14 100 2176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Glaser, Joseph, trans Published Glaser, Joseph, trans. "Middle English Poetry in Modern Verse." Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2007 ISBN 9780872208803 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Review Glaser includes "versions of poems from about 1200 to 1500" of various kinds, attempting to represent "a broad sampling of Middle English poetry" (ix), and states his intention "to honor the original meaning, meter and rhyme scheme while at the same time producing versions modern readers will enjoy" (xi). In his section entitled "Selections" he translates excerpts from Piers Plowman (B text), "The Squire of Low Degree," Douglas's translation of the Aeneid, and "Ceix and Alcyone" from Confessio Amantis Book IV, 2927-3123. His source for his text is J.A.W. Bennett's Selections from John Gower (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968). Each section is prefaced by a brief introduction--in Gower's case, identifying Amans as "Gower himself" (133); there is a short bibliography of editions and critical studies and indices of titles and first lines in Middle English. [RFY. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 26.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Middle English Poetry in Modern Verse Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hackett Publishing, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Bower's examination of the discourse of medical recipes in Middle English focuses on the aesthetic features of the texts along with their practical value and placebo effects. Her clarifications of the aesthetics of these texts--their "poetic" and "playful" features rather than their "practical" ones (p. 22 and throughout)--depend upon comparison with better-known texts, including a portion of Gower's "Tale of Medea" (Confessio Amantis, Book V, 3957ff.) where Medea labors to renew the youth of Eson, Jason's aged father. Bowers' close reading of the episode acknowledges Gower's dependence on Ovid's "Metamorphoses" 7 as source, neatly summarizes the passage, and emphasizes how "Gower's lexical choices . . . seem designed to soften (or at least nuance) Medea's associations in classical and medieval writing with witchcraft and sorcery" (155) and how through protraction and repetition he "edges his representation towards parody, teasing readers with the possibility that Medea's impressive and protracted performance might not have any healing effects at all" (157). Bower suggests that Gower may have been echoing contemporaneous medical "recipes" (157) and that modern response to the labored efforts of Gower's Medea may reflect Pierre Bourdieu's notion that "the timing and duration of an action is [integral] to our interpretation of it" (160). [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bower, Hannah. Published Bower, Hannah. Middle English Recipes and Literary Play, 1375–1500. Oxford English Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Middle English Recipes and Literary Play, 1375–1500. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Whereas Tatlock (1906) found an analogue for Milton's allegorical treatment of Sin and Death in Gower, Steadman argues that Milton likely did not read Gower and that their common source was probably St. Basil's "Sixth Homily on the Hexaemeron." [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Steadman, John M Published Steadman, John M. "Milton and St. Basil: The Genesis of Sin and Death." Modern Language Notes 73.2 (1958), pp. 83-84. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Milton and St. Basil: The Genesis of Sin and Death. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Tatlock admits that Milton's allegory of Satan, Sin, and their son Death is based in the first place on the Epistle of James 1:15, and that the description of Sin has echoes of Hesiod, Virgil, Dante, Spenser, and Phineas Fletcher. However, the most curious parallel is to be found in Gower's MO, lines 235-37, where Sin and Death have seven daughters, the Deadly Sins. The Devil "sends all these beings abroad among men, just as Sin and Death follow Milton's Satan to this world" (240). The chance that Milton read the MO is "infinitesimal" (240), but the parallel hints that at least their sources are the same, and it suggests something of Milton's debt to medieval allegory, despite the fact that the Renaissance used allegory more for adornment than for the "bald" (240) exposition of intellectual ideas (as in Gower). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Tatlock, J. S. P Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Published Tatlock, J. S. P. "Milton's Sin and Death." Modern Language Notes 21.8 (1906), pp. 239-240. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource Milton's Sin and Death Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review After discussing the availability of models, the problems created by page layout, and the very circumstances of MS production, Eberle presents convincing evidence that the miniatures in the Morgan MS were devised as a coherent program and that they reveal an interest in specific features of Gower's poem. The MS originally contained 110 illustrations, 108 of which survive. The placement and size of the miniatures in Book 7 (about half of the total) reflect the designer's concern for the hierarchical division of the text that corresponds to Gower's own concern for ordinatio. The illustrations of the tales reveal the designer's eye for content. In cases where two miniatures are found on the same page, he has chosen images that are either parallel or contrastive in some way, reinforcing the effects of the juxtaposition of the tales; some evidence of the same concern for parallelism can be found among widely separated tales. And in her detailed examination of the background and setting in some selected miniatures, Eberle discovers "an impulse to add interpretive detail" (p. 339), and offers revealing comments on how the painter responded to the designer's instructions. In her notes she hints at other patterns in the choice of which episode to illustrate. The evidence she presents for "the existence of an intelligent reading" behind these illuminations (p. 342) is compelling, and makes us look forward to hearing more. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Eberle, Patricia J. Published Eberle, Patricia J.. "Miniatures as Evidence of Reading in A Manuscript of the Confessio Amantis [Pierpont Morgan MS M.126]." In John Gower: Recent Readings. Papers Presented at the Meetings of the John Gower Society at the International Congress on Medieval Studies, Western Michigan University, 1983-88. Ed. Yeager, R.F.. Studies in Medieval Culture (26). Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1989, pp. 311-64. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miniatures as Evidence of Reading in A Manuscript of the Confessio Amantis [Pierpont Morgan MS M.126] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Western Michigan University, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Despite all of the interest in Gower during the last ten years, it is a safe bet that there are few who have gotten through the entire MO in Anglo-Norman, and in fact the poem is much less often considered by itself, as a whole, than it is as a compendium of allegorical and moralistic commonplaces which are extracted and cited in the study of other medieval authors. A translation into modern English is welcome, therefore, both to allow more efficient location of relevant passages but also to make it easier to get a sense of the entire poem. Wilson's translation was first done as a dissertation at the University of Miami in 1970, and it has been available to interested readers on demand from University Microfilms. It appears now in a revised version, with a preface, an introduction (somewhat shortened from the original, and still based almost entirely on Macaulay), some fifteen pages of notes supplementing Macaulay's, a more up-to-date bibliography, and a brief introductory encomium by R.F. Yeager. Wilson's prose is dry but usually to the point. To give some flavor, here are the three stanzas beginning at line 5125, introducing the discussion of Sloth: "To tell you now directly of Sloth, with whom the World intermarried, she gave birth to five daughters. Their disposition is such that they will never be worked in field or vineyard, nor will they be given up to the ordained prayers as they are commanded by sacred law. Rather they seek ease everywhere, and Somnolence, you should know, is the first of this brood. / 5137 Of Somnolence so much I can tell you: whoever is her proper offspring does his work by sleeping. If he has a bed he sleeps in it; if not, according to his mood, he seeks his entertainment elsewhere. But neither from request nor from coaxing does he labor but rather, as if heavy with sleep, both eyes closed, he dreams deeply and lies as if half dead, since he is buried in Sloth. / 5149 Somnolence lives in ease when she can sleep without objection on a soft couch enclosed by a curtain, where neither her subject nor her servant dares awaken her from any profit or damage; for then in ease she reposes and thinks of everything that will most please her delight. But if she must get up for any period of time, it seems to her a very bad thing until she can go back to her bed." The goal here is clearly to make the contents more accessible for readers with shaky medieval French; Wilson makes no attempt, and will do very little, to heighten appreciation of MO as a poem. Those who have worked with the University Microfilms version may also wonder if the translation can be relied upon. and it is a pleasure to report that the revised version by and large can, and that it is worth setting aside the old version for a copy of the new one. The original version contains some alarming mistranslations; the second stanza of the passage quoted, for instance, contains two errors in the older version which rather severely throw off the sense. A check of a much longer passage in the same section of the poem reveals that all of the obvious errors have been removed, and that there are other revisions as well at the rate of one for about every three lines, involving punctuation, word order, word choice, and substituting "you" for "thou," in each case an improvement. It is not clear, however, who should be given credit for the extensive corrections. Though Wilson, in his preface, thanks a number of people for their help in preparing the revision, the work of Nancy Wilson Van Baak, who is credited on the title page, is not otherwise acknowledged or described. The book is nicely printed and presented, though clearly with economy in mind (thus the line numbers are set within the block of text, as in the passage quoted above). A page header with the name of the virtue or vice being described would have been useful in orientating the reader; an index, too, would have been quite helpful, given the uses to which the poem is usually put. And one small but significant flaw in the layout would have been very easy to fix: though Wilson alludes to the loss of leaves at the beginning of the manuscript in his introduction, the first page of the translation contains no notice of the gap, and gives every indication that it is the actual beginning of the poem. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 12.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wilson, William Burton, trans. Van Baak, Nancy Wilson, rev. trans. Published Wilson, William Burton, trans. and Van Baak, Nancy Wilson, rev. trans.. "Mirour de l'omme (The Mirror of Mankind), by John Gower." Medieval Texts and Studies, 5 . East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1992 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mirour de l'omme (The Mirror of Mankind), by John Gower. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Colleagues Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Shows that much early criticism of Gower's rhymes is the result of poorly punctuated texts. Author/Editor Author/Editor Nicholson, Edward B. Published Nicholson, Edward B. "Mispunctuation in Gower and Ronsard." Academy, No. 487 (September, 1881): 182. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mispunctuations in Gower and Ronsard. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1881 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints both versions of CA, Prologue 1-92 and 24*-92*; "Pyramys and Tysbe, Book III, 1331-1548. Claims to follow Macaulay, but orthography differs. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Brandl, A. and O. Zippel, eds. Published Brandl, A. and O. Zippel, eds. Mittelenglische Sprach- und Literaturproben. Berlin: Weidmann, 1917, pp. 174-80 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mittelenglische Sprach- und Literaturproben. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Compares and contrasts Gower with Chaucer and with Langland; "For all the medievalism of his subjects . . . he remains a modern writer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mair, G. H. Published Mair, G. H. Modern English Literature: From Chaucer to the Present Day. New York: Holt, 1914, pp. 4, 8, 13, 14 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modern English Literature: From Chaucer to the Present Day. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Rajendran, Shyama. Published Rajendran, Shyama. Modes of Multilingualism: Contemporary Language Theory and the Works of John Gower. Ph.D. Dissertation. George Washington University, 2017. viii, 163 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A79.01(E). Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Vox Clamantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Influence and Later Allusioin Review In her dissertation, Rajendran applies modern theories of language and translation to selected potions of Gower's corpus in order "to provoke a reconceptualization of how we think about multilingualism, recognize when and where contemporary language ideology is structuring our expectations of the operations of language, and revisit our unmarked assumptions about language and cultural identity." Further, her "project aims to show that focusing in on textual moments of Gower's work serves to build a picture of his multilingualism that is more true to the operations of language, rather than the operations of language ideology. By distinguishing between his ideological investments and the operations of language at each of these textual moments, this project seeks to attend to the operations of language without succumbing to contemporary language ideologies" (vi). In chapter one, Rajendran draws "on contemporary sociolinguistic theorist Yasemin Yildiz's formulation of the postmonolingual condition [to] consider how Gower's divergent interpretations of the Babel story in Middle English verse and Latin prose annotations [in "Confessio Amantis'] speaks to modern multilingual resistance to monolingual frames of analysis and interpretation" (21-22). Chapter two assesses the notion of cultural identity in Gower's Tale of Constance in CA by viewing it in light of Gloria Anzaldúa's border theory and the practices of rap-artist M.I.A. (Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam), revealing "the unmarked and marked structures of cultural intelligibility in medieval literature as well as in the present" (23). Chapter three uses "cognitive linguist Mel Y. Chen's concept of feral methodology" to argue that Gower's "Visio Anglie" (Book 1 of "Vox Clamantis") helps us to think "critically about our modern tendency to categorize languages as living or dead" and to generate "a more nuanced understanding of allegory's ability to control or 'domesticate' language" (24). In chapter four Derrida's "idea of the specter" helps Rajendran to show how in Shakespeare's "Pericles" Gower's "resurrection" as chorus "functions as a textual haunting, complicating our understanding of a linear progression from one linguistic iteration to the next" (24)--in this case from Godfrey of Verbo's Latin "Pantheon" to Gower's Tale of Apollonius to Shakespeare's play. [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modes of Multilingualism: Contemporary Language Theory and the Works of John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "Examining the choric figure of John Gower in William Shakespeare and George Wilkins's 'Pericles,' this essay recuperates the funereal accoutrements often associated with dead poets in order to demonstrate their significance to late medieval and early modern notions of authorship" (212), Schreyer tells us near the beginning of his essay. He goes on to imagine an early modern production of "Pericles" in which John Gower as Chorus rises from a stage-tomb decorated to look like the poet's tomb in St. Saviour's church, reaching for the copy of "Confessio Amantis" (the source of the play) while delivering his opening monologue. Backgrounds to this imagined dramatization include the observation that "In the sixteenth century, Gower's social status was . . . questioned and debated, and was only resolved through recourse to his tomb monument" (213), followed by supporting references to John Leland, John Bale, and John Stow, evidence that "[m]edieval tomb effigies thus underpin early modern--and indeed modern--notions of authorship and biography in very material ways." By way of Ben Jonson's dismissive citation of "Pericles" as a "mouldy tale" (quoted by Schreyer) and exploration of the denotations of "mold," Schreyer asserts that the "significance of mold therefore lies both in its materiality and in the temporal obstinacy that arises from it: as both decayed remains and fecund soil, a locus of death and birth, mold leavens the authority of the past with the promise of the future" (214)--in this context, the authority of literary tradition in the production of new art. Much of the rest of the essay broadens the application of this nexus of tomb, mold-as-decay-and-as-fecundity, and the pastness and productivity of literature, including discussion, not only of "Pericles," but also of speaking images in Ovid's "Tristia" and on "Benedetto da Maiano's 1490 monument to Giotto in Florence Cathedral" (218); the portrait of Chaucer atop his son's tomb in Thomas Speght's 1598 and 1602 editions of Chaucer's "Works" and the title pages of these editions; Shakespeare's Sonnets 55 and 74; John Weever's "Ancient Funerall Monuments" of 1631; and the title page and frontispiece of the 1679 edition of the works of Edmund Spenser and Spenser's comments on Chaucer and his tomb in "Faerie Queene" 4.2.32–33. Wide-ranging and firmly anchored in studies of the significance of monuments, tombs, and their associations with literature in the classical revival of English humanism, Schreyer's essay stretches to include the rust of armorial bearings as a kind of mold, "the metallic form of corrosion and decay--that is to say, mold" (226), when discussing the armor of Pericles' father. Echoes between "wombs" and "tombs" in "Pericles" enable him to discover in the play's theme of incest a parallel concern with "authorial incest--the recycling of literary material from author to author" (229), leading to his closing claim: "this essay ends where many studies of "Pericles" begin: with the question of its shared authorship. Whether or not Shakespeare collaborated with George Wilkins on the text, the play finds its author--its authority--in the tomb of John Gower" (230). [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schreyer, Kurt A. Published Schreyer, Kurt A. "Moldy Pericles." Exemplaria 29 (2017): 210-33. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moldy "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Heale opens his essay by noting the "paradox" that "Gower's writings about monasticism . . . cohere closely with the anticlerical discourses" of his day even though details of his "later life" and preparations for death "imply a strong regard for monastic practices and prayers" (271). Heale's paradox becomes an "apparent contradiction" that "cannot be readily reconciled" (287) near the end of his essay, where he observes that the "significance" of Gower's "monastic associations to his literary career is likely to remain enigmatic" (289). In short, Heale does not explain how or to what extent details of Gower's life affected his view of the regular clergy, but he does much to clarify how Gower's critiques of monastic life in MO and VC align with--and differ from--traditional estates satire and the critiques of his contemporaries. Generally, Gower echoes the "ubiquitous clichés" of estates satires, Heale explains, but the poet sometimes uses conventions in "a skilful and subtle manner" (280), adorning VC, for example, with some effective puns and "striking images" (277) and placing notable emphasis on monastic "waywardness" (276) not found in other writers. Gower was like Chaucer and Langland in leveling sharp criticism at monastic gluttony and lavish dress, Heale observes, but his focus on "social-climbing" is relatively unusual (281), his "lack of interest in female monasticism" is "distinct" (280), and he expressed little concern about monastic treatment of the poor. Unlike Wyclif, Gower "stopped short of advocating disendowment" of monasteries (284). He singled out "senior obedientiaries," while displaying "sympathy . . . with more junior inmates of religious houses" and showing "some understanding of the internal dynamics of monastic life" (286) beyond traditional complaints. Apart from disclosing such emphases, however, Heale is cautious about his framing concern, concluding that it "remains questionable whether Gower's writings on the religious orders can be used to shed light on his life and literature career "(289), [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Heale, Martin. Published Heale, Martin. "Monastic Life." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 271-89. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monastic Life Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Lightsey, Robert Scott Published Lightsey, Robert Scott. "Monstrous Anxieties: Reading Mirabilia in Chaucer and His Contemporaries (Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, Sir John Mandeville)." PhD thesis, University of Delaware, 2001. