, 94, 110-11, 130, 131, 143, 152, 157, 184n, 225, 307, 308, 336. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Idea of the Canterbury Tales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976