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review "My dissertation explores the depiction of marvels and wonders in fourteenth-century English literature. I argue that late medieval representations of mirabilia -- such as Chaucer's flying Horse of Brass, the monstrous body of King Alexander, and Eastern wonders like Mandeville's automated peacocks -- reflect the preliminary stages of what would become in the seventeenth century a clockwork universe. . . . Chapter four expands on the notion of man's transgressive technological progress through a reading of John Gower's use of marvels and hybrid monsters in the story of Alexander the Great, representations of whom reflect the uncertain new position of man in the universal machine. . . . Throughout the study I examine how traditional marvel-stories were rationalized in transmission, in effect becoming readings of older marvel-texts that render former wonders into mundane, self-consciously portrayed hybrids of myth and science. My object is to balance the metaphor and the reality of the clockwork universe of the later fourteenth century in order to reveal new avenues for the consideration of the period's vital and lively intercourse with mirabilia." [JGN 21.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monstrous Anxieties: Reading Mirabilia in Chaucer and His Contemporaries (Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, Sir John Mandeville) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "The years surrounding the Rising of 1381 witnessed socio-cultural struggles suggesting to authors of the day the fallen-ness of England. That impression had significant effects on the community imagined by writers. As authors such as John Gower and William Langland represented the perceived moral and social decay, they communicated multiple images of the nation simultaneously. One facet is the "monstrous nation," in which a people is unified by its immoral predilection for self-destruction; the other facet is the "reformist nation," in which texts communicate an ideal image, rooted in the theory of the Three Estates. Religion, therefore, becomes a structuring principle in medieval "imagined communities." Chapter One analyzes Gower's use of Nebuchadnezzar's statue in the Vox Clamantis, which Gower reuses in the Confessio Amantis, reading it as an image of a monstrous body politic that shadows the ideal image of community. Gower's adopted role as prophet for the English locates this community within a specifically religious discourse that elevates the ideal image of the nation to one of chosenness by God." Other chapters: Thomas Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, Henry Knighton's Chronicon and other accounts of the Peasants' Revolt; the letters attributed to John Ball; and Piers Plowman. Directed by Karma Lochrie and Patricia C.Ingham. Author/Editor Author/Editor Marshall, David W Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Published Marshall, David W. "Monstrous England: Nation and reform, 1375--1385." PhD thesis, Indiana University, 2007. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource Monstrous England: Nation and reform, 1375--1385 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study uses the literary metaphor of the monstrous woman to trace the construction of a particular gender ideology in English narratives of the fourteenth through early sixteenth centuries. Drawing on recent scholarship on monster theory, the rhetorical uses of medieval misogyny, and the reception of the Middle English romance, this study argues that the character of the monstrous woman functions as a self-conscious literary tool that allows authors, and audiences, to reflect on the accepted conventions of misogyny, patriarchal authority, and the romance formula itself. I analyze Middle English narratives including the early sixteenth-century translation of the prose "Melusine," the Constance tale as adapted by Chaucer and Gower, and appearances of Medea in the works of Chaucer, Gower, and Caxton's translation of the History of Jason to discover the ways these narratives use female monstrosity--in literal and figurative form--to dramatize the anxieties arising in a patriarchal society that defines the female as a slightly aberrant category of human, yet depends on her for maintenance and reproduction of the social order. In offering a close reading of these stories that draws on literary, visual, ecclesiastical, and didactic contexts, I explore the new possibilities in fiction offered by the Middle English romance and demonstrate how the monstrous women act as a powerful and multivalent literary trope: they offer their narratives a means to interrogate the prevailing gender ideology; expose the constructedness of and agenda behind existing ideological, political, social, familial, and physical spheres; challenge the currents of medieval misogyny; and fully dramatize the demands of a social order that, in Othering and ordering its female elements, makes women into monsters." Author/Editor Author/Editor Urban, Misty Rae Published Urban, Misty Rae. "Monstrous women in Middle English romance." PhD thesis, Columbia University, 2008. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monstrous women in Middle English romance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ascari intends "monumental" to be taken in two ways: both as the placement of Chaucer at the head of an incipient vernacular literary canon, and as the subject of "his" (since Chaucer's body was never in it) tomb, placed in Westminster Abbey by the Catholic Nicholas Brigham in 1556. The first of these, Ascari argues, results from the development of printing, and the second--motivated and facilitated by the first--from the erection of the "tomb" itself. Gower figures briefly but importantly in Ascari's narrative, which focuses on Thomas Berthelette's two editions of the Confessio Amantis (1532 and 1554) and Gower's tomb (which did contain his body) in what is now Southwark Cathedral. (Rather strangely, Ascari neglects Caxton's prior printing of the CA in 1483, and whatever contribution it might have made to his argument.) Ascari quotes at length Berthelette's introductory "To the Reder" in which the printer connects Gower's tomb with Chaucer's original, humbler burial-site in the floor of Westminster Abbey, in order to argue that Brigham was motivated to provide the monumental "tomb" for Chaucer by Berthelette's editions and by the clearly Catholic tomb of Gower, in the hope that Chaucer could thus be claimed as a Catholic poet (416-20). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 43.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ascari, Maurizio. Published Ascari, Maurizio. "Monumental Chaucer: Print Culture, and Conflict, and Canonical Resilience." Chaucer Review 53 (2018): 402-27. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monumental Chaucer: Print Culture, and Conflict, and Canonical Resilience. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review (This journal appears to be inaccessible currently and the essay is in Korean. The following is an English abstract provided by the author.) "This study tries to locate the interface of the moral and political aspects found in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis.' The epithet 'moral' has traditionally been attached to Gower. Gower has also been under suspicion for being too political, especially because he changed the recipients of dedication from Richard II to Henry of Derby who will be enthroned later as Henry IV. Focusing on the Prologue and Book VII of the 'Confessio Amantis,' this study explicates the historical character of the poem and argues that the tales reflect the main concern of his age. For example, his emphasis on the importance of law in the governance of kingdom [sic] was an inverse mirror image of the misgovernance of Richard II. Gower had hoped to educate the king to be a moral person who could rule himself and his kingdom. Frustrated by Richard's misgovernance, Gower turned to Henry." Author/Editor Author/Editor Choi, Yejung. Published Choi, Yejung. "Moral and Political Gower: A Study on the Prologue and Book VII of Confessio Amantis." ("도덕적인 가우어, 정치적인 가우어: 『연인의 고백』(Confessio Amantis)의 프롤로그와 7권을 중심으로.") Medieval and Early Modern English Studies (Korea) 28 no. 3 (2018): 307–330. UISSN 1738-2556 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moral and Political Gower: A Study on the Prologue and Book VII of Confessio Amantis." ("도덕적인 가우어, 정치적인 가우어: 『연인의 고백』(Confessio Amantis)의 프롤로그와 7권을 중심으로. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review According to Woolf, Chaucer's apostrophe to Gower as "moral" and Coleridge's reference to the "innate kindliness" of Chaucer's nature have had a distorting effect on modern criticism. Woolf argues that it would be more appropriate if the two descriptions were inverted. While Gower writes some narratives that can be considered "moral," in general Gower is willing "to absent himself from didacticism in the Confessio" (223). At times "this suspension of moral judgment works well, liberating a fresh and illuminating sympathy for his characters; at other times it leaves the story flaccid, the controlling moral pattern of the source being disregarded" (223). To demonstrate this thesis Woolf examines a number of stories that fall under the category of lust and its five subdivisions (i.e., sexual acts against nature, incest, rape, adultery, and fornication). Gower's sympathy is particularly evident in his treatment of homosexuality and incest. Achilles, Iphis, and Canace are all characters whose innocence and lack of conscious moral responsibility are emphasized. The story of "Canace and Machaire," for instance, postpones the death of Canace's baby and subordinates it to the death of Canace herself; she is shown to be the helpless victim of her father Aeolus, whose wrath is the main focus of the exemplum. To win this kind of moral freedom from his sources, one of Gower's strategies is to attach his stories to other deadly sins than the ones they are usually applied to. Gower's tales of rape, for example, are scattered through at least four books other than Book 8 on lust. Sometimes, however, Gower's effort "to penetrate with an unscolding eye into the depths and ramifications of human weakness" (219) leads him to debase some of the key terms of his poem. In the story of "Mundus and Paulina," the sympathy created for Mundus (whose reason is said to be overcome by love) is based on a very narrow understanding of "kinde" as referring merely to sexual instincts. Here Gower follows Vincent of Beauvais, but Woolf suggests that he "would have done better not to repeat him" (229). Similarly, in the tale of the "King and the Steward's Wife," Gower creates a happy ending that shows a serious lack of sensitive moral judgment. By having the king marry the steward's wife he condones a bigamous marriage. Yet another partial failure is the tale of "Iphis and Anaxarathen," related by Ovid as a cynical story used to seduce a woman, but told by Gower as a warning against despondency in love. In Gower, the tale's "moral outlines are extraordinarily fuzzy" and the attempt "to sentimentalise the cynical, to sympathise with characters for whom the plot forbids sympathy, is a failure" (231). Whereas Gower is often uncritically kind, Chaucer is much more moral. Since Chaucer is a poet highly conscious of genres, and of the different moral codes appropriate to them, "he can suspend ordinary moral judgment simply by indicating a classical setting for his tales" (232). When Chaucer tells the story of Lucretia in the LGW he uses an allusion to Augustine to hint that the heroine's suicide is wrong. Likewise, Chaucer's story of Tereus and Progne "adopts the clever strategy of lapsing into a kind of mumbling reluctance to tell it and indeed stops short" (233). By contrast, Gower, unaware of the morally perilous nature of his material weakly completes the story. The rest of Woolf's essay (234-45) provides a close reading of The Merchant's Tale, The Franklin's Tale, and The Wife of Bath's Prologue to illustrate Chaucer's more serious treatment of love and lust. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rosemary, Woolf Published Rosemary, Woolf. "Moral Chaucer and Kindly Gower." In J. R. R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller: Essays in Memoriam. Ed. Salu, Mary and Farrell, Robert T. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1979, pp. 221-245. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moral Chaucer and Kindly Gower Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cornell UP, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Contends that the Confessio Amantis was written with a full awareness "of the nature and potential of the literary traditions available," and is "a work which (in terms of medieval literary theory) is compendious, cohesive and pleasureably didactic." [PN/ Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Minnis, Alastair J. Published Minnis, Alastair J.. "Moral Gower and Medieval Literary Theory." In Gower's Confessio Amantis: Responses and Reassessments. Ed. Minnis, A. J. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1983, pp. 50-78. ISBN 085991142X Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moral Gower and Medieval Literary Theory. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available D.S. Brewer, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Driver returns to the scribe Ricardus Franciscus, and to a deluxe manuscript of John Gower's CA written ca. 1470 by this prolific and mysterious scribe. The manuscript is also known for its unique large-scale decorative program, including over one hundred miniatures, examined elsewhere by Driver. The main point of discussion here is evidence from textual editing in Morgan M.126 by Ricardus, in part to examine the theory that Ricardus was a French émigré, and in part to consider reception of the CA in this period. Ricardus is known for his banderoles and elaborately decorated ascenders (in which his name is sometimes inserted); his preferred script, the French "lettre bâtarde," has led some to assume this scribe was himself originally French. Although Ricardus was a remarkably accurate copyist, he has consistent habits in spelling ("Jubiter;" avoidance of thorn entirely and yogh only as the initial letter), preferences for overwriting dialect forms, and a small portfolio of inevitable errors. None of these features, however, has anything notably French about it. Ricardus worked with major English miniaturists such as William Abell, but also copied in French the "Epistre Othea" by Cristine de Pizan in a manuscript decorated luxuriously by the Fastolf Master, undoubtedly a French artist. However, this artist might well have come to England ca. 1450. During this period not only were literary patrons such as John Fastolf travelling to France, but artists from France were also crossing over to England to work on manuscripts with local producers. So Englishness itself is a tricky concept in the book trade during the time of Ricardus: a man who, like John Gower, must include fluency in French as a matter of course. Driver includes a comprehensive list of fifteen manuscripts attributed to Ricardus and a useful overview of the artists associated with these manuscripts. Very little ends up being said about reception of the Ca in the later fifteenth century, an interesting time politically and culturally for the creation of the most lavishly decorated manuscript of the poem that survives. Ricardus, though, remains a key figure in literary book production at the cusp of William Caxton's epochal appearance. [JF. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 35.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Driver, Martha W Published Driver, Martha W. "More Light on Ricardus Franciscus: Looking Again at Morgan M. 126." South Atlantic Review 79.3-4 (2015), pp. 20-35. ISSN 0277-335X Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource More Light on Ricardus Franciscus: Looking Again at Morgan M. 126 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Wilkins uses Gower's apparent taste for French literary forms as indication of a similar interest in French musical approaches, thereby connecting him with what Wilkins identifies as the center of late fourteenth-century musical activity. The essay contain a valuable inquiry into the growth and development of the London Pui. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 3.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wilkins, Nigel Published Wilkins, Nigel. "Music and Poetry at Court: England and France in the Late Middle Ages." In English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages. Ed. Scattergood, V. J., and Sherborne, J. W. London: Duckworth, [1983]. Pp. 183-204. ISBN 0715616374 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Music and Poetry at Court: England and France in the Late Middle Ages. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Duckworth. Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cites George Puttenham (1589) on Gower's "knighthood"; uses CA as one example of courtly love poetry, and to show how "the game of love" was played at court; also quotes Gower on the use of "disour." [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Stevens, John. Published Stevens, John. Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961, pp. 7, 147, 157, 160-61, 164, 173-74, 177, 181, 189, 192, 299. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Quotes Gower to show the use of "disour" for "jester"; also quotes Gower to prove that people sang lyrics written by English poets such as himself and Chaucer. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Pattison, Bruce. Published Pattison, Bruce. Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance. London: Methuen, 1948, pp. 28, 30-31 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1948 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review The archetype of criticism hostile to Gower, to wit: a poet of infinite dullness, thoroughly lacking in talent, or even the taste to write short poems; Chaucer's "Monk's Tale" "slyly satirizes" the "long-winded morality of Gower." [RFY1981; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lowell, James Russell. Published Lowell, James Russell. My Study Windows. Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1871, pp. 252, 258-60 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource My Study Windows. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1871 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Gilders, Adam Penn. Published Gilders, Adam Penn. "My Substitutes I send ye": Allegory and the Matter of Representation in "Paradise Lost." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Toronto, 2002. vii, 314 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A63.12. Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Mirour de l'Omme Review "This thesis explores the allegory of Sin and Death in 'Paradise Lost' as an expression of Milton's ambivalence towards poetic representation, indeed, towards the figural as such. I argue that Sin and Death's representation of their concepts, to wit, sin and death, is mediated by their mimesis of representation. Satan's infernal progeny arrive at their concepts indirectly, substituting their own genealogy as figures for the actual genealogy--the genealogy of evil--which they figure. Milton's fable of evil, in other words, doubles as a fable of the fictions which mediate its production and interpretation . . . . My first chapter locates Milton's allegory within a literary and critical spectrum that ranges from the 'poetics' of Plato to the eighteenth century reception of 'Paradise Lost.' I examine the allegory of 'Pecché' and 'Mort' in John Gower's fourteenth century poem the 'Mirour de l'omme' [pp. 42-59] and the allegorical poetics of Spenser's 'The Faerie Queene. My second and third chapters address the division in Milton's allegory--posited, most famously, by Samuel Johnson--of the material and the spiritual. In my final chapter I investigate an exchange between the poetics and the politics of representation. Satan's deployment of Sin and Death in Book Ten as "Substitutes" (10.402), I argue, points to a figural impasse at the heart of Early Modern discourses of political representation. My treatment of this problem focuses on George Wither's 1645 poem 'Vox Pacifica' and on Milton's 'Eikonoklastes'" (ii-iv). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource My Substitutes I send ye": Allegory and the Matter of Representation in "Paradise Lost." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Renda, Patricia A. Published Renda, Patricia A.. "Mythopoesis and Ideology in Late Medieval and Early Modern Versions of 'Lucrece' and 'Philomela'." PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2005. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Review "To investigate how late medieval writers transmit ideology in their revisions of popular mythical narratives, I contrast vernacular reductions of Lucrece and Philomela with their classical sources to argue that the narratives perform specific ideological work in fourteenth-century Britain. The Lucrece narrative – involving the rape and suicide of a Roman matron and the subsequent transformation of government from monarchy to republic – envisions female political power, paradoxically insisting upon female self-destruction as that power. Employing intertextual analyses for different versions of the narrative, I further describe the modifications Lucrece's characterization undergoes that reveal an evolving patriarchal ideology, one that normalizes female self-destruction as response to victimization. . . . In addressing versions of Lucrece by Livy, Ovid, Augustine, Chaucer, Gower, and Shakespeare and versions of Philomela by Ovid, Chrétien de Troyes, Chaucer, and Gower, I have found that structures of ideology transmission reveal important relationships among several key developments, literary and social as well as political and national: namely, among the spread of literacy, the poetic use of vernacular English, and British national identity. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mythopoesis and Ideology in Late Medieval and Early Modern Versions of 'Lucrece' and 'Philomela' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Wolfer engages Gower's revision of Narcissus in "Confessio Amantis" via queer temporality, suggesting "surquiderie" is itself a time of queer temporality and demonstrating how Narcissus disrupts the historiography of heteronormativity. [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Wolfer, Lacey M. Published Wolfer, Lacey M. "Narcissus in Queer Time." Accessus 5.2 (2019): n.p. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narcissus in Queer Time. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Salisbury explores "a kinship between the art of writing and the art of healing" (1), crediting as her model Rita Charon's theory of "narrative medicine, which teaches how to engage a text both by observing its representation of physical symptoms and by listening closely to the stories told by patients in practice, and, in this case, by some of the most innovative and perceptive English poets and prose writers of the late Middle Ages" (2). The book addresses Chaucer (chapter 1), Gower and Langland (chapter 2), Lydgate and Hoccleve (chapter 3), the Thornton manuscript (chapter 4), and "Women Healers" (chapter 5). Salisbury terms Gower and Langland "therapeutic writers," composing the "Confessio Amantis" and "Piers Plowman" "at a pivotal historical moment beset by recurrent outbreaks of the plague" (49). Gower, she argues, understood the plague "as a marker of the species of social disruption (or dis-ease) that affects the equanimity of the body politic as well as the humoral balance of the body human" (50)--entities which Salisbury sees as integrally connected no less than the body is connected to the soul (56-61). Somewhat surprisingly, she reads Amans as a "young man" in need of (less surprisingly) "healing," whose cure is "storytelling and dialogue" (51). The organization of the CA around the seven sins constitutes a "moralization of medicine" that, by prompting self-reflection and reform, leads to better health for the individual and society both (esp. 76-78). In this sense, Genius, as a priest, is also recognizable as a physician (61-63). The effect is carried forward by medically specialized terminology and references throughout, i.e., to "physicians and surgeons, or empirics, to medicine and medical practice, maladies of the psychophysiological body, as well as a variety of medicaments--gemstones, plants, and organic substances--used as remedies" (53). Noting that, following Aristotle, most fourteenth-century thinkers (Gower included) located the soul in the heart, Salisbury finds the "Tale of Constantine and Sylvester" (CA II. 3187-3496) representative of how narrative medicine (along with a little "holy medicine"--full body immersion baptism) can cure a disease (leprosy) with both physical and moral dimensions (67-72); later in CA Book VIII. 1151-1271), in the recovery of Apollonius' wife from apparent death by the physician Cerymon, she finds another--perhaps clearer--presentation of Gower's close attention to medical issues (72-74). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Salisbury, Eve. Published Salisbury, Eve. Narrating Medicine in Middle English Poetry: Poets, Practitioners, and the Plague. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Backgroud and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narrating Medicine in Middle English Poetry: Poets, Practitioners, and the Plague. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Throughout a body of work that spans many years, A.C. Spearing has brought more clarity to elements of medieval narrative than anyone else. His expressed purpose here is to reconsider Gower's "Tale of Virginius and Virginia" and Chaucer's "Physician's Tale" alongside "modern interpretations of them, in the light of the relation between medieval narrative and modern narrative theory" (1, abstract). That being a task too large for a single essay, however substantial--Spearing has indeed more than one book on this subject--his discussion soon narrows to focus on identifying the narrator of the two tales. His particular "bête noire" is the "unreliable narrator," a concept "first formulated in 1961" (3). This, he emphasizes, developed as an element in "post-1700 novels and short stories" (3) and hence is inconceivable as a device employed by medieval writers like Gower and Chaucer: "it is not part of the regular equipment of medieval poets but rather an unhistorical projection by modern medievalists" (4). "Unhistorical" is a key word here, as Spearing makes plain, noting "we should be scrupulous in distinguishing, as far as we can, between what we see in medieval texts and what we believe medieval tellers and readers might have seen in them" (7). Indeed, Spearing argues that for Gower and Chaucer stories found in sources were "history," and so thought factual--what was reported actually happened. This was especially true of classical sources like Livy, who first tells of Virginius and his daughter (and whose version Gower probably knew and used); details of the "plot" found there could not be substantially altered, although they might be embellished or downplayed here and there. In an extended argument, Spearing asserts that the "narrative I" present in the "Physician's Tale" is not the Physician but Chaucer himself (17-33), and that in Gower's "Virginius and Virginia," where the first-person pronoun is not used, the narrator is not Genius, nor the fictional "Amans/Gower" who presumably narrates the frame tale of his experience, but can only be the poet: "the creator of this subjectless subjectivity is the reteller of the story, John Gower" (11) As Spearing sums it up, "My argument is only that neither [Gower's nor Chaucer's tale] benefits by being understood as told by an unreliable narrator, and my aim has been not just to offer one more interpretation of each work but to investigate some principles on which interpretation might be based." Central to those principles is the idea that "greater attention [should be shown] to medieval assumptions about the retelling of old stories" (34). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Spearing, A. C. Published Spearing, A.C. "Narration in Two Versions of 'Virginius and 'Virginia'." Chaucer Review 54 (2019): 1-34. ISSN: 0009-2002. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narration in Two Versions of "Virginius and Virginia." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Comparison of Apollonius stories in "Pericles" and CA; prints Apollonius story from Berthelette's 1554 edition of CA. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Bullough, Geoffrey. Published Bullough, Geoffrey. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. 8 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957-1975, 6: 29, 343-55, 360-70, 373. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study concentrates on the major works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower and, without making any specific links between the two writers, investigates some of the devices used to make their long poems cohere . . . . The Introduction examines some forms of manuscript layout used to analyse and represent the constituent parts of an argument or narrative: the 'arbor' and its branches, the 'species' or genealogy, and the use of marginal commentary to modify or interpret a text . . . . Chapter Two demonstrates the flexibility of the manual form, with reference to 'Handlyng Synne . . . , elaborated upon with regard to the 'Confessio Amantis,' and Gower is shown to display a nascent sense of individuality fostered by penitential practice to focus his morality upon the conscience of his reader. The next three chapters deal with the 'Mirour de l'Omme' and 'Vox Clamantis' and their contexts. Society, in the form of the estates, and morality, the Virtues and Vices and 'species' thereof, supply the structural models for much of these works. The final chapter examines the proliferation of prophecies at the time of Gower's 'Cronica Tripertita,' and suggests that he used these as models to create a justification of Bolingbroke's rise to the throne." Author/Editor Author/Editor Higgins, Richard Ian. Published Higgins, Richard Ian. "Narrative Models: The Structure of the Major Works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower." Ph.D. Dissertation. Brunel University, 1993. Index to Theses, with Abstracts: Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 43.3 (1994), no. 5257. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Vox Clamantis Chronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narrative Models: The Structure of the Major Works of Robert Mannyng and John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Scanlon, Larry Published Scanlon, Larry. "Narrative, Authority, and Power: The Medieval Exemplum and the Chaucerian Tradition." Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature (20). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Review For Scanlon authority and power occur in opposition. His subject is the exemplum, which he defines as "a narrative enactment of cultural authority" (p. 34). He traces the inter-related histories of auctoritas and the exemplum from classical times up to Chaucer, who provides the focus of his study. Just as the church had earlier appropriated the exemplum form from its pagan predecessors in order to establish its own auctoritas, Scanlon argues, Chaucer and other contemporary writers appropriated the exemplum anew in order to assert the authority of vernacular poetry in face of that of the church. His reading of Chaucer, emphasizing the poet's engagement with the problem of his own authority, is detailed and complex, and needs to be examined to be appreciated. Scanlon treats Gower in his second to last chapter (pp. 245-97), before turning to his conclusion on "The Chaucerian Tradition in the fifteenth century." He has less to say about Gower's use of the exemplum form precisely than he does about the theoretical issues that the form raises. He describes CA as "a sustained meditation on the contingencies of cultural authority" (p. 267). He attributes to Gower just as much self-consciousness about his role as he does to Chaucer, but describes him as having a very different agenda: more explicitly anticlerical, Gower places lay political authority (rather than the poet's) over that of the church, while also arguing for the interdependence of the prince and poetry. In Scanlon's words, "To the extent moral disorder characterizes the Church, it demonstrates the need for the sort of order provided by the king. But to the extent such disorder also affects kingship, it demonstrates the indispensability of the moral correction that comes from the poet" (p. 249). Scanlon finds a point by point development of this argument in his examination of CA. In the Prologue and Books 1 and 2, "Gower is expecially concerned to demonstrate the necessity of lay authority by means of anti-clerical critique. But he is just as concerned to demonstrate the irreducibly double nature of such authority, the interdependence between poet and prince, and the extent to which the prince's authority is discursively constructed" (pp. 249-50). The Prologue juxtaposes the moral bankruptcy of the Church with Gower's call for a "new Arion," both set within his presentation of his poem to the king. Book 1 introduces Genius, who embodies Gower's "middel weie," hovering "uncertainly between the clerical and the lay" (p. 256). Key tales in Books 1 and 2 explore the discursive nature of all authority. The tale of Boniface sets the pope -- who usurps not only the papacy but also (literally) the voice of God and also temporal authority -- against the virtuous king who restores order to the church. The tale of Constantine with which that tale is paired not only "foregrounds Christianity's dependence on material reality" (p. 266) in its conclusion, but also defines an important aspect of kingship in Constantine's conversion. When Constantine beholds the mothers and their children, "it is as if monarchical power, in its supreme amorality, stimulates from its possessor an irresistable need for moral order," demonstrating "monarchy's inherently self-regulating character, the paradoxical but inevitable logic whereby absolute prerogative produces its own self-generated restraint" (p. 265). In Books 3 through 6, Gower distinguishes this view of monarchy from the chivalric view of lay authority with a critique of the values embodied in romance, focusing particularly on the delusions of fin' amors in tales such as "Canace and Machaire," "Pyramus and Thisbe," and "Orestes," while offering a "demystified" view of the claims of chivalry in his discussion of "Prouesse" in Book 4. In the final tale of Book 6, he offers another version of the self-regulating nature of the monarch's power. Alexander's arbitrary act of shoving Nectanabus off the tower ironically fulfills the prophecy that provokes it; it also corrects the arbitrariness of the act by which Alexander was originally conceived. Divine authority works obliquely through Alexander's action. "By pushing the oblique relation between divine authority and temporal power to the extreme, Gower is able to authorize lay power precisely in its transgressive coerciveness. For it is precisely the self-regulating structure of that transgressiveness that Gower takes as divine authorization. Lay power is by its very nature contingent and incomplete. But for Gower its continual reassertions of it contingency and incompletion produce a self-regulation that is continually able to point beyond that incompletion" (pp. 281-82). This tale opens the way for Book 7, which emphasizes the need for secular rule -- "Monarchy inevitably produces social order, because it is the only form order can take" (p. 291) -- and the unbreakable link between power and self-restraint. One form of that self-restraint, of course, is chastity, the last of the kingly virtues that Gower discusses, which replaces fin' amors with an ideal of behavior that recalls that imposed on the clergy and thus constitutes a sanctification of lay authority. Gower's engagement with political issues, he concludes, was no less important to the poets that followed in the next century than was Chaucer's reappropriation of the clerical tradition. There is more. Scanlon has a great deal to say about many other issues both theoretical and practical that come up along the way (see, for instance, his speculation on Derrida's debt to St. Paul on p. 51). But his discussion is also firmly grounded in some of the most traditional questions of Chaucer and Gower scholarship. In one sense, his reading of Gower puts him in a long line of critics who have emphasized Gower's political views, but he brings an entirely different perspective from earlier commentators. And while he attempts to overcome the antithesis between morality and poetry that lies, as he observes, at the base of most comparisons between Chaucer and Gower, he also sees important differences between these two poets, which he defines in a new and very different light. This is a challenging work, and well worth close study. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN14.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narrative, Authority, and Power: The Medieval Exemplum and the Chaucerian Tradition. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Palmer, James Milton Published Palmer, James Milton. "Narratives of Healing: Emotion, Medicine, Metaphor, and Late-medieval Poetry and Prose (John Gower, Geoffrey Chaucer, Diego de San Pedro, Spain)." PhD thesis, Purdue University, 2002. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review "As Barbara Rosenwein has noted, very little attention has been given to the history of emotions other than love. Posing the question "What is an emotion? Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narratives of Healing: Emotion, Medicine, Metaphor, and Late-medieval Poetry and Prose (John Gower, Geoffrey Chaucer, Diego de San Pedro, Spain) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis NonPeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Nowlin, Steele Published Nowlin, Steele. "Narratives of Incest and Incestuous Narratives: Memory, Process, and the Confessio Amantis's 'Middel Weie'." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 35 (2005), pp. 217-244. ISSN 1082-9636 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review For Nowlin, "To read Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' is to read about incest. It is also to read incestuously" (p. 217). What Nowlin means by "incest" is transparent, given that the focus of his study is the "Tale of Apollonius;" but his notion of "reading incestuously" is a bit more complicated. Essentially he argues that Gower's description of "Apollonius" as "a long process" (Bk. VIII, 269)--the only use of the word in the CA--should be taken seriously, as a calculated announcement of a literary practice applicable not only to the tale but to the CA itself, and to Gower's entire poetic project as well. "Put most simply, that project is to repair the discord of human history manifested as late-fourteenth-century England's particular cultural and historical moment," using "a memorial process through which narratives of the past are redistributed through a poetics of the 'middel weie' in order to educate readers on how to use knowledge to improve themselves and their society (Pro. 17)" (p. 217). The "most insidious threat" to this poetic project is "the destructive consumption of memory" which can be defined, according to its retrogressive character, as incestuous, and facilitative of "incestuous reading." To counter this destructive process, Gower depends on Augustine's argument in the "Confessions" (II.23) against the existence of either the future or the past, but for the present only, on the grounds that neither the future, which has yet to be, nor the past, which exists only in the present, in memory, has real-time existence. Hence, according to Nowlin, Gower attempts to retell old stories, in order to "restructure the present through the reconfiguration of the past" (p. 238). By this means, although we are forced to "read incestuously," Gower's focus on "process" "transforms that act of incestuous, consumptive reading into something generative and productive" (p. 238). Particularly interesting is Nowlin's extended reading of Antiochus' riddle (pp. 224 ff.) as a prime example of incestuous narrative on several levels. One caveat regarding the notes: Nowlin has some difficulty keeping straight work belonging to Alexandra Hennessey Olsen (identified correctly in n. 16, as the author of "Betwene Ernest and Game": The Literary Artistry of the Confessio Amantis) and Kurt Olsson (author of "John Gower and the Structures of Conversion," as in n. 10); eventually all "Olsens" blend to "Olssons" (viz., nos. 34, 40). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 25.1.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Narratives of Incest and Incestuous Narratives: Memory, Process, and the Confessio Amantis's 'Middel Weie' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Uses passages from CA as comments on English social life and characters--jugglers, the "ferment of democracy," desire not to slay heathen, fear of Peasants' Revolt; Gower is a "strong partisan of the aristocracy," even though Dale recurrently links his views with those of Langland. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Dale, Edmund. Published Dale, Edmund. National Life and Character in the Mirror of Early English Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1907, pp. 217, 229, 235, 268, 270, 272, 275, 285, 289, 290, 295 300, 301, 302, 310, 311, 318, 320. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource National Life and Character in the Mirror of Early English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues that the Confessio is heavily influenced by Gower's legal training. He identifies five different meanings of "jus naturae" in the CA, and shows how they help to explain why many points in the poem seem difficult to modern readers. He goes on to argue that Gower transcends the rule of natural law for divine concern, through grace, by the poem's conclusion. [PN. Copyright the John Gower Society. JGN 1.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Olsson, Kurt Published Olsson, Kurt. "Natural Law and John Gower's Confessio Amantis." Medievalia et Humanistica 11 (1982), pp. 231-261. ISSN 0076-6127 Gower Subject Biography of Gower Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Natural Law and John Gower's Confessio Amantis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Falk surveys commentary on Gower's knowledge of medieval sciences and magic, particularly astronomy and astrology, accepting traditional arguments that in Book VII of "Confessio Amantis" Gower was widely influenced by "encyclopaedic sources" such as the pseudo-Aristotelian "Secretum secretorum" and Brunetto Latini's "Li Livres dou Tresor," but exploring further Gower's familiarity with "lesser known sources" (491), particularly two texts: the "Benedictum sit nomen Domini," an example of the "broad corpus of Latin writings which may be called Alchandreana" (504), and the "Tractatus Enoch," a text as much concerned with magic as science. Both texts have been previously identified in discussions of Gower's sources, but Falk studies details shared between CA and these texts in order to explore the "true level of Gower's scientific expertise" (514), observing the poet's relative lack of interest in scientific instruments, his relatively precise use of numbers, and his interest in "diagrammatic illustrations," which "may have drawn the poet's eye down" to scientific texts (525). Falk thinks that the "Benedictum" is the source of Gower's lists of stars in CA, but similarities with the "Benedictum" do not allow us to gauge Gower's "theoretical understanding" of lunar mansions, and his "conflation of signs and constellations" indicate that he in part misunderstood his source (515). Gower's use of the "Tractatus Enoch," Falk tells us, helps to explain citations of Nectanabus and Hermes in CA and perhaps indicates Gower's familiarity with "image magic"--a "fashionable genre of learned magic" (521) related to astronomy. Drawing on the "Tractatus" or something like it, Gower "included "elements of both astrology and image magic in his account of astronomy" in CA, but he also distinguished "between the people who practise" these skills, thereby, Falk explains, treading a "reasonably straight and careful path" between valid science and immoral practice (524), while pursuing the goal of educating his readers. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Falk, Seb. Published Falk, Seb. "Natural Sciences." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 491-525. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Natural Sciences. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Here he offers an unusually clear and well illustrated summary of Gower's doctrine. Earlier sources had provided two different views of Nature, one the "law of (non-rational) instinct," the "nature" that man shares with the animals, the other the "law of (natural) reason," man's "nature" as a rational being (p. 2). These two views could be harmonized, yet they could also be set in opposition. In RR, one of Gower's most important sources, Nature is clearly opposed to Reason, though she is not for that reason completely amoral. In CA, "nature," or more normally "kinde," can be used with moral force, for instance in the discussions of ingratitude and murder. "Kinde" is distinguished, however, from "reason," opening up the possibility of conflict, a possibility that is realized for Gower in the sphere of human sexual love (p. 7). "Kinde" may refer broadly to man's "nature," including reason; and even with reference to the sexual impulse it may carry moral authority, though the most obvious examples, the prohibitions of incest and homosexuality, raise unresolvable problems in Nature's role. In other examples (e.g. "Canace and Machaire"), Nature can quite clearly operate against reason, and thus be conducive to vice. There are several key passages in CA on the need to keep natural impulse under the control of reason. But White observes that Gower evidently believes that such control is not always possible. Gower portrays man as trapped between two irreconcilable forces, and the ending of the poem illustrates that "the only truly safe condition is one in which man is no longer subject to the influences of love and nature" (p. 14). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 9.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor White, Hugh Published White, Hugh. "Nature and the Good in Gower's Confessio Amantis." In John Gower: Recent Readings. Papers Presented at the John Gower Society at the International Congress 1983-88. Ed. Yeager, R.F.. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1989, pp. 1-20. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nature and the Good in Gower's Confessio Amantis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Western Michigan University, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor White, Hugh Published White, Hugh. "Nature, Sex, and Goodness in a Medieval Literary Tradition." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Review White's central concern, he writes, in his introduction to this new study of Nature in late medieval literature, "is with such overlapping questions as whether that provision with which human beings are endowed by nature tends toward their good, whether the natural circumstances of human beings conduce to their happiness, whether by nature human beings are inclined to the good, whether the law of nature directs human beings to the good; in short, is Nature benign and moral?" (5); and the answer that he reaches for each of these questions for the majority of the authors that he examines, to a greater or lesser degree, is "no," in contrast to the more optimistic view that is as he notes "often . . . taken for granted by modern students of medieval literature" (2). His greatest interest is in Gower and Chaucer, who occupy the last two chapters of his book. The first five chapters survey a very broad range of earlier texts that define the tradition of thinking on Nature on which the two English poets drew. Chapter 1 surveys "academic writings (philosophical, theological, legal, medical) from antiquity to the fifteenth century" (8). In these, Nature is commonly understood to promote virtue and to provide moral guidance for humans in association with Reason. Ulpian's linking of natural law with animals rather than humans, however, raised semantic and ontological issues regarding both "nature" and what is "natural" in human beings (33) which opened the way for a tendency to see the natural as non-rational. "Whilst it is true that an association between nature and reason is widespread and that nature is frequently seen as good--the natural defining a proper state of being for all things, and human beings possessing natural desires towards God and the good--it is also the case that a far from negligible strain in medieval thought associates the natural with the animal and the irrational and recognizes that there is a sense of nature in which nature can move to the bad" (44). Even the "natural" in this sense, however, was superior to the "unnatural," introducing what White calls a "three-tier" morality: "there is the natural and the right, the natural but wrong, and the unnatural, which is, just in virtue of being unnatural, wrong" (46). White finds a "basic consonance" (48) with the concept of the natural in academic writing among the authors of the Middle English devotional and moral works that he examines in chapter 2. Drawing upon an impressive array of sources, he demonstrates that "kynde" was often associated with the good – both with "natural reason" and with Biblical morality--but that especially in matters of sexual conduct, nature might "fall short of the highest virtue" (66) and might even have to be restrained. "There seems to be some reluctance among moralists and homiletic writers to allow that sin can be the result of natural pressures, but the explicit rejection of this idea suggests that it was in fact current" (66), leaving unresolved the issues of whether humans are fundamentally rational or fundamentally irrational according to nature. Chapter 3 treats the allegorized or personified "Natura vicaria Dei" in works by Boethius, Bernardus Silvestris, Alan of Lille, and Johannes de Hauvilla, all of whom present a creative Nature working in harmony with the divine and in most cases explicitly on the side of virtue. But even in these authors, White argues, the "ambition for the good does not deny a problematic aspect to the natural" (108). Particularly in the "De Planctu Naturae" and "Anticlaudianus" of Alan of Lille, Nature's reach is limited, especially in comparison to the power of grace, and her efforts to pass responsibility for the corruption of the system that she instituted onto Venus and others are not fully persuasive. "Her associations with the body and sex are already obscuring her moral glory, and the damaging effects of those associations will be allowed greater play as the Nature tradition develops" (109). Jean de Meun is the central figure in White's argument, making explicit the moral ambiguity of Nature that is implicit among his predecessors and providing the point of reference for all writers who follow. In chapter 4, White examines the radically different presentation of Nature in the "Roman de la Rose," separated from Reason and aligned more closely with Venus, expressing "a sense of the inseparability of the orthodoxly acceptable end of procreation from the orthodoxly dubious principle of sexual pleasure. Sex is to be regarded as natural even though it does not consciously aim at procreation" (133). This association, he suggests, "in a scenario very possibly designed to contrast with the rebellion of Venus from Nature in the 'De Planctu', seems to be commenting on Alan's treatment of the two figures. The Nature of the 'De Planctu' seeks to detach herself from Venus and thereby from responsibility for the seamier side of sexual behaviour. Jean suggests that this is an evasion . . . . And Jean's arrangement of the action of his poem dramatizes how the natural drive towards procreation may indeed go forward through channels less than pure" (133-34). Jean thus lets "the morally problematic association of nature with sex . . . run loose" and presents "a Nature who condones and encourages behaviour orthodoxly regarded as sinful" (139). The French writers who followed Jean, whom White examines in another impressive list of citations in chapter 5, all respond to the "Roman" in some way. Jean Gerson tries to resurrect the morally orthodox Nature and to defend her from what he sees as Jean's defamation of her; other writers present a Nature that explicitly leads humans to lechery; while a third group seeks to "accommodate two irreconcilable conceptions" of Nature (159), one adhering to Reason and one promoting illicit pleasure, attempting to preserve the notion that what is natural must be good but never satisfactorily resolving her relation to Amours and Venus or managing to countenance legitimate sex under Nature without also countenancing the immoral. White devotes the longest chapter in his book to Gower. He describes how Gower stands as heir to each of these conflicting conceptions of Nature, but Gower's deepest and most sincerely held view, he argues, is reflected in what he sees as the deliberate failure of the attempt to reach a reconciliation. Nature, he points out first of all, is most often linked to the intuitive, the instinctual, and the pre-rational in CA, differentiated both from Reason and from Grace, and aligned with the body rather than the soul, a version of Nature that is not far removed from Ulpian's. As such, Nature may be in harmony with Reason and moral law, as the instinctive emotion that binds families together, for instance, or as that which abhors killing and war. White also points to passages that suggest that "the idea of Nature is for Gower the focus for a vision of the healing of the fundamental division between soul and body and hence a talismanic concept" (187); and indeed "the general strategy of 'Confessio Amantis'"--as evidenced in Gower's deployment of the scheme of the Seven Deadly Sins and in the dual allegiance professed by Genius--"seems to be designed with a view to entertaining claims about the unifiability of aspects of the human being which at first sight might seem irreconcilable" (187-88). But the "idea of the goodness of natural human instinct coexists with darker suggestions about nature-as-impulse" (188), and it is "with sex that Nature's capacity to stimulate vice, to go against reason and to invite pardon for it, becomes clearly apparent" (189). The tales of "Iphis and Iante" and "Canace and Machaire" both suggest--despite some apparent efforts to redeem the natural, especially in the latter--that Nature presides "over an unconditioned sexual instinct which is capable of expressing itself in behavior contrary to reason and also to the positive human law which demands moral action and which yet cannot adequately constrain the natural impulses which may impel people away from moral behavior" (196). Even the passages in Book 7 that speak of "modifying" the laws of nature with reason "cut two ways" in White's view and reveal an underlying anxiety: "they suggest that an accommodation of the natural sexual urge can be made, but they point to the necessity of restraint of the natural. Nature may be a domesticable threat to morality, but it is a threat nevertheless" (201). And the tale of "Tobias and Sara" with which Book 7 concludes shows that restraint can be achieved, but that "in the normal course of events" restraint is quite unlikely (202). "That sharp sense of the antagonism between love on the one hand and reason and morality on the other and a consciousness of the unmanageability of the natural sexual impulses are what dominate the ending" to the poem (205). "Because love and reason are incompatible, . . . Genius requires Amans to give up love" (ibid.). Amans' very inability to choose--and the fact the he obtains his release only through the agency of Venus and Cupid--suggest how little love is governable by reason. Amans' petition acknowledges Nature's power over him and the overcoming of his reason; and Venus' final remarks suggest that Amans remains at risk from Nature despite the restoration of his reason. Despite all of the poem's optimistic gestures, therefore, division finally triumphs over harmony. Where at the beginning of CA Genius affirms a dual allegiance, at the end he denies his mistress and assumes a role different from any earlier Genius figure, as "the poem's initial generosity towards love" gives way to "an ascetic vision which focuses on the unsatisfactoriness of human sexual love, its irreconcilability with the claims of morality, and which sees clearly the need to turn to a love beyond the world" (213). And while both the length and structure of the poem express the poet's wish for reconciliation or at least for some "ultimately benign purpose in the ineluctable and apparently sometimes baneful influence of the sexual impulse on human beings" (218), Gower renounces this purpose as he resumes his own proper identity in the closing lines. In his final chapter White takes up Chaucer. In the broad variety of his works Chaucer holds a less consistent view of Nature than Gower does. There are several passages (e.g. in Mel and ParsT) in which Nature is invoked without qualification as providing a moral norm. More characteristically, however, White finds that Chaucer expresses a disillusionment with so morally optimistic a view. Such a response is visible in his reworking of a passage in Book 3, Meter 2 of "De Consolatione Philosophiae," in which Lady Philosophy proclaims a natural inclination to the good, in MkT 160-82 and SqT 607-20, where what is natural for both animals and humans turns out to be considerably less benign. It is also apparent in other poems--White cites passages from BD, PF, PhysT, and T&C--in which Chaucer first presents a favorable view of Nature which he then compels us to view it more skeptically, ending "with a vision of humanity let down, or even victimized, by Nature" (254). Chaucer's view of the relation of the natural and the human, he concludes, is "stalked by despair" (257), while Gower, being less committed to his role as a poet of love, "can walk away from that collision [between reason and morality] relatively unharmed" (ibid.). This is a fine book, because of its clarity, because of its comprehensiveness, and because of its alertness to the variety of manifestations that Nature assumes not only in medieval literature generally--for which it deserves to take its place alongside Teresa Tinkle's recent book on "Medieval Venuses and Cupids" (see JGN 16, no. 2)--but also in individual works, an alertness that is particularly evident in the illuminating sensitivity to nuance that White brings to bear upon many of the key passages that he examines. His central point--that Nature is not as beneficent as many have assumed--may be taken as proved, but what is most remarkable about this book is the great complexity of the figure that it offers in place of our earlier, simpler view. One must also be impressed with the complexity and the subtlety of some of the strategies with which the authors that White examines attempted to deal with Nature and her role. As some of the quotations above might perhaps suggest, White lays considerable stress upon the morally negative aspect of Nature for the purpose of his argument, sometimes implying either that this is the more correct view of Nature or that it is the one that the authors that he examines wished to affirm. For more than one of the authors that followed Jean de Meun, however, among whom we may wish to include Gower, it appears that Nature might represent a situation of moral ambiguity that might be addressed and even satisfactorily resolved on the moral plane without necessarily reaching a consistent and unitive view of the figure of Nature herself. There is still room for discussion, in other words, of precisely how Nature functions within the moral argument that some of these works present, but that discussion will be considerably aided by the care and precision with which White has presented his examination of how she is defined. This is now the most complete and most reliable source of information on Nature's appearance in the literary tradition that White examines, and it provides essential background to the study of Gower. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 21.1.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nature, Sex, and Goodness in a Medieval Literary Tradition. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In this study Doob aims to provide a "representative late medieval view of madness and its conventions," describing classical and biblical roots, and the emphases found in later commentaries and representations. She identifies moral, medical, and psychological aspects of late-medieval literary madness, and a fundamental alignment of madness with sin. In the taxonomy that structures the book, Doob offers a set of three general character types--conventions" as she calls them throughout--separating the Mad Sinner (madness as punishment) from the Unholy Wild Man (madness as purgation) and the Holy Wild Man (madness as test or proving) and using them to classify and discuss a wide variety of literary characters--Lucifer and Herod to Sir Gowther and Sir Orfeo--drawn from various literary genres: saints' lives, romance, drama, etc. She concludes with an anomalous (as she admits) discussion of Thomas Hoccleve as a poet unusually concerned with madness, perhaps because he experienced madness himself--a possibility that Doob raises but leaves unresolved. The biblical Nebuchadnezzar merits his place in the title of this study by being, Doob tells us, the "prototype of literary madness" (58) in all its medieval forms. In a section that examines various adaptations of the story of Nebuchadnezzar's madness, anchored in the Book of Daniel, Doob assesses Gower's version from "Confessio Amantis" 1.2785-3042, admiring its "pathos" (86) and other romance elements that make it "one of the most moving" tales in CA. She clearly prefers it to the version of Chaucer's Monk ("pardonable only if . . . seen as an attempt to fit tale to teller" [p.81]) and pairs it with the version found in "Cleanness" as two effective treatments of the bestialized mad king as a moral exemplar. In this study Doob addresses neither Gower's retelling of Nebuchadnezzar's dream in CA, nor other renderings of madness not affiliated with Nebuchadnezzar in his works, such as the bestialization of the peasants in VC, the madness of love (CA, Book 1,130), the grief-stricken madness of Apollonius (CA VIII, 1687), and others. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Doob, Penelope B. R. Published Doob, Penelope B. R. Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Elmes, Melissa Ridley. Published Elmes, Melissa Ridley. Negotiating Violence at the Feast in Medieval British Texts. Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2016. viii, 330 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A77.11(E). Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and at https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?id=19566. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Review From Elmes's abstract: "Making use of theoretical underpinnings from anthropology and history that characterize the feast as a culturally essential event and medieval violence as a rational and strategically-employed tool of constraint, coercion, and manipulation, I convert the essentially historical question of the cultural importance of feasts into a literary one by close reading feasting scenes and their aftermath in order to consider how the writers in medieval England used the motif of violence at or following the feast to illuminate, critique, and offer correction to social, political, and religious issues tied to the specific concerns of justice, loyalty, and treason within a community. Looking at texts ranging from the Anglo-Saxon epic 'Beowulf,' the Welsh 'Mabinogion,' and Latin 'Historia Regum Britanniae' to chronicle-based works by Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower, the Middle English Arthurian romances 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight' and Sir Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur,' the Old Norse 'Clari's Saga,' and outlaw tales of Robin Hood, Gamelyn, and Hereward the Wake, I demonstrate through a comparative approach centered on interpretation and analysis supported with contextual historical evidence that violence associated with the feast is typically presented according to genre expectations and mirrors cultural anxieties that are specific to the community in which and for which a given text was produced." Elmes's discussion of Gower focuses on the "Tale of Albinus and Rosamund," with attention to the account in Paul the Deacon's "Historia Langobardorum" which "serves as a basis" for Gower's narrative. She also includes comments on versions of the story of Constance by Gower, Trevet, and, especially, Chaucer. [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Negotiating Violence at the Feast in Medieval British Texts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Sprang examines Shakespeare's interest in the Middle Ages apparent in his late "tragi-comedies," taking both "Pericles" and "Kinsmen" as essentially Shakespearean. What drew his attention, in Sprang's view, was "an exploration of narrative structures and generic boundaries," rather than "themes or ideas" that might be called medieval. In particular, Sprang finds that "in the juxtapositions of grief, happiness, suffering, and joy that the (re)construction of the Middle Ages as an era ruled by 'fatum' [Fate] is clearly evident." The plays "tell the story of a world of inconsistencies and abrupt changes, and the key to their stereotypical view of the Middle Ages lies in their approach to narratives" in the "choice and/or creation of genres that can accommodate these narratives." [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Sprang, Felix C.H. Published Sprang, Felix C.H. "Never Fortune Did Play a Subtler Game: The Creation of 'Medieval' Narratives in 'Pericles' and 'The Two Noble Kinsmen'." EJES: European Journal of English Studies 15 (2011): 115-28. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Never Fortune Did Play a Subtler Game: The Creation of "Medieval" Narratives in "Pericles" and "The Two Noble Kinsmen." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Describes and transcribes the fragmentary portion of Confessio Amantis 4.2351-2520 found in the "Takamiya fragment," once a part of Huntington Library MS EL 26.A.17, folios 68 and 69. Comments briefly on the puzzling nature of the removal of seventeen leaves from the Huntington, perhaps for various reasons. [Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 22.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Edwards, A. S. G. Takamiya, Toshiyuki Published Edwards, A. S. G. and Takamiya, Toshiyuki. "New Fragment of Gower's Confessio Amantis." Modern Language Review 96 (2001), pp. 931-936. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New Fragment of Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Allen, Elizabeth Published Allen, Elizabeth. "Newfangled Readers in Gower's 'Apollonius of Tyre'." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 29 (2007), pp. 419-64. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review Allen titles the third of six sub-sections (or fourth of seven, if one chooses to count the unheaded initial four pages and a half) of her voluminously erudite essay "Repetition and the Wandering Cure"--an indicative agnomen appropriate, perhaps, to suggest a sense of the whole. Allen begins with a direct claim: "For Gower… 'Apollonius' thematizes incest in order to meditate on audience reception: incestuous desire, repeatedly encountered and avoided throughout the narrative, necessitates a series of interpretive acts that figure the relation between king and subject as a relation of mutual audience. The interpretive effort that bolsters monarchy while attending to the needs of its subjects requires imagination on the part of both monarch and subjects. I argue in this essay that incest in 'Apollonius' stages an exploration of such imaginative activity: a series of kings' daughters are figured as new audiences who reinterpret in order to reaffirm monarchial power" (p. 419). Building upon Freudian psychoanalytics and psychoanalytic criticism (Brooks, Fradenburg, Scanlon, Bullón-Fernández, Watt), Allen identifies these targeted/and or developed "new audiences"--the "newfangled readers" of her title--as two-fold but overlapping: everyone who, in the end (and via substantial imaginative maturation) "gets it," i.e., comes to full grips with Gower's process in "Apollonius" and seizes its meaning (pp. 460-62); and women, "a female audience reflective of the communal nature of reading among women in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century England" (p. 458). Key in Allen's approach is the concept of transference. At its least level transference converts Amans' fictive (and imaginary) love-life to "the story of John Gower's temporal existence" (p. 463); at its more significant application transference becomes the means by which "'Apollonius' calls attention to its audience's involvement with the plot and hence, in the structure of relations between authority and subject." Thus for Allen the CA is not ultimately an exemplary work; rather, "far from modeling exactly how readers should conduct themselves, subjecting them to morals, the story mediates [sic] on how readers garner authority and make therapeutic contributions to meaning" (p. 463). And, one assumes, mutatis mutandis to kingship and community, although by the essay's conclusion the political dimension held out at its opening seems in danger of being overwhelmed, if not entirely displaced, by foci interior and personal. [RFY. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 27.2] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newfangled Readers in Gower's 'Apollonius of Tyre' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review ". . . there is no doubt that John Gower knew S[peculum] S[tultorum] directly and intimately" (cxl). Mann cites the "Tale of Adrian and Bardus" from the "Confessio Amantis" (V. 4937-5162) as taken directly from Nigel, "the only major divergence from SS [being] the omission of the lion, which may have been due to the desire for brevity, but it is also possible that Gower was (like me) puzzled by the idea of a lion climbing a rope" (cxli). In Appendix D (N.B.: not C, as cited p. cxl), Mann keys Nigel's lines borrowed into the "Vox Clamantis" to loci in what is a major edition (although some of the Book and line references in Appendix D require emendation). This will become the standard edition of "Speculum Stultorum," and is a welcome advance on Thomas Wright, ed., "Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets and Epigrammatists of the Twelfth Century," 2 vols. (Rolls Series, 1872), who gave no line numbers, and on the edition of the "Speculum" of Robert Raymo and J. H. Mozley. [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Mann, Jill, ed. and trans. Published Mann, Jill, ed. and trans. Nigel of Longchamp: Speculum Stultorum (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2023). Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nigel of Longchamp: Speculum Stultorum. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Green gauges Gower's attitudes toward late-medieval English aristocratic actions and ideals. He describes socio-economic events that disturbed the traditional social hierarchy of the time, efforts to bolster that hierarchy, and Gower's reactions to the events and outcomes, comparing them recurrently with those of his literary contemporaries. He finds Gower's views on the aristocracy to be complex, ambiguous, and, at times, inconsistent. Summarizing the upheavals that followed from the Black Death and the French wars, Green comments that in "Mirour de l'Omme" Gower "decried revolt" even while he "shared the rebels disappointment with the impotence of the aristocracy" (147). In light of the development of a professional military and the subsequent reshaping of chivalry and its "cultural currency" (151), Green observes a "number of tensions in Gower's writing" (152). The poet, for example, cautions knights against seeking fame, but urges them to seek honor; his poems include a "range of views" on the "legitimacy of war," while his attitudes towards love in chivalry are "somewhat fluid" (159); his "position with regard to crusading, as with broader knightly duties, is not unambiguous" (161). The poet "abhorred violence for the most part," Green says, but he also praised those who "took up arms for the right reasons and with an awareness of the need of restraint" (164). Green discerns no "single, simplistic perspective on the subjects of chivalry and nobility" in Gower's works, but observes "a general direction of moral travel" (165) toward necessary but unspecific reform. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Green, David. Published Green, David. "Nobility and Chivalry." In Historians on John Gower. Ed. Stephen H. Rigby, with Siân Echard (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2019), pp. 141-65. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nobility and Chivalry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As her title suggests, Lears' essay is generally concerned with "Piers Plowman," but it does include one extended reference to Gower's "Visio Anglie" ("Vox Clamantis" 1.9). In her discussion of aural play, noise, and the "poetics of lolling" in Langland's poem, Lears describes Gower's depiction of the eloquent jackdaw or jay (a figure for Wat Tyler) whose address provokes his listeners to break into a "hubbub of animalistic bleating, barking, and roaring." This is one among a "number of moments in the literature of medieval England"--perhaps the most notable one as Lears puts it--where the "dynamic of noise emerg[es] from misdirected attention or irrational listening," even though, as Lears acknowledges, the scene is more often discussed as Gower's "conservative strategy . . . to marginalize the voices of the peasants" (184). Further on, Lears suggests that Gower's "bird analogy" finds a "telling echo" in the "Wycliffite Tretise of Miraclis Pleying," (185), but she does not mention that both are reflexes of a widely observed orator-as-jay satiric topos found, for example, in Chaucer's description of the Summoner ("General Prologue" 1,642-43) and in the "Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II" of the Auchinleck manuscript, anthologized in Thomas Wright's "Political Songs of England" (1839; 828). Lears changes little or nothing in her treatment of her brief discussion of Gower when revising this essay for inclusion in her book-length study (see pp. 121-22), but she rearranges other things as she revises, adds an assessment of "Mum and the Sothsegger," and later in the book (pp. 186-87), cites Gower's use in "Confessio Amantis" (Book I, 2391) of the clapping-bell topos to decry boasting. Chaucer receives a good deal of attention elsewhere in Lears' book, as do Richard Rolle, Margery Kempe, and others--but not Gower. [MA. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lears, Adin E. Published Lears, Adin E. "Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 38 (2016): 165-200. Reprinted as chapter 3, "'Wondres to Here': Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif." In Adin E. Lears, World of Echo: Noise and Knowing in Late-Medieval England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020). Pp. 94-127. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Noise, Soundplay, and Langland's Poetics of Lolling in the Time of Wyclif. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor David, Alfred, and James Simpson, eds. Published David, Alfred, and James Simpson, eds. "Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Vol. 1A: The Middle Ages." New York: Norton, 2006 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Review Gower finally joins the ranks of the elect: David and Simpson include an excerpt from Confessio Amantis, the tale of Tereus (5.5546-7074) in the new edition of English literature's holy canon (pp. 319-31). Their introduction briefly surveys Gower's life and works, and it offers a few comments on the structure of the poem, which culminates, in this account, in Amans' reintegration "with the psyche of which he is ideally a part." The tale that the editors reprint is the same chosen to represent CA by Derek Pearsall for his Chaucer to Spenser anthology in 1999 (see JGN 18, no. 1, 8-9). The text is based on Macaulay, but like the other examples of Middle English in the anthology, it has "been re-spelled in a way that is designed to aid the reader" (p. 15), evidently on the model of Donaldson's edition of Chaucer, which supplies the excerpts from CT in this volume. Thus, in the first few lines, "mi" becomes "my," "hiere" > "heere," "enheritance" > "inheritance," "therupon" > "thereupon," and "douhtres" > "doughtres." (The editors assure me that the substitution of "that" for "which" in the third line of the excerpt was inadvertent.) The introduction emphasizes the violence of the tale, in contrast to the "often pathetic, and always hopeless pursuit of Amans for his lady." It might also have noted that Amans' response (included in the excerpt) puts both Amans and his love for his lady in an unusually favorable light. Students who buy the anthology will also get a password that allows one year's access to the "Norton Literature Online" website, which includes material supplementary to the printed volume. They will find there an excerpt from the Prologue to VC describing the uprising of 1381, some excerpts from both VC and MO illustrating "Estates Satire," and a reproduction of the drawing of Gower aiming his arrow at the world from Cotton Tiberius A.IV (actually photographed from the frontispiece to vol. 4 of Macaulay's edition) illustrating "Medieval Estates and Orders." [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 25.1.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Vol. 1A: The Middle Ages. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Norton, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cook offers a summary of and commentary on Robert Greene's dream-vision, "Greenes Vision" (1592), paying significant attention to Greene's use of Gower and Chaucer as spokesmen for two views of poetry: Gower representing moral appeal and Chaucer, ludic delight. Greene's persona "turn[s] away from ludic Chaucerianism in favour of Gowerian reform" (54), but then the debate is rendered superfluous by the appearance of Solomon who has been listening in and who abjures both views for the sake of more pure wisdom, convincing Greene's persona to turn to theology. As Cook makes clear, the very existence of the work shows that Greene has not rejected literature, and the presence of Gower and Chaucer leads her to explore the poem's engagement with literary tradition, "multifaceted temporality" (54), nostalgia, and "the limits of nostalgia itself" (39). Along the way, Cook considers the peculiarity of the Gower "avatar" espousing "anti-Ovidianism" (53), the detailed visual portraits of Gower and Chaucer, and Greene's probable familiarity with the original fifteenth-century version of Gower's tomb. In "Greenes Vision," Chaucer and Gower each tell a prose tale about marital jealousy, and Gower's is, according to Cook, more like Greene's earlier works than like Gower's own. [MA. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cook, Megan L. Published Cook, Megan L. "Nostalgic Temporalities in Greenes Vision." Parergon 33, no. 2 (2016): 39-56. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nostalgic Temporalities in "Greenes Vision." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Hamilton finds a number of parallels between the work of Gower and the Exempla of Jacques de Vitry. Gower describes the Peacock as a bird who exemplifies Stealth (CA 5.6498-6500) as well as Pride (MO 23449-60). Jacques de Vitry uses the same imagery of the Peacock who hides its "turpes pedes" under its "pulchras pennas" and is known for its "passum latronis." Likewise the Middle English Gesta Romanorum employs the expression "for the pecok goth like a thef." Other parallels with Jacques de Vitry include the story of Nero in Hell (MO 24469-80), the tale of "the Travelers and the Angel" in Book 2 of the CA, and the story of Jerome's chastisement for being a Ciceronian (MO 14670-76). The latter exemplum in Jacques de Vitry also introduces the story of Sella, from which Gower borrows a phrase of a distich in VC 4.1214. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hamilton, George L Published Hamilton, George L. "Notes on Gower." Modern Language Notes 19.2 (1904), pp. 51-52. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notes on Gower Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1904 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Owen offers his "notes" as extensions of some of the findings of Masayoshi Ito (1976) and R.F. Yeager (1990), who have been among the few to give attention to this neglected aspect of Gower's verse. Within "prosody" Owen embraces Gower's use of rhyme and his use of run-on lines, and also some instances of verbal repetition. In his discussion of rhyme, he focuses on rime riche and on what Ito calls "quasi rime riche" and Owen "identicals," that is, the use of identical syllables at the end of successive lines if not necessarily identical final words. He finds the use of rhyme in MO to be mainly decorative, despite, or perhaps because of, the use of only two rhyme sounds in each twelve-line stanza, a technical feat that recalls the difficult rhyme patterns of some of Gower's French predecessors. He gives several examples to demonstrate that in the couplets of CA, on the other hand, rhyme is frequently used to enhance the sense as well as the liveliness and colloquialism of the dialogue between Genius and Amans. Owen uses the introductory lines in Books 1, 5, and 8 to demonstrate the effectiveness of Gower's use of enjambement. He concludes with a comparison of the two different versions of Gower's final prayer: though the first is marked by a greater number of enhanced rhymes than the second, "I think there can be no question as to the improvement of the passage" (pp. 410-11). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 14.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Owen, Charles A., Jr. Published Owen, Charles A., Jr.. "Notes on Gower's Prosody." Chaucer Review 28 (1994), pp. 405-13. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notes on Gower's Prosody Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Anonymous article includes a description of Gower's tomb as evidence. [RFY1981]. Published "Notes on the History of Wearing 'SS' Collars." Gentleman's Magazine 51 (1815): 109-10. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notes on the History of Wearing 'SS' Collars. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1815 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gilbert's article examines the influence of the Secretum Secretorum (SS) on Book 7 of the CA (84-93) and on Hoccleve's Regement of Princes (93-98). Whereas Macaulay suggested that Gower is indebted to the SS only for "scattered fragments" (85), Gilbert argues not only for additional verbal parallels, but also suggests an important structural similarity. Just as Gower's division of philosophy into three parts is derived from Brunetto Latini, so Gower's five points of policy in the second half of Book 7 are likely based on some version of the SS that is no longer extant. In Gower's marginal Latin, two of the points are spoken of as policies "principum regiminis" or "ad principis regimen," and the SS was frequently referred to by the title De Regimine Principum (86). The point of policy that receives the most attention from Gilbert is Liberality, which Gower calls "largitas" in the Latin, following the SS rather than, for instance, the medieval translation of Aristotle's Ethics (used by Aquinas) where the term liberalitas is employed (88). After also dealing with passages from the sections on Justice, Pity, and Chastity, Gilbert concludes with some thoughts about which language Gower read the SS in. It seems likely that "Gower possessed the whole work in Latin" (93), although none of the extant versions accounts for all of Gower's borrowings. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Gilbert, Allan H Published Gilbert, Allan H. "Notes on the Influence of the Secretum Secretorum." Speculum 3.1 (1928), pp. 84-98. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notes on the Influence of the Secretum Secretorum. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Finds Gower to have been seminal in the formation of Early Modern English, observing the "large number of words" in CA still in modern use and, barring technical terms, the limited number of "difficult words" in the work. Bases these comments on evidence from, and corrections to, instances of first usage or first meanings in the OED. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Burch, J. C. Horton. Published Burch, J. C. Horton. "Notes on the Language of Gower." English Studies 16 (1934): 209-15. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notes on the Language of Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Meindl's essay offers a translation and commentary on Book 6, lines 419-68 of VC, "de errore Vicecomitur, Balliuorum, nencon et in assisis iuratorum" (concerning "the error of sheriffs, bailiffs, and also jurors in assizes"; Meindl's translation), demonstrating by its detailed analysis that "the surface of Gower's text is deceptively bland and the sub-text surprisingly rich" (182). Meindl sets the composition of the passage in 1378-80, largely on the basis of the absence of any reference to the events of 1381. In the course of his commentary, he explains the rule and scope of responsibility of the fourteenth-century sheriff, the opportunities that the position offered for venality and corruption, and how the office was evolving at the time that Gower wrote; the role of the "iurati," which he points out can only loosely be translated as "jurors"; the function of the bailiffs; and the different forms and settings of the assizes, including how they differed from the courts per se, before centering in on the "assisa de nocumento" ("assizes of nuisance"), which Gower slyly invokes in lines 420 and 436 by referring to the "nocumenti" committed by sheriffs rather than those which serve as the basis for a complaint. It is no small part of the merit of Meindl's analysis that in addition to his concern for the precise referent of Gower's terms (such as "legifer," p. 195), he is also alert to Gower's frequent plays on words, and he also cites the sources for some of Gower's imagery. Beneath the broad condemnation of avarice and corruption offered by Gower's text, Meindl finds some circumspect reference to specific issues and events from the years in which this passage was composed. In lines 445-62, he asserts, Gower treats miscarriage of justice by those with responsibility to enforce it as not merely a crime but as treason, a betrayal of the king, taking "what was likely the official royal position" on an issue on which thought was evolving during Gower's time. And he suggests that Gower's criticism of the assizes may have reference to a particular well publicized case involving some prominent local names (among them Nicholas Brembre and John Northampton) in which the issue was a blocked drain in a property owned by the Franciscans, but in which Meindl finds hints of irregularities in the proceedings that led to the plaintiff's success. "As a poetic spokesman for the king's faction [at that time]," Meindl argues, "Gower would have seen in Northampton's victory over the Franciscans (the poor man of l. 432?) at the least an inappropriate gain for the opponent of someone he favored" (205). Meindl writes with the advantage of greater familiarity with the records that he has examined, but for the rest of us, it is difficult to know precisely how much weight to give to this one case without knowing what others there might have been that Gower might have been equally interested in, or even involved in. And it is actually a little difficult to find a precise reference either to the king or to treason in lines 445-62. The invocation of "ius" rather than merely "lex," the comparison to Judas, and the reference to rewards in hell might suggest a broader moral basis for Gower's condemnation, more typical of the rest of VC. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 35.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Meindl, Robert J Published Meindl, Robert J. "Nuisance and Trespass in the 'Vox Clamantis': Sheriffs, Jurors and Bailiffs." Interdisciplinary Journal for Germanic Linguistics and Semiotic Analysis 20 (2015), pp. 181-213. ISSN 1087-5557 Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nuisance and Trespass in the 'Vox Clamantis': Sheriffs, Jurors and Bailiffs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Explores the literary historical implications of the discovery of the Portuguese translation of "Confessio Amantis," source of the Castilian translation. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 20.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Cortijo Ocaña, Antonio Published Cortijo Ocaña, Antonio. "O Livro do Amante: The Lost Portuguese Translation of John Gower's Confessio Amantis (Madrid, Biblioteca de Palacio, MS II-3088)." Portuguese Studies 13 (1997), pp. 1-6. ISSN 0267-5315 Gower Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource O Livro do Amante: The Lost Portuguese Translation of John Gower's Confessio Amantis (Madrid, Biblioteca de Palacio, MS II-3088) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Cites Gower (CA, Pro. 971) for the argument that man must die because he is composed of contrary elements. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rowe, Donald W. Published Rowe, Donald W. O Love, O Charite: Contraries Harmonized in Chaucer's Troilus. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976, p. 178n. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource O Love, O Charite: Contraries Harmonized in Chaucer's Troilus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Ferster, Judith Published Ferster, Judith. "O Political Gower." Mediaevalia 16 (1993), pp. 33-53. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Review Takes a sophisticated approach to the questions of Gower's politics and his poetry. Citing the diversity of labels that have been attached to Gower's political views by modern scholars, she points out the difficulties posed by the rapidly shifting political winds of Gower's time, and she also distinguishes between modern attitudes towards absolute monarchy and those of Gower, who lived at a time when monarchy was the only form of government available. She is able nonetheless to find evidence of Gower's judgment of the king -- in which he is subservient, but also to some degree subversive -- in his treatment of the related issues of the king's need for advice and the people's role in government. She chooses most of her examples from Book 7 of CA. The very inclusion of this book in light of contemporary discussion of the behavior of the king must be seen as an attempt to comment on contemporary events, she argues. In the tales she examines, she finds evidence of Gower heightening the contemporary reference and commenting directly on both the king and his counselors. The final source of wise counsel for Gower is evidently the people themselves, not the vulgar mob whom he denounces in the first book of VC, but the vox populi when it speaks as a unified and unanimous voice. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 13.1] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource O Political Gower Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "This study demonstrates that medieval goods were active and often animated participants in the daily lives of medieval individuals. Rather than merely giving voice to dead objects, these lively 'things' speak about the emotional, sensual, and experiential lives of late medieval men and women. Seemingly disparate goods--Books of Hours, stone idols and invisible flowers, clothing, and skull cups--provide a spectrum of possible readings for users, who simultaneously interpreted objects as essential to a spiritual and communal existence, while also fearing that goods might inhibit the soul's relationship with the divine. All matter was, in some way, linked with creation and the divine, and as a result objects inherently possessed degrees of agency that might affect the human user. Chapter One considers how Books of Hours combine animal, plant, and stone matter and join them with prayers and illuminated images to instruct women in proper touching in this life and the next. Chapter Two considers worldly and mystical matter in Chaucer's 'Second Nun's Tale' to demonstrate how looking at and touching manmade objects can ultimately limit knowledge of the divine. Though Chaucer provides an exemplum in the form of St. Cecile, who requires no contact with goods to realize her destiny of becoming an early Christian martyr, he ultimately concludes that, for less saintly individuals, it is impossible to ignore the senses, and particularly vision, when forming belief. Chapters Three and Four discuss Margery Kempe's worldly and religious attire. Margery's clothes and tears become a form of livery that reinforces her relationship with the Heavenly household. As a result, her text itself is actually a narrative of cloth, in which she employs a sartorial vocabulary to understand her transition from mother to mystic. Chapter Five focusses on the tale of 'Albinus and Rosemund' in John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' and consider how the substance or matter of an object has inherent power, even if it cannot be perceived immediately though senses. In that tale, the central object, a golden and bejeweled cup that was crafted from a human skull, controls the destiny of all the characters." [eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Parkin, Gabrielle. Published Parkin, Gabrielle. "Objects and Anxiety in Late Medieval English Writing." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Delaware, 2014. Dissertation Abstracts International 84.02(E) (2022). Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Objects and Anxiety in Late Medieval English Writing. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Not on Gower specifically, but large color plates of court-gowned lawyers, illustrating what Gower would have looked like if he had been a lawyer. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Corner, George R. Published Corner, George R. "Observations on four Illuminations representing the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, at Westminster, from a MS. of the time of King Henry VI." Archaeologia 39, II (1863): 357-72. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Biography of Gower Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Observations on four Illuminations representing the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, at Westminster, from a MS. of the time of King Henry VI. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review A close, detailed, descriptive anatomy of Gower's usage, based on the 1857 text of Reinhold Pauli and arranged by parts of speech; fully illustrated with examples, and often with comparisons to Chaucer. General conclusions are that Gower's English is much like Chaucer's, but more regular, and replete with older forms. Suggests that further study may demonstrate that Chaucer's use of final –e is "freer" than that of Gower and thereby less monotonous to modern ears. [RFY1981; rev. MA]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Child, F. J. Published Child, F. J. "Observations on the Language of Gower's Confessio Amantis: A Supplement to Observations on the Language of Chaucer." Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Series, 9, part 1 (1867): 265-315. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Observations on the Language of Gower's Confessio Amantis: A Supplement to Observations on the Language of Chaucer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1867 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Briefly mentions Gower as a writer of amorous poetry. [RBFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Hochdorfer, Karl F. Published Hochdorfer, Karl F. "Observations on the Language of the Court of Love." Ph.D. Dissertation. Harvard University, 1888, p. 6. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Observations on the Language of the Court of Love. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1888 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Rust, Martha Dana. Published Rust, Martha Dana.  Odd Texts and Marginal Subjects: Towards a Hermeneutics of the Book in Late Medieval English Manuscript Culture. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2000. v, 376 pp.; illus. Dissertation Abstracts International A62.01. Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Manuscripts and Textual Studies Review Rust's dissertation explores "the bibliographic sensibility that characterized late medieval English manuscript culture," analyzing "the dialectical interaction between literary representation and its material support in a selection of late Middle English poems," focusing on how each poem "calls attention, self-reflexively, to a feature of its own material instantiation, in this way extending the boundaries of its poetics to include its physical frame." She considers medieval alphabet poems, literary epistles in Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" and elsewhere, the dynamics of text and marginal apparatus in Gower's "Confessio Amantis, and "the calligraphic oeuvres of three late-medieval scribes, John Shirley, Ricardus Franciscus, and John Lacy," finding that, to best approach these poems and their books, we must inhabit the "eye of a beholder" that characterizes medieval reception. Mirrorings between text, marginal commentary, and illustrations are Rust's concerns in her discussion of Gower. She argues that "prismatic refraction enabled by the technology of manuscript commentary is one of the topics of Gower's 'Confessio amantis' and one that is presented with especial vividness in Morgan M.126" (173). She focuses on specific aspects of folio 9 of the manuscript and then moves to various features of its presentation of Book 4 on Sloth, including the "scribal laziness" of its copyist, and how "certain 'slothful' aspects" of the illustrations to and commentaries on three particular tales in this book--the "Tale of Rosiphelee," the "Tale of Nauplus and Ulysses," and the "Tale of Iphis and Araxarathen"--"reflect both unnoticed perils in the text of 'honeste love' and possible lines of resistance to it" (179)--concerns that mirror those of the CA at large, evident in and magnified by Venus's mirror at the close of the poem. In several intriguing and complicated moves, Rust reads the "vision" of CA to be "Gower depicting a bibliophile's fantasy of journeying through the looking glass of his own book" (206), not only a meta-commentary on his book about love, but also a meta-meta-commentary that reflects it through dense, even Wonderland-ish techniques of construction. [MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Odd Texts and Marginal Subjects: Towards a Hermeneutics of the Book in Late Medieval English Manuscript Culture. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Watt offers a reading of Gower's "Apollonius of Tyre" informed by psychoanalysis, but rather rather than simply reading the events in the tale according to a Freudian script, she also uses a comparison to other versions of the story in order to demonstrate the ways in which Gower consciously reshaped the narrative. The mixture of methodologies is a bit dizzying. Statements such as this one, "But in a sense Amans is guilty of incest in so far as he seems to be engaged in an oedipal struggle with his own incestuous parents, Venus and Cupid, the Queen and King of Love" (182), which is offered without any further support, stand alongside the careful comparison of texts, for instance in Watt's demonstration that his tale of Apollonius Gower places much less emphasis on lineage and genealogy than any of the analogues (183-84). The juxtaposition of the two different sorts of arguments evidently presumes that Gower himself was as conscious of the psychoanalytical dimensions of his text as Watt is. Watt's purpose is to use the conclusions that she draws on Gower's depiction of the characters in assessing the way in which Gower intended to offer instruction through the tale to Richard II. "The political replaces the genealogical" in Gower's story, she asserts; "there exists a connection between the poem's construction of gender and sexuality and its political concerns and historical contexts" (185). But where María Bullón-Fernández, making a similar claim, sees the connection between Antiochus' incest and Richard's tyrannical rule, Watt claims that Gower also offers his criticism of Richard through Apollonius, who is "implicated in the crime of incest and tainted by homosexuality" and who "is culpable of misusing his knowledge and power" (185). In making her argument, she has a great many specific observations to make about the tale and about the poem, only some of which can be noted here. The impenetrability of the riddle in Gower's version, she observes, "is in itself a clue to its meaning," for in its "grammatical indeterminacy" it "reveals itself to be concerned with something that is unethical and corrupt" (187). But while "with its references to the devouring of the mother's flesh, [Gower's version of the riddle] expresses the speaker's repressed desire to devour or to marry/to sleep with his own mother" (188), mother figures are more active in Gower's tale, even in their absence, than in other versions of the story, beginning with Antiochus' wife. The daughters are imperiled not just by the sexual incontinence of their fathers but by "the absence or cruelty of the maternal figures" (189). "In Gower's tale, then, the role of women as wives and mothers is crucial to the proper functioning of the household" (191). Antiochus' riddle also expresses his repressed desire for his father, and "just as the infantile desire for the mother is displaced onto the daughter, so the fixation of the father reemerges in a search for the son" (192). The riddle thus "draws our attention to the homosociality, or what Luce Iragaray calls the hom(m)o-sexuality, of patriarchal society" (ibid.). Thus Antiochus allows Apollonius to escape, but as Apollonius continues to flee after he is already safe, he reveals that he himself "has become obsessed with the father figure" (194). As Freud suggested, such "father-fixations . . . resulted in the feminization of the son," as manifested by Apollonius' mastery of rhetoric, "traditionally associated with femininity and effeminacy," by his failure to kill Antiochus, and by "the passive role he plays in his relationship with his future wife" (194-95). Apollonius also becomes implicated in Antiochus' crime by this failure to reveal it, and though he has no conscious incestuous desire for his own daughter, Gower's depiction of his reunion with Thaise heightens the resemblance between Apollonius and Antiochus. In depicting his female characters, Gower uses the story "to examine and to attempt to unravel female sexuality and desire" (199). The conclusion reestablishes "normative male control of female desire," but along the way the sufferings of Thaise and her mother are an extension of those of Antiochus' daughter, and their "resurrections" represent her "posthumous redemption" (202). That Gower intended the tale as a comment on Richard II is indicated by the political purposes manifest throughout CA and by the historical reports of Richard's disturbed personality, a portrait that is "to some extent confirmed by Gower's complex representations of kingship" in this tale (203), which reveal "his cynicism about Richard II's conduct and rule" (205). Antiochus's behavior, of course, may "be intended as a warning to Richard II against arrogant behavior and arbitrary rule" (205). "The implicit praise of Artestrathes's wife," moreover, "might be read as a celebration of the mediatory role of Anne of Bohemia" (205-6), while "the resurrection of Apollonius's wife and daughter," representing the king's subjects and his country, "may also mark the (albeit temporary) restoration of the power of the council's to curb the king's will" (206), though "the recontainment of female sexuality" suggests that "Gower's political vision is ultimately a conservative one" and he does not advocate the overthrow of the king (206-7). Apollonius is a figure for the king both in his flaws and in the fact that he does not learn very much during the course of the tale. Amans too fails to learn, but "unlike Apollonius, he does not see the fulfillment of his desires either. . . . In the final analysis, Amans's misdirected desire reflects the king's unchecked will and it is perhaps his failure in love which looks most like a prognostication of the usurpation of Richard II's throne. At the same time, Gower's decision, not only to sign his own narrative, but to identify himself with Amans, and thus implicitly with Richard, may indicate his personal frustration with and sense of failure about his role, not as poet of love, but as political advisor" (207-8). [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 22.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Watt, Diane Published Watt, Diane. "Oedipus, Apollonius, and Richard II: Sex and Politics in Book 8 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 24 (2002), pp. 180-208. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oedipus, Apollonius, and Richard II: Sex and Politics in Book 8 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "Lucius and the Statue," CA, Book V, 7105*-92*; no source given. Privately printed edition of 32 copies only. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Bubb, Charles Clinch, printer. Published Bubb, Charles Clinch, printer. Of False Allegations, by John Gower. Cleveland: Bubb, 1913. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Of False Allegations, by John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Yeager's essay is about everything that has happened since he and others have labored to get Gower "onto the grid," and he offers the story as a model for others who seek canonical and classroom status for less well-known writers and who, to switch the metaphor, pursue that particular Holy Grail of inclusion in the "Norton Anthology." The events that Yeager recounts here will be familiar to those of us who have been following Gower studies over the years: the publication of the bibliographies, translations, and concordances; the famous MLA session in 1981 that led to the formation of the John Gower Society (and to the creation of the journal in which this review appears); the sessions at Kalamazoo; the institution of the Publications of the John Gower Society through D.S. Brewer; and the new resources that have been made possible by the advent of the Internet. For more recent converts to the cause, this essay will serve as a lesson on the shoulders on which they stand; and while one cannot help being reminded of how central Yeager himself has been to the entire effort, his story is also one of collaboration and of the many hands that have contributed to the seriousness and energy that characterize Gower studies today. [PN. Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 32.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yeager, R.F Published Yeager, R.F. "Off the Grid for Forty Years: Bringing John Gower into the Classroom." Pedagogy 13 (2013), pp. 357-70. ISSN 1531-4200 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Off the Grid for Forty Years: Bringing John Gower into the Classroom. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Federico's dissertation "Shows how selected late medieval narratives (Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' and 'House of Fame,' John Gower's 'Vox Clamantis,' Richard Maidstone's 'Concordia Facta inter Regem Riccardum II et Civitatem Londonie,' the anonymous 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,' and Lydgate's 'Troy Book') theorized England's relationship with its mythic past by incorporating fantasy, sexuality and symbolization into historiographical discourse. England's mythic origins in Trojan legend constitute a particularly ambivalent historical precedent, since the same lust that ruined Troy is also the fortunate flaw that permitted the establishment of later empires. Accordingly, English historical identity is both permitted and threatened by a Trojan precedent that is at once the fruition of the glory of empire and the epitome of self-destruction through unnatural desire." In Federico's reading (pp. 64-87), Gower's depiction of London as "New Troye" feminizes the city as a widow, both vulnerable and voracious, and when he adds Book 1 to the rest of the VC after the Uprising of 1381, Federico argues, Gower "reinterpret[s] how his book should be read" and offers "a utopian manual for the post-revolt England. Similarly, Gower' s authorial persona is no longer that of a single voice crying (unheeded) in the wilderness of Southwark; his is a London voice bravely crying for obviously necessary social reform." His social criticism, however, "rests on a backwards-looking idealism and imagines a future defined by an illusory golden age of relations between and among the estates" (86). [MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Federico, Sylvia Published Federico, Sylvia. Old ''Stories'' and New Trojans: The Gendered Construction of English Historical Identity. Ph.D. Dissertation. Indiana University, 1997. v, 229 pp. Dissertation Abstracts International A58.08. Fully accessible via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Gower Subject Vox Clamantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old ''Stories'' and New Trojans: The Gendered Construction of English Historical Identity. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Mehl, Dieter Published Mehl, Dieter. "Old Age in Middle English Literature: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Gawain-Poet." In Old Age and Ageing in British and American Culture and Literature. Ed. Jansohn, Christa. Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, pp. 29-38. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Review Middle English depictions of old age fall into several distinctive categories: the "ugly witch" (SGGK, WBT), the "disturbing reminder of death" (PardT, PP), but most numerous of all, the figure of the impotent lover. "The most disturbing, comical or sobering thing about old age, according to most medieval poets, is that it makes you unfit for love" (29). Female examples include the figure of Elde in RR and the old woman in WBT, but "the majority of Love's ageing victims . . . are old men" (31). A cruelly comic example occurs in MerT. More serious and more disillusioning is the experience of the aged lover at the end of CA. "In the end, the ageing poet is left feeling that he has wasted his time on an illusionary pursuit and had better go home to spend the remainder of his life in prayer. . . . This is a long way from the comedy of January, even though the final lesson may be the same: old age represents a time of life when man should turn his thought to more serious matters than love and think of his end. The universal symptoms of senile infirmity, so easily laughed at in the conventional fabliau, will turn into a frightening memento mori when taken seriously" (34-35). A more moving, and much less conventional, picture of ageing can be found in the Book of Margery Kempe, which describes Margery's caring for her invalid husband. "There comes through this account an impression of genuine devotion and human charity that says more about some real problems of old age than many more poetical texts" (38). [Copyright. The John Gower Society. JGN 24.2/] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Age in Middle English Literature: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Gawain-Poet Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lit Verlag, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Another item for the State-of-Gower's-Reputation department: Burrow gives a sympathetic two pages to Gower (compared to nine and a half for Chaucer, including illustrations) in this popular account of English literary history (pp. 49-50). After a brief biographical summary, he compares CA to LGW as a collection of tales and uses "Acteon" as an example of Gower's adaptations from Ovid. "The finest moments in the poem," however, "come in its closing pages," when Amans discovers that "the renunciation of love can be for him no more--and no less--than an acceptance of the natural course of things." Review by Tony Tanner in TLS, 17 July 1987, p. 763. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 6.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Burrow, J. A. Published Burrow, J. A. "Old and Middle English." In Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature. Ed. Pat Rogers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 1-87. Reprinted without illustrations in Pat Rogers, ed. An Outline of English Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 1-57. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old and Middle English Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 1992 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review As his title suggests, Pearsall's book is a survey that covers a broad ground. Gower is one part of a six-part chapter on "Court Poetry" that also includes four sections on Chaucer and "Fifteenth-Century Court Tradition." His overall assessment of Gower is at once qualified and complimentary: " . . . he exerted little influence in the fifteenth century, was not much imitated, and seems to have been more respected than read, a misfortune which we may both understand, for he is exceedingly well-mannered and has a sense of decorum which can sometimes lead to monotony, and deplore: the example of his purity and integrity of style and the ease of his versification, which quite matches that of Chaucer within the simpler confines of the octosyllabic couplet, might have been more salutary for a lesser breed of writers than Chaucer's extravagant and inimitable singularity" (208). Unsurprisingly, except for a single mention each of the "Mirour" ("a lengthy moral treatise in Anglo-Norman") and the "Vox Clamantis" (a "violent diatribe in Latin on the ills of contemporary society"), Pearsall's focus is the "Confessio Amantis": "[Gower's] great claim as a poet is that in the frame of the 'Confessio' and in the inset narratives he responds to human situations with a warmth and range of imaginative sympathy which enables him to 'realise,' in a way more compelling than any prescription, the gentleness, courtesy, nobility, and generosity of spirit that lie at the heart of 'fyn lovynge' and, with that, of fine living" (211). Pearsall's summation is perceptive and instructive: "Gower, for whatever role as moralist or guardian of the nation's conscience he cast himself for, understood in his poetry the 'civilisation of the heart'" (212). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Pearsall, Derek. Published Pearsall, Derek. Old English and Middle English Poetry. Routledge History of English Poetry, vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Pp. 208-12. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old English and Middle English Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In a manuscript note on a late draft of "Sailing to Byzantium," Yeats wrote that he "had just finished a poem in which a poet of the Middle Ages besought the saints 'in the holy fire' to send their ecstasy" (Davies, p. 34). Davies deduces that the poet Yeats had in mind was John Gower, not exactly as he is best known to readers of JGN, but the figure that Shakespeare created as the choric "presenter" of Pericles. Davies advances similarities in situation between Yeats' narrator and Shakespeare's poet -- both are old men, transmitting an ancient tradition to a younger audience -- and cites verbal parallels that suggest even more strongly that Yeats recalled the prologue to Shakespeare's play at some point during the composition of his poem. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 10.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Davies, Neville Published Davies, Neville. "Old Gower's Voyage to Byzantium." In KM 80: A Birthday Album for Kenneth Muir, Tuesday, 5 May, 1987. Ed. UNSPECIFIED. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1987, pp. 34-35. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Gower's Voyage to Byzantium Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Liverpool University Press, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review William Rogers approaches his extended analysis of the Medea story in the CA with the understanding that Middle English literature often blurred the boundaries between medicine and magic. For him, this particular text encapsulates the slippages between the two. Looking at the way the Medea story addresses the Confessio's larger question of how to "cure" old age and the paradox of the "senex amans," in particular, Rogers presents Medea's approach in terms of its conflation of "old age and old sources" (106). Rogers clarifies the tale's participation in late medieval medical discourse through extended comparison to the treatise "On Tarrying the Accidents of Age," found in Trinity College MS R.14.52--though he carefully concedes that he cannot prove Gower's familiarity with that specific manuscript. Instead he argues that the resonance between Gower's poem and this particular collection of medical texts foregrounds Gower's thinking on rejuvenation of both the old body and the old book, resulting in a "poetics of rejuvenation" (107) that ultimately works considerably better with books than with bodies. Amans' rejuvenation, Rogers argues, proves no more effective than Eson's within the tale. As Rogers details Medea's story, he argues that Gower's approach to her is relatively sympathetic. He sees her power as a metaphor of sorts for the poet's own narrative method. Calling attention to Gower's reliance on the Middle English verb "newe" in his treatment of renewal and rejuvenation, Rogers notes that the usage is shared by "On Tarrying." The details of Medea's rejuvenation of Eson, then, maintain the same overall focus on "humoral balance and re-ignition of a bodily fire" (111) characterized in the medical text. The grim, violent nature of the tale's ending, wherein Eson is deprived of descendants to cherish, becomes cruelly ironic: Eson's renewed youth provides merely "more time to grieve" (113). Rogers then shifts his focus to the other old man requiring rejuvenation in the CA: Amans, or Gower himself. This shows the limits of the "poetics of rejuvenation," as old-age cures work only with old texts and authorities, not with the actual body. Curing the paradox of the "senex amans" by removing the "amans" side of the term cannot provide a satisfactory solution for the old lover's problem. The poem thus reinforces the idea that age is not really reversible, though old sources can be renewed through a poem like the CA. [RAL. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 35.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rogers, William Published Rogers, William. "Old Words Made New: Medea's Magic and Gower's Textual Healing." South Atlantic Review 79.3-4 (2015), pp. 105-117. ISSN 0277-335X Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Words Made New: Medea's Magic and Gower's Textual Healing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ito argues that Gower constructs the CrT as an exemplum with a specific moral: omnia vincit amor (love conquers all). Gower borrows this maxim from Cassiodorus, and it not only occurs in the preface to the CrT, but also in all Gower's major texts. Ito traces the history of the phrase and suggests that Gower uses "amor" to mean both heavenly love and kingly pity. Ito further suggests that Gower may have been influenced by Cassiodorus' "Historia Ecclesiastica Tripartita," not only because of its title, but also because of its depiction of Constantine, who for Gower was also a model of kingly pity. As an exemplum on "amor," then, the CrT has an "architectonic beauty" (12), for it treats (in order) justice, cruelty, and pity. Ito concludes with a discussion of additional rhetorical devices Gower employs. [CvD; rev. MA] Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi Published Ito, Masayoshi. "Omnia Vincit Amor: An Interpretation of Gower's Cronica Tripertita." Studies in English Literature 49 (1972), pp. 3-15 [ISSN 0039-3649]. Reprinted in Ito's John Gower, The Medieval Poet (Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin, 1976), pp. 181-95. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Cronica Tripertita Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Omnia Vincit Amor: An Interpretation of Gower's Cronica Tripertita Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Smith's essay, while arguably the most technical in this cluster of "Speculum" essays, is also of foremost importance. Citing conclusions drawn in his many earlier publications addressing the language of "Confessio" manuscripts, Smith points out the continuity of distinctively "Gowerian" spelling and its close association with scribes "B," "D," and "Delta" (Doyle and Parkes' terminology), close enough to posit a unique "scripta"--"a prototypical usage 'characteristic of particular discourses and transmitted through the activities of particular communities of practice'" (778). Special attention is paid to MSS Oxford, Bodleian Library, Fairfax 3, San Marino CA, Huntington Library EL 26 A.17 (olim Stafford). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smith, Jeremy J. Published Smith, Jeremy J. "On 'Standard' Written English in the Later Middle Ages." Speculum 99.3 (2024): 762-79. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On "Standard" Written English in the Later Middle Ages. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review "In the 'Physician's Tale'," Bartlett argues, "Chaucer presents a legal case that functions solely as a ruse to enable sexual assault" (259). Her focus is thus almost entirely on Chaucer, drawing parallels between Chaucer's tale and the "raptus" charge in legal documents relating to Cecily Chaumpaigne brought forward by Euan Roger and Sebastian Sobecki, responding to Roger's and Sobecki's revelation. Bartlett offers a succinct explanation of medieval "raptus" before exclaiming that Roger's and Sobecki's findings are "not a set of new facts, but new documents" (260). She, in essence, counters the reactions of medievalists who thought Chaucer exonerated: "these documents and the 'big reveal' in which we learned about them are illuminated by the very lessons of the "Physician's Tale" imparts about gendered labor, sexual assault, and discursive power--who holds that power, and what happens when that power is challenged" (260). In making her case, Bartlett examines other versions of this tale, explaining that in Gower's CA, "the focus is . . . overtly political" (264). She continues to examine the tale, offering close readings to support her case. Gower's version of the tale is used a few times in contrast to Chaucer's, namely to show the alterations Chaucer makes in what Bartlett presents as a blatant attempt to excuse sexual assault. [JGS. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 43.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Bartlett, Robyn A. Published Bartlett, Robyn A. "On Chaucer, Raptus, and the Physician's Tale." Exemplaria 35, no. 4 (2023): 259-83. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Chaucer, Raptus, and the "Physician's Tale." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Prints "Nebuchhadnezzar," CA, Book I, 2785-3042 in three parallel texts, using MSS. Harley 3869, 7184, and Society of Antiquaries 134; "Venus' Leave-Taking," Book VIII, 2898-2913, 2935-70, in two parallel texts, using MSS. Harley 3490 and Society of Antiquaries 134. Includes a systematic orthography and conjectured pronunciation guide. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Ellis, Alexander John. Published Ellis, Alexander John. On Early English Pronunciation, with Special Reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer, etc. . . . 5 vols. London, 1871, 3:728-39. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Early English Pronunciation, with Special Reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer, etc. . . . Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1871 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Warwick, W. Published Warwick, W. "On Gower, The Kentish Poet, His Character and Works." Archaeologia Cantiana (1866), pp. 83-107. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Biography of Gower Cinkante Balades Confessio Amantis Mirour de l'Omme (Speculum Meditantis) Review Warwick strengthens Gower's ties to Kent and assesses Gower's contribution to English letters. Warwick first outlines the dispute about whether Gower was from Stittenham in Yorkshire (the view of Leland and Todd), Wales (Caxton), or Kent (Weever and Nicolas). After reviewing Harris Nicolas's evidence for Kent – based primarily on deeds and on the poet's heraldic arms – Warwick adds further proof. In particular, Warwick reveals that the close rolls of the reigns of Edward III and Richard II seemingly paint an unflattering portrait of Gower. Gower may have been "somewhat of a speculator and land-jobber" (87) in Kent and nearby counties. Most damaging to Gower's reputation is his involvement with the notorious Septvans affair, where William Septvans, while legally a minor, alienated his lands to Gower and others under a false "probatio aetatis" (88). (The details of this incident are fleshed out in a lengthy footnote to Warwick's essay by another writer under the initials T. G. F.--perhaps Fleay). Warwick's final proof of Gower's "shrewd turn for business" is that Gower acted as attorney for Chaucer in 1378. This would suggest that the poets were friends, but Warwick next examines the possibility of an "estrangement" (91) between the poets. In particular, Warwick questions whether Gower's omission of his tribute to Chaucer from later editions of the CA should be interpreted in conjunction with the nearly simultaneous omission of the panegyric to Richard II. Influenced by the idea that Chaucer (rather than Usk) had written the Testament of Love, critics believed that Gower became a timid sycophant of Henry of Lancaster at the same time as he rejected his friend Chaucer who had landed in hot water for his support of Richard II. Warwick objects that the Chaucer reference is poetic and not political in character. Moreover, removing a panegyric and inserting a new one is an act that as a matter of course sends contradictory signals: it may seem obsequious and self-serving in relation to the new patron, yet represents a bold slap in the face to the form dedicatee (93-94). The remainder of Warwick's essay assesses Gower's literary merits. He argues that Gower's clear and smooth octosyllabic verse must have seemed "something marvellous" (94) to his own generation. Gower's educational program in the CA also supplied all the learning necessary for a gentleman up till the Renaissance. To the modern reader, however, Gower seems abstract, verbose, and lacking in "life" (95). Warwick concludes with some observations about Gower's relationship with Chaucer (he suggests that Chaucer's January is a parody of Gower the old lover) and about the meaning of the word "moral" in "moral Gower" (the word is more intellectual than ethical in connotation). [CvD] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Gower, The Kentish Poet, His Character and Works. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1866 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Warwick opens with a brief biography, correcting then-current errors with surprising accuracy, e.g., Gower's lineage was not Yorkshire, but Kent and by way of proof prints line drawings of the effigy and arms of Sir Robert Gower, and of Gower's seal (85-86). His assessment of Gower's character makes use of documents related to Gower's land transactions (87-90). Warwick seems to have been the first to propose "three editions of the 'Confessio Amantis'"--what apparently became Macaulay's recensions: "the first, containing the compliments to Chaucer and the king; the second, omitting the praise of Chaucer when he had lost his place [i.e., in the wool staple]; and the third, expunging the praises of the king when he had lost his crown, and substituting for them a dedication to his successor" (94)--and perhaps first again to suggest that the character of Chaucer's January was based on Gower (105). The bulk of the article is an assessment, comparatively well balanced for a mid-Victorian, post-Romantic reader, of Gower's trilingual poetry ("he wrote a leash of languages," [97]), e.g., "And beyond all question, Gower contributed much to the moral philosophy of his country. But he was deficient in that living genius which brings man and nature before us as if alive again, and in that dramatic faculty which represents men, their feelings and their passions, in storied action" (106). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Warwick, W[illiam]. Published Warwick, W[illiam]. "On Gower, the Kentish Poet, His Character and Works." Archaeologia Cantiana, 6 (1866): 83-107. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Gower, the Kentish Poet, His Character and Works. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1866 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This is the third collection of essays that Yeager has assembled from papers originally delivered at the sessions sponsored by the John Gower Society at the annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo, and like its predecessors (in 1989 and 1998), it offers, in its juxtaposition of work by old and new hands, a valuable cross-section of where we are in Gower studies at the present time. Less theoretically oriented than its predecessors, it is also less concerned either with Gower's poetics or with traditional formal analysis, but each of the ten essays offers some interesting new insight into Gower's work. [PN. Copyright The John Gower Society. JGN 27.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Yeager, R. F., ed. Published Yeager, R. F., ed. "On John Gower: Essays at the Millennium." Studies in Medieval Culture, 46 . Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2007 Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On John Gower: Essays at the Millennium Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Medieval Institute Publications, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review This interesting early article on Gower's "In Praise of Peace" begins by summarizing the poem's origins and form, and then moves on to examine the place of the poem in the Gower's evolving reflections on the nature of war and peace. Schlauch asserts that Gower's association of good kingship with a desire for personal and political peace "speaks to us moderns eloquently across the centuries," for "Historical conditions may change, but the desire for peace remains fundamental" (163). Nevertheless, Schlauch points out that Gower's praise of peace has limits, and she cites both the "Vox Clamantis" and the "Confessio Amantis" to point out that Gower identifies but fails to define a just war (165), and that while Book III of the CA appears to condemn wars "in the name of religion" (166), the VC appears to encourage them. The article therefore ends by raising the question of whether Gower's admiration for Henry IV leads to this ambiguity in spite of his recognition of the "fundamental importance of peace for mankind as a whole" (167). [NG. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Schlauch, Margaret. Published Schlauch, Margaret. "On John Gower's Poem in Praise of Peace." Acta Philologica 9 (1979): 161-67. Gower Subject In Praise of Peace Vox Clamantis Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On John Gower's Poem in Praise of Peace. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Unlike Gower and Chaucer, Dunbar will include scraps of classical material without citing authorities. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Swart, J. Published Swart, J. On Re-reading William Dunbar. In Beryl Rowland, ed. Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honor of Rossell Hope Robbins (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1974), pp. 201-09. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Re-reading William Dunbar. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Believes that Chaucer's allusions to Gower in the "Man of Law's Tale" are humorous; posits the CA was transported to Spain because Chaucer's sister-in-law Katherine Swynford married Enrique of Castile; discusses patronage; maintains that the dedication of "Troilus and Criseyde" to "moral Gower" was sincere; argues that Chaucer had more influence at court than did Gower. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Patch, Howard Rollin. Published Patch, Howard Rollin. On Rereading Chaucer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939, pp. 17, 35-36, 47, 102, 120, 130, 179, 186-87, 191-92, 194, 199. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Rereading Chaucer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Lawlor, writing in a commemorative volume for C. S. Lewis, takes issue with Lewis's belief that Gower is at times romantic "in the nineteenth-century meaning of the word" (qtd. by Lawlor 122). Lawlor argues that Romanticism ultimately revolves around the question of belief. C. S. Lewis himself noted that the old gods must die before they can "wake again in the beauty of acknowledged myth" (qtd. by Lawlor 123). The romantic sense of a pleasing terror (an aspect of the sublime) depends on a mythology of the supernatural and magical which is known to be untrue but which is entertained by a willing suspension of disbelief, as Coleridge put it. The problem with Lewis's examples of Gower's romanticism is that in each instance there is no suspension of disbelief. For instance, Medea's magic is still considered within the realm of possibility in the medieval world. Lawlor observes that the same can be said for the famous line about the "beaute faye" (fairy beauty) upon the faces of the dead in the Tale of Rosiphilee: "That which is faye in the sense which concerns us is thought of as a possible mode of being" (134). Similarly, Lewis's examples of romanticism from the story of Nectanabus and the Tale of Ulysses and Telegonus are taken out of context. The reason why Lewis finds Gower romantic is because to him the Middle Ages appears far away in time, a realm of wonders and marvels, located at the edge of what is known: "When, in a later age, everything has been explored, desire shifts ground; and it is then that the apparatus of the old world, the monsters, the demons, all the exciting glimpses at the margin of the map, comes into new life" (137). [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Lawlor, John Published Lawlor, John. "On Romanticism in the Confessio Amantis." In Patterns of Love and Courtesy: Essays in Memory of C. S. Lewis. Ed. Lawlor, John. London: Edward Arnold, 1966, pp. 122-140. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Romanticism in the Confessio Amantis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Edward Arnold, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Smith states as his goal in the essay "to bring paleography and book history into the realm of linguistic enquiry, as part of a reimagined philology." He builds upon Michael Samuels' 1963 argument that an "incipient standard English" could be discovered in a sequence of late Middle English spelling-patterns, of which Samuels identified several "types." Smith points to "types" other than those cited by Samuels, in copies of John Gower's "Confessio Amantis" and Nicholas Love's "Mirror of the Life of Christ." He argues that manuscripts containing these and other similar texts, which were also transmitted in distinctive forms of handwriting and in like codicological contexts, were products of identifiable communities of practice, and that the correlation of spelling and handwriting such manuscripts manifest represent "expressive" usages, characteristic of particular kinds of discourse. These unique usages Smith labels "scriptae," noting that they seem to "function as markers of difference and belonging, and be involved in the creation of identities at different levels of social organisation" (quoting Mark Sebba [2009]). [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society eJGN 41.2.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Smith, Jeremy. Published Smith, Jeremy. "On Scriptae: Correlating Spelling and Script in Late Middle English." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 80 (2020): 13–27. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Scriptae: Correlating Spelling and Script in Late Middle English. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Magnani, Roberta, and Diane Watt. Published Magnani, Roberta, and Diane Watt. "On the Edge: Chaucer and Gower's Queer Glosses." postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 9 (2018), 269-88. Gower Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Biography of Gower Review Magnani and Watt revisit the supposed rivalry between Gower and Chaucer, evidenced in the introduction to Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale" and Gower's "Tale of Canace and Machaire" and "Tale of Apollonius of Tyre," to focus on what reading these texts in conversation can tell us about the relationships between authority and interpretation. They argue, "Gower, Chaucer, and indeed some of their readers (as revealed through the Latin glossing of Gower's and Chaucer's vernacular texts) are acutely aware of the risks, and sometimes the pleasures, of misprision or queer (mis-) interpretation" (270). Magnani and Watt suggest that "masculine and patrilineal" are "inadequate interpretive frameworks" for discussing the deviant sexuality in Chaucer's and Gower's tales, due to "the presence of the queer" (271). They examine MS Fairfax 3 in particular, claiming that a "queer gap" exists between "what 'is not' said" and "what 'is' said" in the "Tale of Constance" (273; emphasis original). Magnani and Watt identify gender inconsistencies arising between the Middle English tale and the Latin gloss, such as the Latin personification "invidia" (feminine) and the examples of Envy in Middle English that include both men and women. These "queer gaps . . . punctuate a narrative very much concerned with ideals and distortions of masculinity and femininity, and with the fluidity, rather than fixity, of hermeneutics" (274). Magnani and Watt also demonstrate the differences between manuscripts to emphasize the "queer fissure" of female agency opened in MS Fairfax 3 (which includes glosses) as opposed to MS Bodley 902 (which does not include glosses), adding that these "queer fissures" allow polyvalent rather than fixed meanings for Constance's story (279). After discussing Chaucer's versions of this tale, Magnani and Watt conclude, "the queer disjunctions between the Latin glosses and the vernacular text indicate an unstable hermeneutics in which meaning is not constant" (285). [JS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.2.] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the Edge: Chaucer and Gower's Queer Glosses. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Author/Editor Author/Editor Ito, Masayoshi Published Ito, Masayoshi. "On the English Translation (by E. W. Stockton) of 'Vox Clamantis'." Bulletin of College of General Education, Tohoku University 18 (1973), pp. 1-17 [ISSN 0287-8844]. English version in Ito's John Gower, The Medieval Poet (Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin, 1976), pp. 139-55. Gower Subject Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Vox Clamantis Review In Japanese. Written primarily as a review of E. W. Stockton's English translation of Gower's Latin works, this article also contains a detailed analysis of Gower's Latin style. While acknowledging the invaluable service that Stockton has done to Gower studies by making the VC accessible to a wide audience, Ito argues that Stockton's prose rendering of the VC is not always sufficiently attentive to its stylistic features. There are even passages, according to Ito, where mistranslation results from Stockton's failure to fully appreciate Gower's craftsmanship in his use of various rhetorical devices. The rhetorical techniques that Ito focuses on in this article include irony, paradox, metaphor, and wordplay, but what receives particular attention is Gower's use of antithesis. Line 1760 of Book 1 ("Quo cecidit fragili sub pede forte caput"), for example, involves the juxtaposition of "fragili pede" (weak foot) and "forte caput" (strong head), but this parallel structure is obscured in Stockton's translation as he mistakes "forte" for an adverb meaning "by chance." Similarly, in VC 6.1327-1328 ("Solo contenta moritur nunc fida Medea, / Fictaque Crisaida gaudet amare duos"), Stockton overlooks the opposition between "solo contenta" (satisfied with only one man) and "amare duos" (loving two men), incorrectly translating the former phrase as "laid out in the earth." Stockton's translation of VC 3.153-154 ("I wish to be just, but I am being transformed into anger, and this ensuing anger is destroying my good principles") is also inaccurate because he fails to see that the original lines ("Vti iusticia volo, set conuertor in iram, / Principiumque bonum destruit ira sequens") are built around two pairs of contrasted ideas, "iusticia"/"ira" (justice/anger) and "principium"/"sequens" (beginning/ensuing). Ito makes these and other observations to suggest ways to improve Stockton's translation, but they also demonstrate how frequent recourse to antithesis in the VC serves to hammer home one of the central themes of this Latin poem--the contrast between the degraded society of the present and the noble ideals that existed in a remote past. [Yoshiko Kobayashi; rev. MA] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the English Translation (by E. W. Stockton) of 'Vox Clamantis' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Review Lengthy essay-reviews of Maria Wickert's "Studien zu John Gower" (1953), Eric Stockton's "The Major Latin Works of John Gower" (1962), and Terence Tiller's translation of CA "The Lover's Shrift" (1963). [RFY1981] Published Ito, Masayoshi. "On the New Trends of Gower Studies." Shiron 19 (1968): 68-78. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the New Trends of Gower Studies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Weiskott is among Gower's most careful modern readers, and one of a still smaller number who pay attention to the poet's metrics, no less in Latin than in Middle English. His consideration of Gower's oxymora in "Est amor in glosa" harnesses both capabilities for a clear, and fructive, purpose. By plotting (275) precisely what and where Gower borrowed from the "Vox Clamantis" (as is generally recognized), and also from "De planctu Naturae" (not so often), Weiskott illuminates Gower's originality, the difficult challenge he set himself in this expression of late Latin poetic stylistics (As Weiskott observes, "'Est amor in glosa' tries out three different varieties of Latin love poetry and excels at all three" [277]), and in the process arrives at both an explanation of the poem's machinery, that subtly comments "on literary language itself" (276), and a sensitive appreciation of its "distinctive mouthfeel or sensation on the tongue": "lovely and formidable" (276) . . . its juxtaposition of love and death also forms a poignant comment on Gower's self-presentation . . . as 'old in years' ['vetus annorum'] (277)." [RFY. Copyright. John Gower Society. eJGN 42.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Weiskott, Eric. Published Weiskott, Eric. "On the Oxymora in John Gower's 'Est amor in glosa'." Notes and Queries 69 (2022): 273-77. Gower Subject Minor Latin Poetry Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the Oxymora in John Gower's "Est amor in glosa." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In the Spanish version of the CA, mention is made of a Portuguese translation by one Robert Paym, canon of Lisbon. Manley finds evidence that there was indeed a family of Payms in Lisbon in the latter part of the fourteenth century. He mentions two documents in the Archivo Nacional that tell us about a certain Tomalin Paym, who appears to have been in charge of queen Philippa's jewels. The Lancastrian connection (Philippa was John of Gaunt's daughter and brother to Henry) is further strengthened by the knowledge that the name of a John Payn - Paym is the Portuguese form of the English name Payne - crops up frequently in the accounts concerning Henry's expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land. It is to John and Tomalin Payn (or Paym) that Robert is most likely related. Of the various candidates for Robert Paym, the likeliest may be a certain "Robert Payn, of Whitby, clerk" (470), who in 1390 was licensed to pass beyond the sea to the Roman court, where the Pope may have granted him a canonry in Lisbon. Manly admits that much of this must remain speculation. However, he suggests that it is not surprising that Gower's CA would be translated into Portuguese. Such a translation would be favorably received by Philippa and her husband, who were both "fond of books" (471). The CA had also been dedicated to Henry, from whom Gower had received a silver collar of SSS. Manly ends with an expression of hope that one day not only Gower's Portuguese CA may be found in a Portuguese collection, but also that one of Chaucer's works may be found among the "uncatalogued treasures" (472) of those collections. [CvD] Author/Editor Author/Editor Manly, John Matthews Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Published Manly, John Matthews. "On the Question of the Portuguese Translation of Gower's Confessio Amantis." Modern Philology 27.4 (1930), pp. 467-472. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article PeerReviewed Title A name given to the resource On the Question of the Portuguese Translation of Gower's Confessio Amantis. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Argues, contra Emil Lücke (1891), that Gower's story of Constance (CA, Book II) is based on Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Skeat, Walter W. Published Skeat, Walter W. "On the Relations Between the Works of Chaucer and Gower." Academy, no. 1089 (March 1893): 266. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the Relations Between the Works of Chaucer and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Unexamined. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Kanno, Masahiko. Published Kanno, Masahiko. "On the Vocabulary of John Gower." Studies in Foreign Language (Aichi University of Education) 9 (1971): 117-24. Gower Subject Language and Word Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On the Vocabulary of John Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower and Chaucer both use arguments which John Ball might have used to teach duty. [RFY19811] Author/Editor Author/Editor Raleigh, Sir Walter. Published Raleigh, Sir Walter. On Writing and Writers: Being Extracts from His Notebooks. Selected and edited by George Gordon. London: Edward Arnold, 1926, p. 105. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Writing and Writers: Being Extracts from His Notebooks. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Rogers explores how readers' assumption of Gower's old age impacts our understanding of his works, but rather than focusing on Gower's appearance, Rogers attends to the rhetorical positioning of Gower's voice as old, arguing for Gower's use of his old voice as a type of authority that conveys wisdom and sound advice. [JGS. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 39.2] Author/Editor Author/Editor Rogers, Will. Published Rogers, Will. "One Voice, Ancient and Resigned." Accessus 5.2 (2019): n.p. Gower Subject Biography of Gower Style, Rhetoric, and Versification Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource One Voice, Ancient and Resigned. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Primarily a study of how closely Chaucer follows Trivet, but also notes that Chaucer borrowed from Gower, although not much. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Block, Edward A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Published Block, Edward A. "Originality, Controlling Purpose, and Craftsmanship in Chaucer's 'Man of Law's Tale'." PMLA 68 (1953): 572-616. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Title A name given to the resource Originality, Controlling Purpose, and Craftsmanship in Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Gower was Chaucer's friend, fellow poet; thumbnail outlines of major poems. [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Policardi, Silvio. Published Policardi, Silvio. Outlines of English Literature. 2d ed. rev. Padua: Cedam, 1944, pp. 50, 59, 157. Gower Subject Backgrounds and General Criticism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outlines of English Literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Ovid's influence on Gower was extensive, and was one of the major directing forces of his creative imagination. [RFY1981]. Author/Editor Author/Editor Mahoney, John L. Published Mahoney, John L. "Ovid and Medieval Courtly Love Poetry." Classical Folia 15 (1961): 14-27. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ovid and Medieval Courtly Love Poetry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Harder explores "Gower's treatment of the tales he took from Ovid . . . [to reveal] how Gower used his source in establishing the sentence of his tales." Treats Gower's Ovidian tales in the 'Confessio Amantis' sequentially, arguing that Gower "generally used" the ones "easily adaptable to his purpose . . . . But he made changes wherever necessary to establish his moral," recurrently "reduc[ing] the number of characters and events . . . us[ing] editorial narration to stress doctrine . . . and respond[ing] to certain elements of Ovid in a predictable pattern." Gower "is a capable story-teller." [eJGN 44.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Harder, Henry Louis. Published Harder, Henry Louis. "Ovid and the Sentence of the 'Confessio Amantis.'" Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland, 1970. Dissertation Abstracts International 31.11 (1971): 6057A. Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ovid and the Sentence of the "Confessio Amantis." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Galloway finds Gower and Chaucer deriving much from "the medieval academic interpretative frameworks and . . . previous literary uses--particularly in French--that shaped . . . late medieval poets' encounters with Ovid," and sees them "anticipating the Ovidian fixation of Renaissance English literature" (187). Gower "likely owned a collected "opera" Ovidii" and made greater use than Chaucer of the "Fasti" and "Heroides." The Confessio Amantis, with its Latin in verse and prose framing each tale, is "much in the style of Metamorphoses manuscripts" (188). He believes both used the "Ovide Moralisé," but only Gower ("on that turf more up to date") knew and used Bersuire's "Ovidius Moralizatus" (189). Both Chaucer and Gower, Galloway argues, fashioned themselves as poets on Ovid's poetic biography--albeit to different degrees and in different ways. Whereas Chaucer follows more often the repentant Ovid of the "Remedia Amoris" (191-92) and presents himself as "a belated heir to an oppressively vast written tradition in which history, 'fame,' and identity are bookish, discursively layered, and all-too-human constructions" (193), Gower--while sharing these traits somewhat--adapts his Ovid "in more intellectual, even 'humanist' forms" (193), and not from the beginning of his career. Ovid is absent from the MO, but Galloway detects Ovidian influence in various balades of the "Traitié pour les amantz marietz" and CB (193), which he treats as early work. Chaucer, in his view, was the "spark" for Gower's turn toward Ovid (193-94). As Gower's heavy use of the "Tristia" and "Ex Ponto" in the VC evinces, Gower's debt to Ovid quickly overtook Chaucer's (194-95). The CA "constitutes a major departure" from Gower's earlier work, its "didactic plan" being simultaneously the fiction of the Amans' love affair and also "the implicit 'higher' ethical points of John Gower the author." "This duality," Galloway asserts, "which skews and refracts moral inquiry, is especially notable in the Ovidian narratives" (196)--and he takes the tale of Hercules, Eolen, and Faunus from Book 5 as an example (196-97), noting especially how "Gower lingers on the tale's playful loosening of gender identity" (197). To this Galloway adds the interesting observation that "Gower's elaboration of the [pleasures of cross-dressing] seems part of his constant concern with protean changes in social identity," motivated perhaps by his own "novel identity as a learned layman"--which in turn "was probably relevant to his pervasively keen response to Ovidian transformation" (197). Ovid's absence from Gower's later work suggests to Galloway "how potent yet potentially troubling Gower found Ovid to be" (198). "Ovid was of no use to Gower when writing more strictly moral or, as later, earnest political poetry . . . . This must be reckoned one of the great costs of the 'revolution' of 1399" (198). [RFY. Copyright. The John Gower Society. eJGN 38.1.] Author/Editor Author/Editor Galloway, Andrew. Published Galloway, Andrew. "Ovid in Chaucer and Gower." In A Handbook to the Reception of Ovid, ed. John F. Miller and Carole E. Newlands (Chichester: Blackwell, 2014), 187-201. ISBN: 9781444339673. Gower Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ovid in Chaucer and Gower. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review Allusions to Pan are not common in England before the 1580s, but Chaucer has one, BD 512; Gower has two, CA, VIII, 2239-40 and V, 1005-44 (see also Pro. 116-17); and Lydgate has one in "Assembly of Gods, 323-24. Chaucer and Gower follow Servius, "Eclogue" II, 31: Pan a "poetis fingitur cum amore luctatus et ab eo victus, quia, ut legimus, omnia vincit amor." ("Pan is depicted by the poets as wrestling with love and defeated by him, since, as we read, love conquers all"). [RFY1981] Author/Editor Author/Editor Merivale, Patricia. Published Merivale, Patricia. Pan the Goat-god: His Myth in Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969, pp. 16, 240n40, 254n2 Gower Subject Confessio Amantis Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pan the Goat-god: His Myth in Modern Times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gower Collection GowerType Customized Item type for items in the Gower Database Review In Part II of her article, Williams discusses the choric "Gower" as father figure in the play, especially the literary "fader" he was assumed to be in Early Modern England (610). As this "Gower" introduces the action to follow, he humbly admits to his prolixity: 'Pardon old Gower, this longs the text'." By calling his speech a "text," however, Williams claims that the choric "Gower" is also claiming the superiority of moralizing words over mere dramatic spectacle, as playwright Ben Jonson also argued (600, 609). Throughout his speeches, choric "Gower" personifies the authority of Gower the "moral" poet recognized as such by Caxton and others in early modern England. However, in Williams' view Shakespeare understood the modest literary persona of the poet Gower as "a sophisticated narrative strategy that he developed to ameliorate the effects of his shocking and scandalous subject matter," including incest, discussed in the "Confessio Amantis" as inherent in human sexuality from the days of Adam and Eve (610). Like his archetype the poet, Shakespeare's "Gower" proposes to control the depiction of immoral actions with a running moral commentary: "I do beseech you/To learn of me, who stands in the gaps, to teach you" (first Chorus 7-8, p. 611). Ben Jonson famously admired Gower (612) and disparaged "Pericles," which Williams attributes to its dramatic spectacle placed "alongside, rather than in tension with, verbal testimony" (613). For all his preaching, however, choric "Gower" shows himself unable to "separate moral discourse from transgressive sexuality," any more than Pericles can "separate himself from the pervasive presence of incestuous desire . . . " Only "in the daughter" can "these contradictions [be] resolved" (614). [LBB. Copyright. The John Gower Society eJGN 40.1] Author/Editor Author/Editor Williams, Deanne. Published Williams, Deanne. "Papa Don't Preach: The Power of Prolixity in 'Pericles'." University of Toronto Quarterly 71.2 (Spring 2002): 595-622. Gower Subject Influence and Later Allusion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Papa Don't Preach: The Power of Prolixity in "Pericles." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002